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U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


x			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022


o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission file no. 000-22507

THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

________________________________________

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Mississippi						64-0862173
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

6480 U.S. Hwy. 98 West, Suite A
Hattiesburg, Mississippi						39402
(Address of principal executive offices)						(Zip Code)


Issuer’s telephone number:			(601) 268-8998

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of Each Exchange on
Which Registered

Common Stock, $1.00 par value

FBMS

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.

Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “non-accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one):

Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer x Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

Based on the price at which the registrant’s Common Stock was last sold on June 30, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $558.5 million.

On February 22, 2023, the registrant had outstanding 31,063,780 shares of common stock.


Auditor Firm PCAOB ID: 686			Auditor Name: FORVIS, LLP			Auditor Location: Jackson, MS

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain portions of the Registrant’s proxy statement to be filed for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 25, 2023 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other than those portions of the proxy statement specifically incorporated by reference pursuant to Items 10-14 of Part III hereof, no other portions of the proxy statement shall be deemed so incorporated.

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THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K

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		Page

	PART I

ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	7
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	20
ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	29
ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	29
ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	29
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	29

	PART II

ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	30
ITEM 6.	RESERVED	31
ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	32
ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	55
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	58
ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	122
ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	122
ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	123

	PART III

ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	124
ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	124
ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	124
ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	124
ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	124

	PART IV

ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	125
ITEM 16.	FORM 10-K SUMMARY	128
SIGNATURES		129

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THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K

PART I

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information incorporated by reference herein, contains statements which constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements are statements that include projections, predictions, expectations, or beliefs about future events or results or otherwise are not statements of historical fact, and may include statements relating to our projected growth, anticipated future financial performance, financial condition, credit quality and management’s long-term performance goals, as well as statements relating to the anticipated effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations from expected developments or events, our business, growth and strategies. Such statements are often characterized by the use of qualifying words (and their derivatives) such as “may,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “predict,” “project,” ”seek,” “potential,” “aim,” “continue,” “assume,” “believe,” “intend,” “plan,” “forecast,” “goal,” “estimate,” or other statements concerning opinions or judgments of the Company, the Bank, and management about possible future events or outcomes.

These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based upon current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. The inclusion of these forward-looking statements should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that such expectations, estimates and projections will be achieved. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict and that are beyond our control. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date of this Annual Report, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. There are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:

Factors that could influence the accuracy of such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, competitive pressures among financial institutions increasing significantly; economic conditions, either nationally or locally, in areas in which the Company conducts operations being less favorable than expected; interest rate risk; legislation or regulatory changes which adversely affect the ability of the consolidated Company to conduct business combinations or new operations; financial success or changing strategies of the Bank’s customers or vendors; actions of government regulators; and the risk that anticipated benefits from the recent acquisitions are not realized in the time frame anticipated or at all as a result of changes in general economic and market conditions.

Potential risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

•negative impacts on our business, profitability and our stock price that could result from prolonged periods of inflation;

•risks and uncertainties relating to recent, pending or potential future mergers or acquisitions, including risks related to the completion of such acquisitions within expected timeframes and the successful integration of the business that we acquire into our operations;

•the risks that a future economic downturn and contraction, including a recession, could have a material adverse effect on our capital, financial condition, credit quality, results of operations and future growth, including the risk that the strength of the current economic environment could be weakened by the continued impact of rising interest rates, supply chain challenges and inflation;

•disruptions to the financial markets as a result of the current or anticipated impact of military conflict, including escalating military tension between Russia and Ukraine, terrorism or other geopolitical events;

•governmental monetary and fiscal policies, including interest rate policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve;

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•the costs and effects of litigation, investigations, inquiries or similar matters, or adverse facts and developments related thereto, including the costs and effects of litigation related to our participation in government stimulus programs associated with the COVID-19 pandemic;

•reduced earnings due to higher credit losses generally and specifically because losses in the sectors of our loan portfolio secured by real estate are greater than expected due to economic factors, including declining real estate values, increasing interest rates, increasing unemployment, or changes in payment behavior or other factors occurring in those areas;

•general economic conditions, either nationally or regionally and especially in our primary service areas, becoming less favorable than expected resulting in, among other things, a deterioration in credit quality;

•adverse changes in asset quality and resulting credit risk-related losses and expenses;

•ability of borrowers to repay loans, which can be adversely affected by a number of factors, including changes in economic conditions, adverse trends or events affecting business industry groups, reductions in real estate values or markets, business closings or layoffs, natural disasters, public health emergencies and international instability;

•changes in laws and regulations affecting our businesses, including governmental monetary and fiscal policies, legislation and regulations relating to bank products and services, as well as changes in the enforcement and interpretation of such laws and regulations by applicable governmental and self-regulatory agencies, which could require us to change certain business practices, increase compliance risk, reduce our revenue, impose additional costs on us, or otherwise negatively affect our businesses;

•the financial impact of future tax legislation;

•changes in political conditions or the legislative or regulatory environment, including the possibility that the U.S. could default on its debt obligations;

•the adequacy of the level of our allowance for credit losses and the amount of credit loss provision required to replenish the allowance in future periods;

•reduced earnings due to higher credit losses because our loans are concentrated by loan type, industry segment, borrower type, or location of the borrower or collateral;

•changes in the interest rate environment which could reduce anticipated or actual margins;

•increased funding costs due to market illiquidity, increased competition for funding, higher interest rates, and increased regulatory requirements with regard to funding;

•results of examinations by our regulatory authorities, including the possibility that the regulatory authorities may, among other things, require us to increase our allowance for credit losses through additional credit loss provisions or write-down of our assets;

•the rate of delinquencies and amount of loans charged-off;

•the impact of our efforts to raise capital on our financial position, liquidity, capital, and profitability;

•significant increases in competition in the banking and financial services industries;

•changes in the securities markets;

•significant turbulence or a disruption in the capital or financial markets and the effect of a fall in stock market prices on our investment securities;

•loss of consumer confidence and economic disruptions resulting from national disasters or terrorist activities;

•our ability to retain our existing customers, including our deposit relationships;

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•changes occurring in business conditions and inflation;

•changes in technology or risks related to cybersecurity;

•changes in deposit flows;

•changes in accounting principles, policies, or guidelines, including the impact of the new current expected credit loss (“CECL”) standard;

•our ability to maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting;

•risks related to the continued use, availability and reliability of London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other “benchmark” rates; and

•other risks and uncertainties detailed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

We have based our forward-looking statements on our current expectations about future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in and the assumptions underlying our forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that these expectations will be achieved or the assumptions will be accurate. The Company disclaims any obligation to update such factors or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any of the forward-looking statements included herein to reflect future events or developments. Additional information concerning these risks and uncertainties is contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in Item 1A. Risk Factors and in our future filings with the SEC. Further information on The First Bancshares, Inc. is available in its filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, available at the SEC’s website, http://www.sec.gov.

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS

BUSINESS OF THE COMPANY

Overview and History

The First Bancshares, Inc. (“Company”) was incorporated on June 23, 1995 to serve as a bank holding company for The First Bank (“The First”), formerly known as The First, A National Banking Association, headquartered in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. The Company is a Mississippi corporation and is a registered bank holding company. The First began operations on August 5, 1996 from our main office in the Oak Grove community, which is now incorporated within the city of Hattiesburg. As of December 31, 2022, The First operated 90 locations in Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Louisiana. Our principal executive offices are located at 6480 U.S. Highway 98 West, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39402, and our telephone number is (601) 268-8998.

The Company is a community-focused financial institution that offers a full range of financial services to individuals, businesses, municipal entities, and nonprofit organizations in the communities that it serves. These services include consumer and commercial loans, deposit accounts and safe deposit services.

We have benefited from historically strong asset quality metrics compared to most of our peers, which we believe illustrates our historically disciplined underwriting and credit culture. As such, we benefited from our strength by taking advantage of growth opportunities when many of our peers were unable to do so. We have also focused on growing earnings per share and increasing our tangible common equity and tangible book value per share.

In recent years, we have developed and executed a regional expansion strategy to take advantage of growth opportunities through several acquisitions, which has allowed us to expand our footprint to Alabama, Florida Louisiana and Georgia. We believe the conversion and integration of these acquisitions have been successful to date, and we are optimistic that these markets will continue to contribute to our future growth and success. In addition, we continue to experience organic loan growth by continuing to strengthen our relationships with existing clients and creating new relationships.

On January 15, 2022, The First, then named The First, A National Banking Association, converted from a national banking association to a Mississippi state-chartered bank and changed its name to The First Bank. The First Bank is now a member of the Federal Reserve System through the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.

Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context requires otherwise, all references in this report to “the Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or similar references, mean The First Bancshares, Inc. and our subsidiaries, including our banking subsidiary, The First, on a consolidated basis. References to “The First” or the “Bank” mean our wholly owned banking subsidiary, The First Bank.

Human Capital Resources

At December 31, 2022, we employed 870 full-time equivalent employees spanning 5 states and 90 locations.

We are dedicated to providing competitive compensation and benefit programs to help attract and maintain skilled and highly trained employees. Our compensation and benefit programs include: a "401(k)" plan with matching contributions, a Loan Incentive Plan for our lending officers, an Employee Stock Ownership Plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings, flexible spending accounts, and paid time off. The Company offers a Continuing Education Program for our employees to support and help them attain personal goals and professional achievements by encouraging and supporting those who pursue and participate in continuing their education.

We endeavor to ensure that the makeup of our employees, management team and board of directors are reflective of the diversity of the communities we serve. We believe in the importance of diversity and value the benefits that diversity can bring, and we are dedicated to fostering and maintaining an inclusive culture that solicits multiple perspectives and views and is free of conscious or unconscious bias and discrimination.

We strive to maintain a safe and healthy working environment. We provide our employees with access to a Grief Counseling and Confidential Assistance Program, which provides counseling services to employees on a confidential basis to ensure our employees get the help they may need.

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Market Areas

As of December 31, 2022, The First had 90 locations across Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Florida and Georgia.

Recent Developments

On January 15, 2022, The First, then named The First, A National Banking Association, converted from a national banking association to a Mississippi state-chartered bank and changed its name to The First Bank. The First is now a member of the Federal Reserve System through the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.

On August 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Beach Bancorp, Inc. ("BBI"), and immediately thereafter merged its wholly-owned subsidiary, Beach Bank, with and into The First. The Company paid a total consideration of approximately $101.5 million to the former Beach shareholders as consideration in the acquisition, which included 3,498,936 shares of the Company's common stock, and approximately $1 thousand in cash in lieu of fractional shares, and also assumed options entitling the owners thereof to purchase an additional 310,427 shares of the Company's common stock.

On January 1, 2023, we completed the acquisition of Heritage Southeast Bancorporation, Inc. ("HSBI"), and immediately thereafter merged with and into the Company. The Company paid a total consideration of approximately $221.5 million to the former HSBI shareholders as consideration in the acquisition, which included approximately 6,920,909 shares of the Company's common stock, and approximately $16 thousand in cash in lieu of fractional shares.

Banking Services

We strive to provide our customers with the breadth of products and services offered by large regional banks, while maintaining the timely response and personal service of a locally owned and managed bank. In addition to offering a full range of deposit services and loan products, we have a mortgage and private banking division. The following is a description of the products and services we offer.

Deposit Services. We offer a full range of deposit services that are typically available in most banks and savings institutions, including checking accounts, NOW accounts, savings accounts, and other time deposits of various types, ranging from daily money market accounts to longer-term certificates of deposit. The transaction accounts and time certificates are tailored to our principal market areas at rates competitive to those offered by other banks in these areas. All deposit accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to the maximum amount allowed by law. We solicit these accounts from individuals, businesses, associations, organizations, and governmental authorities. In addition, we offer certain retirement account services, such as Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) and health savings accounts.

Loan Products. We offer a full range of commercial and personal loans. Commercial loans include both secured and unsecured loans for working capital (including loans secured by inventory and accounts receivable), business expansion (including acquisition of real estate and improvements), purchase of equipment and machinery, and interest rate swap agreements to facilitate the risk management strategies of certain commercial customers. Consumer loans include equity lines of credit, secured and unsecured loans for financing automobiles, home improvements, education, and personal investments. We also make real estate construction and acquisition loans. In addition, we offer interest rate swap agreements to certain commercial customers to facilitate the their risk management strategies. Our lending activities are subject to a variety of lending limits imposed by federal law. While differing limits apply in certain circumstances based on the type of loan or the nature of the borrower (including the borrower’s relationship to the bank), in general we are subject to an aggregate loans-to-one-borrower limit of 15% of our unimpaired capital and surplus.

Mortgage Loan Division. We have a residential mortgage loan division which originates conventional or government agency insured loans to purchase existing residential homes, construct new homes or refinance existing mortgages.

Private Banking Division. We have a private banking division, which offers financial and wealth management services to individuals who meet certain criteria.

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Other Services. Other bank services we offer include online internet banking services, automated teller machines, voice response telephone inquiry services, commercial sweep accounts, cash management services, safe deposit boxes, merchant services, mobile deposit, direct deposit of payroll and social security checks, and automatic drafts for various accounts. We network with other automated teller machines that may be used by our customers throughout our market area and other regions. The First also offers credit card services through a correspondent bank.

Competition

The First generally competes with other financial institutions through the selection of banking products and services offered, the pricing of services, the level of service provided, the convenience and availability of services, and the degree of expertise and the personal manner in which services are offered. State law permits statewide branching by banks and savings institutions, and many financial institutions in our market area have branch networks. Consequently, commercial banking in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, and Georgia is highly competitive. Many large banking organizations currently operate in our market area, several of which are controlled by out-of-state ownership. In addition, competition between commercial banks and thrift institutions (savings institutions and credit unions) has been intensified significantly by the elimination of many previous distinctions between the various types of financial institutions and the expanded powers and increased activity of thrift institutions in areas of banking which previously had been the sole domain of commercial banks. Federal legislation, together with other regulatory changes by the primary regulators of the various financial institutions, has resulted in the almost total elimination of practical distinctions between a commercial bank and a thrift institution. Consequently, competition among financial institutions of all types is largely unlimited with respect to legal ability and authority to provide most financial services. Currently there are numerous other commercial banks, savings institutions, and credit unions operating in The First’s primary service area.

We face increased competition from both federally-chartered and state-chartered financial and thrift institutions, as well as credit unions, consumer finance companies, insurance companies, and other institutions in the Company’s market area. Some of these competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulation and restriction imposed upon the Company. Many of these competitors also have broader geographic markets and substantially greater resources and lending limits than the Company and offer certain services such as trust banking that the Company does not currently provide. In addition, many of these competitors have numerous branch offices located throughout the extended market areas of the Company that may provide these competitors with an advantage in geographic convenience that the Company does not have at present.

We also compete with numerous financial and quasi-financial institutions for deposits and loans, including providers of financial services over the internet, and financial technology, or fintech companies. Recent technology advances and other changes have allowed parties to effect financial transactions that previously required the involvement of banks. For example, consumers can maintain funds in brokerage accounts or mutual funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits. Consumers can also complete transactions such as paying bills and transferring funds directly without the assistance of banks. These nontraditional financial service providers have been successful in developing digital and other products and services that effectively compete with traditional banking services, but are in some cases subject to fewer regulatory restrictions than banks and bank holding companies, allowing them to operate with greater flexibility and lower cost structures. Although digital products and services have been important competitive features of financial institutions for some time, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the move toward digital financial services products and we expect that trend to continue.

Available Information

Pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) we are required to file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and other filings pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, and amendments to such filings. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains the reports, proxy statements, and other filings we electronically file with the SEC. Such information is also available free of charge on or through our website www.thefirstbank.com as soon as reasonably practicable after each is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information appearing on the Company’s website is not part of any report that it files with the SEC.

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SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

We are extensively regulated under federal and state law. The following is a brief summary that does not purport to be a complete description of all regulations that affect us or all aspects of those regulations. This discussion is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory and regulatory provisions described below and is not intended to be an exhaustive description of the statutes or regulations applicable to the Company’s and The First’s business. In addition, proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the banking industry are frequently raised at both the state and federal levels. The likelihood and timing of any changes in these laws and regulations, and the impact such changes may have on us and The First, are difficult to predict. In addition, bank regulatory agencies may issue enforcement actions, policy statements, interpretive letters and similar written guidance applicable to us or to The First. Changes in applicable laws, regulations or regulatory guidance, or their interpretation by regulatory agencies or courts may have a material adverse effect on our and The First’s business, operations, and earnings.

We, The First, and our nonbank affiliates must undergo regular on-site examinations by the appropriate regulatory agency, which will examine for adherence to a range of legal and regulatory compliance responsibilities. A bank regulator conducting an examination has complete access to the books and records of the examined institution. The results of the examination are confidential. Supervision and regulation of banks, their holding companies and affiliates is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and customers, the Deposit Insurance Fund ("DIF") of the FDIC, and the U.S. banking and financial system rather than holders of our capital stock.

Bank Holding Company Regulation

We are registered as a bank holding company with the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act, as amended ("BHC Act"). As such, we are subject to comprehensive supervision, and regulation by the Federal Reserve and are subject to its regulatory reporting requirements. Federal law subjects bank holding companies, such as the Company, to particular restrictions on the types of activities in which they may engage, and to a range of supervisory requirements and activities, including regulatory enforcement actions for violations of laws and regulations.

Violations of laws and regulations, or other unsafe and unsound practices, may result in regulatory agencies imposing fines or penalties, cease and desist orders, or taking other enforcement actions. Under certain circumstances, these agencies may enforce these remedies directly against officers, directors, employees and other parties participating in the affairs of a bank or bank holding company. Like all bank holding companies, we are regulated extensively under federal and state law. Under federal and state laws and regulations pertaining to the safety and soundness of insured depository institutions, state banking regulators, the Federal Reserve, and separately the FDIC as the insurer of bank deposits, have the authority to compel or restrict certain actions on our part if they determine that we have insufficient capital or other resources, or are otherwise operating in a manner that may be deemed to be inconsistent with safe and sound banking practices. Under this authority, our bank regulators can require us or our subsidiaries to enter into informal or formal supervisory agreements, including board resolutions, memoranda of understanding, written agreements and consent or cease and desist orders, pursuant to which we would be required to take identified corrective actions to address cited concerns and to refrain from taking certain actions.

If we become subject to and are unable to comply with the terms of any future regulatory actions or directives, supervisory agreements, or orders, then we could become subject to additional, heightened supervisory actions and orders, possibly including consent orders, prompt corrective action restrictions and/or other regulatory actions, including prohibitions on the payment of dividends on our common stock and preferred stock. If our regulators were to take such additional supervisory actions, then we could, among other things, become subject to significant restrictions on our ability to develop any new business, as well as restrictions on our existing business, and we could be required to raise additional capital, dispose of certain assets and liabilities within a prescribed period of time, or both. The terms of any such supervisory action could have a material negative effect on our business, reputation, operating flexibility, financial condition, and the value of our common stock and preferred stock.

Activity Limitations

Bank holding companies are generally restricted to engaging in the business of banking, managing or controlling banks; and certain other activities determined by the Federal Reserve to be closely related to banking. In addition, the Federal Reserve has the power to order a bank holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any nonbanking activity or terminate its ownership or control of any nonbank subsidiary, when it has reasonable cause to believe that continuation of

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such activity or such ownership or control constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness, or stability of any bank subsidiary of that bank holding company.

Source of Strength Obligations

A bank holding company, such as us, is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank. The term "source of financial strength" means the ability of a company, such as us, that directly or indirectly owns or controls an insured depository institution, such as The First, to provide financial assistance to such insured depository institution in the event of financial distress. The appropriate federal banking agency for the depository institution (in the case of The First, this agency is the Federal Reserve) may require reports from us to assess our ability to serve as a source of strength and to enforce compliance with the source of strength requirements by requiring us to provide financial assistance to The First in the event of financial distress. If we were to enter bankruptcy or become subject to the orderly liquidation process established by the Dodd-Frank Act, any commitment by us to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of The First would be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee or the FDIC, as appropriate, and entitled to a priority of payment. In addition, the FDIC provides that any insured depository institution generally will be liable for any loss incurred by the FDIC in connection with the default of, or any assistance provided by the FDIC to, a commonly controlled insured depository institution. The First is an FDIC-insured depository institution and thus subject to these requirements.

Acquisitions

The BHC Act permits acquisitions of banks by bank holding companies, such that we and any other bank holding company, whether located in Mississippi or elsewhere, may acquire a bank located in any other state, subject to certain deposit-percentage, age of bank charter requirements, and other restrictions. The BHC Act requires that a bank holding company obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before (i) acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any additional bank or bank holding company, (ii) taking any action that causes an additional bank or bank holding company to become a subsidiary of the bank holding company, or (iii) merging or consolidating with any other bank holding company. The Federal Reserve may not approve any such transaction that would result in a monopoly or would be in furtherance of any combination or conspiracy to monopolize or attempt to monopolize the business of banking in any section of the United States, or the effect of which may be substantially to lessen competition or to tend to create a monopoly in any section of the country, or that in any other manner would be in restraint of trade, unless the anticompetitive effects of the proposed transaction are clearly outweighed by the public interest in meeting the convenience and needs of the community to be served. The Federal Reserve is also required to consider: (1) the financial and managerial resources of the companies involved, including pro forma capital ratios; (2) the risk to the stability of the United States banking or financial system; (3) the convenience and needs of the communities to be served, including performance under the Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA"); and (4) the effectiveness of the companies in combating money laundering.

Change in Control

Federal law restricts the amount of voting stock of a bank holding company or a bank that a person may acquire without the prior approval of banking regulators. Under the federal Change in Bank Control Act and the regulations thereunder, a person or group must give advance notice to the Federal Reserve before acquiring control of any bank holding company, such as the Company, or before acquiring control of any state member bank, such as The First. Upon receipt of such notice, the Federal Reserve may approve or disapprove the acquisition. The Change in Bank Control Act creates a rebuttable presumption of control if a member or group acquires a certain percentage or more of a bank holding company’s or bank’s voting stock. As a result, a person or entity generally must provide prior notice to the Federal Reserve before acquiring the power to vote 10% or more of our outstanding common stock. The overall effect of such laws is to make it more difficult to acquire a bank holding company and a bank by tender offer or similar means than it might be to acquire control of another type of corporation. Consequently, shareholders of the Company may be less likely to benefit from the rapid increases in stock prices that may result from tender offers or similar efforts to acquire control of other companies. Investors should be aware of these requirements when acquiring shares of our stock.

Governance and Financial Reporting Obligations

We are required to comply with various corporate governance and financial reporting requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules and regulations adopted by the SEC, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and NASDAQ. In particular, we are required to include management and independent registered public

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accounting firm reports on internal controls as part of our Annual Report on Form 10-K in order to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We have evaluated our controls, including compliance with the SEC rules on internal controls, and have and expect to continue to spend significant amounts of time and money on compliance with these rules. Our failure to comply with these internal control rules may materially adversely affect our reputation, ability to obtain the necessary certifications to financial statements, and the values of our securities.

Corporate Governance

The Dodd-Frank Act addresses many investor protections, corporate governance, and executive compensation matters that will affect most U.S. publicly traded companies. The Dodd-Frank Act (1) grants shareholders of U.S. publicly traded companies an advisory vote on executive compensation; (2) enhances independence requirements for Compensation Committee members; and (3) requires companies listed on national securities exchanges to adopt incentive-based compensation claw-back policies for executive officers.

Volcker Rule

Section 13 of the BHC Act, common referred to as the "Volcker Rule," generally prohibits banking organizations from (i) engaging in certain proprietary trading, and (ii) acquiring or retaining an ownership interest in or sponsoring a "covered fund," all subject to certain exceptions. The Volcker Rule also specifies certain limited activities in which banking organizations may continue to engage and requires us to maintain a compliance program. Banking, organizations, such as us, with $10 billion or less in total consolidated assets and with total trading assets and liabilities of less than 5% of total consolidated assets are exempt from the Volcker Rule.

Incentive Compensation

The Dodd-Frank Act required the banking agencies and the SEC to establish joint rules or guidelines for financial institutions with more than $1 billion in assets, such as us and The First, which prohibit incentive compensation arrangements that the agencies determine to encourage inappropriate risks by the institution. The banking agencies issued proposed rules in 2011 and previously issued guidance on sound incentive compensation policies. In 2016, the banking agencies also proposed rules that would, depending upon the assets of the institution, directly regulate incentive compensation arrangements and would require enhanced oversight and recordkeeping. As of December 31, 2022, these rules have not been implemented. We have undertaken efforts to ensure that our incentive compensation plans do not encourage inappropriate risks, consistent with three key principles-that incentive compensation arrangements should appropriately balance risk and financial rewards, be compatible with effective controls and risk management, and be supported by strong corporate governance.

Shareholder Say-On-Pay Votes

The Dodd-Frank Act requires public companies to take shareholders’ votes on proposals addressing compensation (known as say-on-pay), the frequency of a say-on-pay vote, and the golden parachutes available to executives in connection with change-in-control transactions. Public companies must give shareholders the opportunity to vote on the compensation at least every three years and the opportunity to vote on frequency at least every six years, indicating whether the say-on-pay vote should be held annually, biennially, or triennially. The say-on-pay, the say-on-parachute and the say-on-frequency votes are explicitly nonbinding and cannot override a decision of our Board of Directors.

Other Regulatory Matters

We are subject to oversight by the SEC, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB"), NASDAQ and various state securities and insurance regulators. We and our subsidiaries have from time to time received requests for information from regulatory authorities in various states, including state attorneys general, securities regulators and other regulatory authorities, concerning our business practices. Such requests are considered incidental to the normal conduct of business.

Capital Requirements

We and The First are each required under federal law to maintain certain minimum capital levels based on ratios of capital to total assets and capital to risk-weighted assets. The required capital ratios are minimums, and the Federal Reserve may determine that a banking organization, based on its size, complexity or risk profile, must maintain a higher

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level of capital in order to operate in a safe and sound manner. Risks such as concentration of credit risks and the risk arising from non-traditional activities, as well as the institution’s exposure to a decline in the economic value of its capital due to changes in interest rates, and an institution’s ability to manage those risks, are important factors that are to be taken into account by the federal banking agencies in assessing an institution’s overall capital adequacy. The following is a brief description of the relevant provisions of these capital rules and their potential impact on our and The First’s capital levels.

We and The First are each subject to the following risk-based capital ratios: a CET1 risk-based capital ratio, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, which includes CET1 and additional Tier 1 capital and a total capital ratio, which includes Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. CET1 is primarily comprised of the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus net of treasury stock and retained earnings less certain adjustments and deductions, including with respect to goodwill, intangible assets, mortgage servicing assets and deferred tax assets subject to temporary timing differences. Additional Tier 1 capital is primarily comprised of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock. Tier 2 capital consists of instruments disqualified from Tier 1 capital, including qualifying subordinated debt and a limited amount of loan loss reserves up to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets, subject to certain eligibility criteria. The capital rules also define the risk-weights assigned to assets and off-balance sheet items to determine the risk-weighted asset components of the risk-based capital rules, including, for example, certain "high volatility" commercial real estate, past due assets, structured securities and equity holdings.

The leverage capital ratio, which serves as a minimum capital standard, is the ratio of Tier 1 capital to quarterly average assets net of goodwill, certain other intangible assets, and certain required deduction items. The required minimum leverage ratio for all banks and bank holding companies (unless exempt) is 4%.

In addition, effective January 1, 2019, the capital rules required a capital conservation buffer of CET1 of 2.5% above each of the minimum capital ratio requirements (CET1, Tier 1, and total risk-based capital), which is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. These buffer requirements must be met for a bank or bank holding company to be able to pay dividends, engage in share buybacks or make discretionary bonus payments to executive management without restriction.

Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have an adverse material effect on our operations or financial condition. Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could also result in restrictions on the Company’s or The First’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute capital or to receive regulatory approval of applications or other restrictions on its growth.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 ("FDICIA"), among other things, requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to take "prompt corrective action" regarding depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. FDICIA establishes five regulatory capital tiers: "well capitalized," "adequately capitalized," "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized," and "critically undercapitalized." A depository institution’s capital tier will depend upon how its capital levels compare to various relevant capital measures and certain other factors, as established by regulation. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. The FDICIA imposes progressively more restrictive restraints on operations, management and capital distributions, depending on the category in which an institution is classified. Undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to restrictions on borrowing from the Federal Reserve System. In addition, undercapitalized depository institutions may not accept brokered deposits absent a waiver from the FDIC, are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit capital restoration plans for regulatory approval. A depository institution’s holding company must guarantee any required capital restoration plan, up to an amount equal to the lesser of 5% of the depository institution’s assets at the time it becomes undercapitalized or the amount of the capital deficiency when the institution fails to comply with the plan. Federal banking agencies may not accept a capital plan without determining, among other things, that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the depository institution’s capital. If a depository institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is significantly undercapitalized. All of the federal bank regulatory agencies have adopted regulations establishing relevant capital measures and relevant capital levels for federally insured depository institutions.

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To be well-capitalized, The First must maintain at least the following capital ratios:

•6.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets;

•8.0% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets;

•10.0% Total capital to risk-weighted assets; and

•5.0% leverage ratio.

The First was well capitalized at December 31, 2022, and brokered deposits are not restricted.

The Federal Reserve has not yet revised the well-capitalized standard for bank holding companies to reflect the higher capital requirements imposed under the current capital rules applicable to banks. For purposes of the Federal Reserve’s Regulation Y, bank holding companies, such as the Company, must maintain a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater and a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater to be well-capitalized. If the Federal Reserve were to apply the same or a very similar well-capitalized standard to bank holding companies as that applicable to The First, the Company’s capital ratios as of December 31, 2022 would exceed such revised well-capitalized standard. Also, the Federal Reserve may require bank holding companies, including the Company, to maintain capital ratios substantially in excess of mandated minimum levels, depending upon general economic conditions and a bank holding company’s particular condition, risk profile and growth plans.

On October 29, 2019, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule to simplify the regulatory capital requirements for eligible banks and holding companies with less than $10 billion in consolidated assets that opt into the Community Bank Leverage Ratio ("CBLR") framework, as required by Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Relief and Consumer Protection Act (the "Regulatory Relief Act"). A qualifying community banking organization that exceeds the CBLR threshold would be exempt from the agencies’ current capital framework, including the risk-based capital requirements and capital conservation buffer described above, and would be deemed well-capitalized under the agencies’ prompt corrective action regulations. The Regulatory Relief Act defines a "qualifying community banking organization" as a depository institution or depository institution holding company with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion. Under the final rule, if a qualifying community banking organization elects to use the CBLR framework, it will be considered "well-capitalized" so long as its CBLR is greater than 9%. The First has chosen not to opt into the CBLR at this time.

In 2022, our and The First’s regulatory capital ratios were above the applicable well-capitalized standards and met the capital conservation buffer. Based on current estimates, we believe that we and The First will continue to exceed all applicable well-capitalized regulatory capital requirements and the capital conservation buffer in 2023. Certain regulatory capital ratios of the Company and The First, as of December 31, 2022, are shown in the following table:


	Capital Adequacy Ratios
	Regulatory Minimums		Regulatory Minimums to be Well Capitalized		Minimum Capital Required Basel III Fully Phased-In		The First Bancshares, Inc.		The First
Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	4.5	%	6.5	%	7.0	%	12.7	%	15.6	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	6.0	%	8.0	%	8.5	%	13.0	%	15.6	%
Total risk-based capital ratio	8.0	%	10.0	%	10.5	%	16.7	%	16.4	%
Leverage ratio	4.0	%	5.0	%	4.0	%	9.3	%	11.1	%

Payment of Dividends

We are a legal entity separate and distinct from The First and our other subsidiaries. The primary sources of funds for our payment of dividends to our shareholders are cash on hand and dividends from The First. Various federal and state statutory provisions and regulations limit the amount of dividends that The First may pay.

In addition, in deciding whether or not to declare a dividend of any particular size, the Company’s board of directors must consider its and the Bank’s current and prospective capital, liquidity, and other needs. In addition to state

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law limitations on the Company’s ability to pay dividends, the Federal Reserve imposes limitations on the Company’s ability to pay dividends. Federal Reserve regulations limit dividends, stock repurchases and discretionary bonuses to executive officers if the Company’s regulatory capital is below the level of regulatory minimums plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.

In addition, we and The First are subject to various general regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The appropriate federal bank regulatory authority may prohibit the payment of dividends where it has determined that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice. The Federal Reserve has indicated that paying dividends that deplete a bank’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsound and unsafe banking practice. The Federal Reserve has indicated that depository institutions and their holding companies should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings. Further, under Mississippi law, The First must obtain the non-objection of the Commissioner of the Mississippi Department of Banking and Consumer Finance prior to paying any dividend to the Company.

Under a Federal Reserve policy adopted in 2009, the board of directors of a bank holding company must consider different factors to ensure that its dividend level is prudent relative to maintaining a strong financial position, and is not based on overly optimistic earnings scenarios, such as potential events that could affect its ability to pay, while still maintaining a strong financial position. As a general matter, the Federal Reserve has indicated that the board of directors of a bank holding company should consult with the Federal Reserve and eliminate, defer or significantly reduce the bank holding company’s dividends if:

•its net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends;

•its prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with its capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or

•it will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios.

Regulation of the Bank

The First, which is a member of the Federal Reserve System, is subject to comprehensive supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve, and is subject to its regulatory reporting requirements, as well as supervision and regulation by the Mississippi Department of Banking and Consumer Finance. As a member bank of the Federal Reserve System, The First is required to hold stock in its district Federal Reserve Bank in an amount equal to 6% of its capital stock and surplus (half paid to acquire stock with the remainder held as a cash reserve). Member banks do not have any control over the Federal Reserve System as a result of owning the stock and the stock cannot be sold or traded.

The deposits of The First are insured by the FDIC up to applicable limits, and, accordingly, The First is also subject to certain FDIC regulations and the FDIC has backup examination authority and some enforcement powers over The First.

In addition, as discussed in more detail below, The First and any other of our subsidiaries that offer consumer financial products and services are subject to regulation and potential supervision by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"). In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act permits states to adopt consumer protection laws and regulations that are stricter than those regulations promulgated by the CFPB, and state attorneys general are permitted to enforce certain federal consumer financial protection law.

Broadly, regulations applicable to The First include limitations on loans to a single borrower and to its directors, officers and employees; restrictions on the opening and closing of branch offices; the maintenance of required capital ratios; the granting of credit under equal and fair conditions; the disclosure of the costs and terms of such credit; requirements to maintain reserves against deposits and loans; limitations on the types of investment that may be made by The First; requirements governing risk management practices; restrictions on the ability of institutions to guarantee its debt; and certain specific accounting requirements on the Company that may be more restrictive and may result in greater or earlier charges to earnings or reductions in its capital than generally accepted accounting principles.

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Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

The First is subject to restrictions on extensions of credit and certain other transactions between The First and the Company or any nonbank affiliate. Generally, these covered transactions with either the Company or any affiliate are limited to 10% of The First’s capital and surplus, and all such transactions between The First Bank and the Company and all of its nonbank affiliates combined are limited to 20% of The First’s capital and surplus. Loans and other extensions of credit from The First to the Company or any affiliate generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts. In addition, any transaction between The First and the Company or any affiliate are required to be on an arm’s length basis.

Federal banking laws also place similar restrictions on certain extensions of credit by insured banks, such as The First, to their directors, executive officers and principal shareholders.

Reserves

Federal Reserve rules require depository institutions, such as The First, to maintain reserves against their transaction accounts, primarily NOW and regular checking accounts. Effective March 26, 2020, the Federal Reserve eliminated reserve requirements for all depository institutions. These reserve requirements are subject to annual adjustment by the Federal Reserve.

FDIC Insurance Assessments and Depositor Preference

The First’s deposits are insured by the FDIC’s DIF up to the limits under applicable law, which currently are set at $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each account ownership category. The First is subject to FDIC assessments for its deposit insurance. The FDIC calculates quarterly deposit insurance assessments based on an institution’s average total consolidated assets less its average tangible equity, and applies one of four risk categories determined by reference to its capital levels, supervisory ratings, and certain other factors. The assessment rate schedule can change from time to time, at the discretion of the FDIC, subject to certain limits.

As of June 30, 2020, the DIF reserve ratio fell to 1.30%, below the statutory minimum of 1.35%. The FDIC, as required under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, established a plan on September 15, 2020 to restore the DIF reserve ration to meet or exceed the statutory minimum of 1.35% within eight years. On October 18, 2022, the FDIC adopted an amended restoration plan to increase the likelihood that the reserve ratio would be restored to at least 1.35% by September 30, 2028. The FDIC's amended restoration plan increases the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules uniformly by 2 basis points, beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The FDIC could further increase the deposit insurance assessments for certain insured depository institutions, including The First, if the DIF reserve ratio is not restored as projected.

Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by a bank’s federal regulatory agency. In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act provides that, in the event of the liquidation or other resolution of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution, including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors, and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver, will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution, including those of the parent bank holding company.

Standards for Safety and Soundness

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to prescribe, by regulation or guideline, operational and managerial standards for all insured depository institutions relating to: (1) internal controls; (2) information systems and audit systems; (3) loan documentation; (4) credit underwriting; (5) interest rate risk exposure; and (6) asset quality. The federal banking agencies have adopted regulations and Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness to implement these required standards. These guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards used to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. Under the regulations, if a regulator determines that a bank fails to meet any standards prescribed by the guidelines, the regulator may require the bank to submit an acceptable plan to achieve compliance, consistent with deadlines for the submission and review of such safety and soundness compliance plans.

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Anti-Money Laundering

Under the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (“USA PATRIOT”) Act of 2001, financial institutions are subject to prohibitions against specified financial transactions and account relationships as well as enhanced due diligence and “know your customer” standards in their dealings with foreign financial institutions and foreign customers. The USA PATRIOT Act, and its implementing regulations adopted by the FinCEN, a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, requires financial institutions to establish anti-money laundering programs with minimum standards that include:

•the development of internal policies, procedures, and controls;

•the designation of a compliance officer;

•an ongoing employee training program;

•an independent audit function to test the programs; and

•identify and verify the identity of beneficial owners of legal entity customers.

Banking regulators will consider compliance with the Act’s money laundering provisions in acting upon acquisition and merger proposals. Bank regulators routinely examine institutions for compliance with these obligations and have been active in imposing cease and desist and other regulatory orders and money penalty sanctions against institutions found to be violating these obligations. Sanctions for violations of the Act can be imposed in an amount equal to twice the sum involved in the violating transaction, up to $1 million. On January 1, 2021, Congress passed federal legislation that made sweeping changes to federal anti-money laundering laws, including changes that will be implemented in subsequent years.

Economic Sanctions

The Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") is responsible for helping to ensure that U.S. entities do not engage in transactions with certain prohibited parties, as defined by various Executive Orders and acts of Congress. OFAC publishes, and routinely updates, lists of names of persons and organizations suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in terrorist acts, including the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List. If we find a name on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, we must undertake certain specified activities, which could include blocking or freezing the account or transaction requested, and we must notify the appropriate authorities.

Concentrations in Lending

During 2006, the federal bank regulatory agencies released guidance on “Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending” (the “Guidance”) and advised financial institutions of the risks posed by CRE lending concentrations. The Guidance requires that appropriate processes be in place to identify, monitor and control risks associated with real estate lending concentrations. Higher allowances for loan losses and capital levels may also be required. The Guidance is triggered when CRE loan concentrations exceed either:

•Total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land of 100% or more of a bank’s total risk-based capital; or

•Total reported loans secured by multifamily and nonfarm nonresidential properties and loans for construction, land development, and other land of 300% or more of a bank’s total risk-based capital.

The Guidance also applies when a bank has a sharp increase in CRE loans or has significant concentrations of CRE secured by a particular property type. We have always had exposures to loans secured by CRE due to the nature of our markets and the loan needs of both retail and commercial customers. We believe our long term experience in CRE lending, underwriting policies, internal controls, and other policies currently in place, as well as our loan and credit monitoring and administration procedures, are generally appropriate to managing our concentrations as required under the Guidance.

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Community Reinvestment Act

The First is subject to the provisions of the CRA, which imposes a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with their safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of entire communities where the bank accepts deposits, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The Federal Reserve’s assessment of The First’s CRA record is made available to the public. Further, a less than satisfactory CRA rating will slow, if not preclude, expansion of banking activities and prevent a company from becoming or remaining a financial holding company. Following the enactment of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLB”), CRA agreements with private parties must be disclosed and annual CRA reports must be made to a bank’s primary federal regulator. A bank holding company will not be permitted to become or remain a financial holding company and no new activities authorized under GLB may be commenced by a holding company or by a bank financial subsidiary if any of its bank subsidiaries received less than a “satisfactory” CRA rating in its latest CRA examination. Federal CRA regulations require, among other things, that evidence of discrimination against applicants on a prohibited basis, and illegal or abusive lending practices be considered in the CRA evaluation. The First has a rating of “Satisfactory” in its most recent CRA evaluation.

On May 5, 2002, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), FRB, and FDIC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to provide for a coordinated approach to modernize their respective CRA regulations, such that all banks will be subject to the same set of CRA rules. No final rule has been issued, but the rulemaking may affect The First's CRA compliance obligations in the future.

Privacy, Credit Reporting, and Data Security

The GLB generally prohibits disclosure of consumer information to non-affiliated third parties unless the consumer has been given the opportunity to object and has not objected to such disclosure. Financial institutions are further required to disclose their privacy policies to customers annually. Financial institutions, however, will be required to comply with state law if it is more protective of consumer privacy than the GLB. The GLB also directed federal regulators to prescribe standards for the security of consumer information. The First is subject to such standards, as well as standards for notifying customers in the event of a security breach. The First utilizes credit bureau data in underwriting activities. Use of such data is regulated under the Fair Credit Reporting Act and Regulation V on a uniform, nationwide basis, including credit reporting, prescreening, and sharing of information between affiliates and the use of credit data. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, which amended the Fair Credit Reporting Act, permits states to enact identity theft laws that are not inconsistent with the conduct required by the provisions of that Act. We are also required to have an information security program to safeguard the confidentiality and security of customer information and to ensure proper disposal. Customers must be notified when unauthorized disclosure involves sensitive customer information that may be misused. On November 18, 2021, the federal banking agencies issued a new rule effective in 2022 that requires banks to notify their regulators within 36 hours of a “computer-security incident” that rises to the level of a “notification incident.”

Anti-Tying Restrictions

In general, a bank may not extend credit, lease, sell property, or furnish any services or fix or vary the consideration for them on the condition that (1) the customer obtain or provide some additional credit, property, or services from or to the bank or bank holding company or their subsidiaries or (2) the customer not obtain some other credit, property, or services from a competitor, except to the extent reasonable conditions are imposed to assure the soundness of the credit extended. A bank may, however, offer combined-balance products and may otherwise offer more favorable terms if a customer obtains two or more traditional bank products. The law also expressly permits banks to engage in other forms of tying and authorizes the Federal Reserve to grant additional exceptions by regulation or order. Also, certain foreign transactions are exempt from the general rule.

Consumer Regulation

Activities of The First are subject to a variety of statutes and regulations designed to protect consumers. These laws and regulations include, among numerous other things, provisions that:

•limit the interest and other charges collected or contracted for by The First, including rules respecting the terms of credit cards and of debit card overdrafts;

•govern The First’s disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers;

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•require The First to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether it is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the communities it serves;

•prohibit The First from discriminating on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors when it makes decisions to extend credit;

•govern the manner in which The First may collect consumer debts; and

•prohibit unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices in the provision of consumer financial products and services.

Mortgage Regulation

The CFPB has issued rules to implement requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act pertaining to mortgage loan origination (including with respect to loan originator compensation and loan originator qualifications) as well as integrated mortgage disclosure rules. In addition, the CFPB has issued rules that require servicers to comply with new standards and practices with regard to: error correction; information disclosure; force-placement of insurance; information management policies and procedures; requiring information about mortgage loss mitigation options be provided to delinquent borrowers; providing delinquent borrowers access to servicer personnel with continuity of contact about the borrower’s mortgage loan account; and evaluating borrowers’ applications for available loss mitigation options. These rules also address initial rate adjustment notices for adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), periodic statements for residential mortgage loans, and prompt crediting of mortgage payments and response to requests for payoff amounts.

Non-Discrimination Policies

The First is also subject to, among other things, the provisions of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (the “ECOA”) and the Fair Housing Act (the “FHA”), both of which prohibit discrimination based on race or color, religion, national origin, sex, and familial status in any aspect of a consumer or commercial credit or residential real estate transaction. The Department of Justice (the “DOJ”), and the federal bank regulatory agencies have issued an Interagency Policy Statement on Discrimination in Lending that provides guidance to financial institutions in determining whether discrimination exists, how the agencies will respond to lending discrimination, and what steps lenders might take to prevent discriminatory lending practices. The DOJ has increased its efforts to prosecute what it regards as violations of the ECOA and FHA.

LIBOR

On March 15, 2022, Congress enacted the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act (the "LIBOR Act") to address references to LIBOR in contracts that (i) are governed by U.S. law; (ii) will not mature before June 30, 2023; and (iii) lack fallback provisions providing for a clearly defined and practicable replacement for LIBOR. On December 16, 2022, the FRB adopted a final rule to implement the LIBOR Act by identifying benchmark rates based on SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate) that will replace LIBOR in certain financial contracts after June 30, 2023. The final rule identifies replacements benchmark rates based on SOFR to replace overnight, one-month, three-month, six-month, and 12-month LIBOR in contracts subject to the LIBOR Act.

Effect of Governmental Monetary and Fiscal Policies

The difference between the interest rate paid on deposits and other borrowings and the interest rate received on loans and securities comprises most of a bank’s earnings. In order to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in the industry, the banking business is becoming increasingly dependent on the generation of fee and service charge revenue.

The earnings and growth of a bank are affected by both general economic conditions and the monetary and fiscal policy of the U.S. government and its agencies, particularly the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve sets national monetary policy such as seeking to curb inflation and combat recession. This is accomplished by its open-market operations in U.S. government securities, adjustments in the amount of reserves that financial institutions are required to maintain and adjustments to the discount rates on borrowings and target rates for federal funds transactions. The actions of the Federal Reserve in these areas influence the growth of bank loans, investments and deposits and also affect interest rates on loans and deposits. The nature and timing of any future changes in monetary policies and their potential impact on the Company cannot be predicted.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to risk. The following discussion, along with management’s discussion and analysis and our financial statements and footnotes, sets forth the most significant risks and uncertainties that we believe could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of or that management currently deems immaterial may also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. There is no assurance that this discussion covers all potential risks that we face. Further, to the extent that any of the information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitutes forward-looking statements, the risk factors set forth below also are cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made herein.

Risk Factors Associated with Our Business

General economic conditions in the areas where our operations or loans are concentrated may adversely affect our financial results or liquidity.

A sudden or severe downturn in the economy in the geographic markets we serve in the states of Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Florida or Georgia may affect the ability of our customers to meet loan payment obligations on a timely basis. The local economic conditions in these areas have a significant impact on our commercial, real estate, and construction loans, the ability of borrowers to repay these loans and the value of the collateral securing such loans. Any deterioration in the economic conditions of these market areas could negatively impact the financial results of the Company’s banking operations, earnings, and profitability.

Our Bank requires liquidity in the form of available funds to meet its deposit, debt and other obligations as they come due, borrower requests to draw on committed credit facilities as well as unexpected demands for cash payments. Adverse economic changes may cause customers to withdraw deposit balances, thereby causing a strain on our liquidity. We have historically had access to a number of alternative sources of liquidity, but if there is an increase in volatility in the credit and liquidity markets there is no assurance that we will be able to obtain such liquidity on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

We may be vulnerable to certain sectors of the economy, including real estate.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate. The market value of real estate can fluctuate significantly in a relatively short period of time as a result of market conditions in the geographic area in which the real estate is located. If the economy deteriorates and real estate values decline materially, a significant part of our loan portfolio could become under-collateralized and losses incurred upon borrower defaults would increase. This could result in additional credit loss accruals which would negatively impact our earnings. Our ability to dispose of foreclosed real estate at prices above the respective carrying values could also be impacted, which could cause our results of operations to be adversely affected.

Unpredictable market conditions may adversely affect the industry in which we operate.

The capital and credit markets are subject to volatility and disruption. Dramatic declines in the housing market in years past caused home prices to fall and increased foreclosures, unemployment and under-employment. These events, if they were to happen again, could negatively impact the credit performance of mortgage loans and result in significant write-downs of asset values, including government-sponsored entities as well as major commercial and investment banks. Market turmoil and tightening of credit could lead to an increased level of commercial and consumer delinquencies, lack of consumer confidence and widespread reduction of business activity. Generally, a worsening of these conditions would have an adverse effect on us and others in the financial institution industry, particularly in our real estate markets, as lower home prices and increased foreclosures would result in higher charge-offs and delinquencies.

The state of the economy and various economic factors, including inflation, recession, unemployment, interest rates and the level of U.S. debt, as well as governmental action and uncertainty resulting from U.S. and global political trends, may directly and indirectly, have a destabilizing effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the U.S. government's decisions regarding its debt ceiling and the possibility that the U.S. could default on its debt obligations could cause further interest rate increases, disrupt access to capital markets and deepen recessionary conditions. An unfavorable or uncertain national or regional political or economic environment could drive losses beyond those which are provided for in our allowance for loan losses and could negatively impact our results of operations.

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We must maintain an appropriate allowance for credit losses.

The First, as lender, is exposed to the risk that its customers will be unable to repay their loans in accordance with their terms and that any collateral securing the payment of their loans may not be sufficient to assure repayment. Credit losses are inherent in the business of making loans and could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Credit risk with respect to our real estate and construction loan portfolio relates principally to the creditworthiness of the borrower corporations and the value of the real estate serving as security for the repayment of loans. Credit risk with respect to our commercial and consumer loan portfolio will relate principally to the general creditworthiness of the borrower businesses and individuals within our local markets.

On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses ("ASC 326"). The Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASC 326 to replace the incurred loss model for loans and other financial assets with an expected loss model and requires consideration of a wider range of reasonable and supportable information to determine credit losses. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company has developed an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) methodology effective January 1, 2021, which replaces its previous allowance for loan losses methodology. The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environment conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors. Management may selectively apply external market data to subjectively adjust the Company’s own loss history including index or peer data. Management evaluates the adequacy of the ACL quarterly and makes provisions for credit losses based on this evaluation. See Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to consolidated financial statements.

We are subject to risks related to changes in market interest rates.

Our assets and liabilities are primarily monetary in nature, and as a result we are subject to significant risks resulting from changes in interest rates. Our profitability is largely dependent upon net interest income. Unexpected movement in interest rates markedly changing the slope of the current yield curve could cause net interest margins to decrease, subsequently decreasing net interest income. In addition, such changes could adversely affect the valuation of our assets and liabilities.

The fair market value of the securities portfolio and the investment income from these securities also fluctuates depending on general economic and market conditions. In addition, actual net investment income and/or cash flows from investments that carry prepayment risk, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, may differ from those anticipated at the time of investment as a result of interest rate fluctuations.

Beginning in early 2022, in response to growing signs of inflation, the FRB increased interest rates rapidly. Further, the FRB has increased the benchmark rapidly and has announced an intention to take further actions to mitigate rising inflationary pressures. Rising interest rates can have a negative impact on our business by reducing the amount of money our clients borrow or by adversely affecting their ability to repay outstanding loan balances that may increase due to adjustments in their variable rates. In addition, as interest rates rise, so have competitive pressures on the deposit cost of funds. We may have to offer more attractive interest rates to depositors to compete for deposits, or pursue other sources of liquidity, such as wholesale funds, which could result in negative pressure on our net interest income. It is not possible to predict the pace and magnitude of changes in interest rates, or the impact rate changes will have on the Company’s results of operations.

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We may be adversely affected by the replacement of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) with an alternative reference rate, for our variable rate loans and the interest expense paid on our subordinated notes and our subordinated debentures.

In July 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. On November 2020, the administration of LIBOR announced it will consult on its intention to extend the retirement date of certain offered rates whereby the publication of the one week and two month LIBOR offered rates will cease after December 31, 2021; but, the publication of the remaining LIBOR offered rates will continue until June 30, 2023. Regardless, the federal banking agencies also issued guidance on November 30, 2020, encouraging banks to (i) stop using LIBOR in new financial contracts no later than December 31, 2021; and (ii) either use a rate other than LIBOR or include clear language defining the alternative rate that will be applicable after LIBOR's discontinuation.

To address the problem created by legacy financial contracts that incorporate LIBOR as their reference interest rate, but extend beyond the date after which LIBOR will be published, on March 15, 2022, Congress enacted the LIBOR Act. On December 16, 2022, the Federal Reserve adopted a final rule implementing the LIBOR Act by adopting benchmark rates based on the SOFR that will replace LIBOR in certain financial contracts after June 30, 2023.

Upon the cessation of the of LIBOR, interest rates on our floating rate obligation, loans, derivatives, and other financial instruments tied to LIBOR rates, as well as the revenue and expenses associated with those financial instruments, may be adversely affected. In addition, the cessation of the use of LIBOR as a benchmark interest rate could adversely affect the value of our floating rate obligations, loans, derivatives, and other financial instruments tied to LIBOR rates.

As of December 31, 2022, approximately $140.7 million or 3.8% of our outstanding loans were indexed to 30-day, 90-day, and one-year LIBOR. The transition from LIBOR has resulted in and could continue to result in added costs and employee efforts and could present additional risk. We are subject to litigation and reputational risks if we are unable to renegotiate and amend existing contracts with counterparties that are dependent on LIBOR, including contracts that do not have fallback language.

Uncertainty as to the nature of such potential changes, alternative reference rates, the replacement or disappearance of LIBOR or other reforms may adversely affect the value of and the return on our subordinated notes and our subordinated debentures, as well as the interest we pay on those securities.

Certain changes in interest rates, inflation, or the financial markets could affect demand for our products and our ability to deliver products efficiently.

Loan originations, and therefore loan revenues, could be adversely impacted by rising interest rates. Increases in market interest rates can have negative impacts on our business, including reducing our customers’ desire to borrow money from us or adversely affecting their ability to repay their outstanding loans by increasing their debt service obligations through the periodic reset of adjustable interest rate loans. If our borrowers’ ability to repay their loans is impaired by increasing interest payment obligations, our level of non-performing assets would increase, producing an adverse effect on operating results. Asset values, especially commercial real estate as collateral, securities or other fixed rate earning assets, can decline significantly with relatively minor changes in interest rates. If interest rates were to decrease, our yield on our variable rate loans and on our new loans would decrease, reducing our net interest income. In addition, lower interest rates may reduce our realized yields on investment securities, which would reduce our net interest income and cause downward pressure on net interest margin in future periods. A significant reduction in our net interest income could have a material adverse impact on our capital, financial condition and results of operations.

Continued increases in inflation could cause operating costs related to salaries and benefits, technology, and supplies to increase at a faster pace than revenues.

Evaluation of investment securities for impairment involves subjective determinations and could materially impact our results of operations and financial condition.

The evaluation of impairments is a quantitative and qualitative process, which is subject to risks and uncertainties, and is intended to determine whether declines in the fair value of investments should be recognized in current period earnings. The risks and uncertainties include changes in general economic conditions, the issuers’ financial condition or future recovery prospects, the effects of changes in interest rates or credit spreads and the expected recovery period.

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Estimating future cash flows involves incorporating information received from third-party sources and making internal assumptions and judgments regarding the future performance of the underlying collateral and assessing the probability that an adverse change in future cash flows has occurred. The determination of the amount of impairments is based upon the Company’s quarterly evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.

Additionally, our management considers a wide range of factors about the security issuer and uses its reasonable judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for recovery. Inherent in management’s evaluation of the security are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. Impairments to the carrying value of our investment securities may need to be taken in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in the policies of monetary authorities and other government action could adversely affect profitability.

The results of operations of the Company are affected by credit policies of monetary authorities, particularly the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, which we refer to as the Federal Reserve Board. The instruments of monetary policy employed by the Federal Reserve Board include open market operations in U.S. government securities, changes in the discount rate or the federal funds rate on bank borrowings and changes in reserve requirements against bank deposits. In view of changing conditions in the national economy and monetary policy, we cannot predict the impact of future changes in interest rates, deposit levels, loan demand or the Company’s business and earnings. Furthermore, the actions of the United States government and other governments in responding to developing situations or implementing new fiscal or trade policies may result in currency fluctuations, exchange controls, market disruption and other unanticipated economic effects. Such actions could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and profitability.

We are subject to regulation by various Federal and State entities.

The Company and The First are subject to extensive regulation by various regulatory agencies, including the Federal Reserve Board, the FDIC, the Mississippi Department of Banking and Consumer Finance and the CFPB. See Supervision and Regulation above for more information. New regulations issued by these agencies may adversely affect our ability to carry on our business activities. The Company is subject to various Federal and state laws and certain changes in these laws and regulations may adversely affect operations.

The Company and The First are also subject to the accounting rules and regulations of the SEC and the FASB. Changes in accounting rules could adversely affect the reported financial statements or results of operations of the Company and may also require extraordinary efforts or additional costs to implement. Any of these laws or regulations may be modified or changed from time to time, and we cannot be assured that such modifications or changes will not adversely affect the Company.

Tax law and regulatory changes could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Changes to tax laws, including a repeal of all or part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA"), could significantly impact our business in the form of greater than expected income tax expense and taxes payable. Such changes may also negatively impact the financial condition of our customers and/or overall economic conditions. Further, future regulatory reforms that could include a heightened focus and scrutiny on BSA/AML related compliance, expansion of consumer protections, the regulation of loan portfolios and credit concentrations to borrows impacted by climate changes, increased capital and liquidity requirements and limitations or additional taxes on share repurchases and dividends, could increase our costs and impact our business.

On August 16, 2022, the IRA was signed into law in the United States. The IRA includes various tax provisions, including an excise tax on stock repurchases and a corporate alternative minimum tax that generally applies to U.S. corporations with average adjusted financial statement income over a three-year period in excess of $1 billion. We do not currently expect the IRA to have a material impact on our financial results, including on our annual estimated effective tax rate or on our liquidity, the effects of the measures are unknown at this time.

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We may be required to pay additional insurance premiums to the FDIC, which could negatively impact earnings.

Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the limit on FDIC coverage has been permanently increased to $250,000, causing the premiums assessed to The First by the FDIC to increase. Depending upon any future losses that the FDIC insurance fund may suffer, there can be no assurance that there will not be additional premium increases in order to replenish the fund. The FDIC may need to set a higher base rate schedule or impose special assessments due to future financial institution failures and updated failure and loss projections. Potentially higher FDIC assessment rates than those currently projected could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

We are subject to industry competition which may have an adverse impact upon our success.

The profitability of the Company depends on its ability to compete successfully with other financial services companies. We operate in a highly competitive financial services environment. Certain competitors are larger and may have more resources than we do. We face competition in our regional market areas from other commercial banks, savings institutions, credit unions, internet banks, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, brokerage and investment banking firms, and other financial intermediaries that offer similar services. Some of the nonbank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations that govern the Company or The First and may have greater flexibility in competing for business.

Many of these competitors also have broader geographic markets and substantially greater resources and lending limits than The First and offer certain services such as trust banking that The First does not currently provide. In addition, many of these competitors have numerous branch offices located throughout the extended market areas of The First that may provide these competitors with an advantage in geographic convenience that The First does not have at present. Currently there are numerous other commercial banks, savings institutions, and credit unions operating in The First’s primary service area.

We also compete with numerous financial and quasi-financial institutions for deposits and loans, including providers of financial services over the internet. Recent technology advances and other changes have allowed parties to effectuate financial transactions that previously required the involvement of banks. For example, consumers can maintain funds in brokerage accounts or mutual funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits. Consumers can also complete transactions such as paying bills and transferring funds directly without the assistance of banks. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries, known as “disintermediation,” could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the related income generated from those deposits. The loss of these revenue streams and access to lower cost deposits as a source of funds could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Some of our competitors have reduced or eliminated certain service charges on deposit accounts, including overdraft fees, and additional competitors may be willing to reduce or eliminate service or other fees in order to attract additional customers. If the Company chooses to reduce or eliminate certain categories of fees, including those related to deposit accounts, fee income related to these products and services would be reduced. If the Company chooses not to take such actions, we may be at a competitive disadvantage in attracting customers for certain fee producing products.

Our information systems may experience an interruption or breach in security.

We rely heavily on communications and information systems to conduct our business. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management, deposit, loan and other systems. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the failure, interruption or security breach of our information systems, there can be no assurance that we can prevent any such failures, interruptions, cyber security breaches or other security breaches or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. We have been, and likely will continue to be, subject to various forms of external security breaches, which may include computer hacking, acts of vandalism or theft, malware, computer viruses or other malicious codes, phishing, employee error or malfeasance, catastrophes, unforeseen events or other cyber-attacks. To date, we have seen no material impact on our business or operations from these attacks or events. Any future significant compromise or breach of our data security, whether external or internal, or misuse of customer, associate, supplier or Company data could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, as the regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and use, and privacy

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becomes increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, compliance with those requirements could also result in additional costs.

Natural disasters, public health emergencies, acts of war or terrorism and other external events could affect our ability to operate.

Our market areas are susceptible to natural disasters such as hurricanes and tornados. Natural disasters can disrupt operations, result in damage to properties that may be serving as collateral for our loan assets and negatively affect the local economies in which we operate. Climate change may be increasing the nature, severity and frequency of adverse weather conditions, making the impact from these types of natural disasters on our customers or us worse. We cannot predict whether or to what extent damage caused by future hurricanes, tornados or other natural disasters will affect operations or the economies in our market areas, but such weather events could cause a decline in loan originations, a decline in the value or destruction of properties serving as collateral for our loans and an increase in the risk of delinquencies, foreclosures or loan losses.

In addition, health emergencies, disease pandemics, acts of war or terrorism, trade policies and sanctions, including the repercussions of the attack by Russia on Ukraine, and other external events could cause disruption in our operations. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is susceptible to fraud.

Our business exposes us to fraud risk from our loan and deposit customers, the parties they do business with, as well as from our employees, contractors and vendors. We rely on financial and other data from new and existing customers which could turn out to be fraudulent when accepting such customers, executing their financial transactions and making and purchasing loans and other financial assets. In times of increased economic stress, we are at increased risk of fraud losses. We believe we have underwriting and operational controls in place to prevent or detect such fraud, but we cannot provide assurance that these controls will be effective in detecting fraud or that we will not experience fraud losses or incur costs or other damage related to such fraud, at levels that adversely affect our financial results or reputation. Our lending customers may also experience fraud in their businesses which could adversely affect their ability to repay their loans or make use of our services. Our exposure and the exposure of our customers to fraud may increase our financial risk and reputation risk as it may result in unexpected loan losses that exceed those that have been provided for in our allowance for loan losses.

We may not be able to attract and retain skilled personnel.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain key personnel. Competition for the best personnel in most activities we engage in can be intense, and we may not be able to hire personnel or to retain them. The unexpected loss of services of one or more of our key personnel could have a material adverse impact on our business because of the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel with comparable skills, knowledge of our market, relationships in the communities we serve, and years of industry experience. Although we have employment agreements with certain of our executive officers, there is no guarantee that these officers and other key personnel will remain employed with the Company.

The failure of other financial institutions could adversely affect the Company.

Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and potential failures of other financial institutions. Financial institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty and other relationships. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or concerns about, one or more financial institutions or the financial services industry generally could negatively impact market-wide liquidity and could lead to losses or defaults by the Company or by other institutions.

Merger-Related Risks

We may engage in acquisitions of other businesses from time to time, which may adversely impact our results.

From time to time, we may engage in acquisitions of other businesses. Difficulty in integrating an acquired business or company may cause us not to realize expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or

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product presence, or other anticipated benefits from any acquisition. The integration could result in higher than expected deposit attrition (run-off), loss of key employees, disruption of the Company’s business or the business of the acquired company, or otherwise adversely affect the Company’s ability to maintain relationships with customers and employees or achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. The acquired companies may also have legal contingencies, beyond those that we are aware of, that could result in unexpected costs. The Company may need to make additional investment in equipment and personnel to manage higher asset levels and loan balances as a result of any significant acquisition, which may adversely impact earnings.

We may fail to realize the anticipated cost savings and other financial benefits of recent acquisitions in the timeframe we expect, or at all.

The Company completed the Beach Bancorp, Inc. ("BBI") acquisition on August 1, 2022, and the acquisition of Heritage Southeast Bank ("Heritage Bank") on January 1, 2023. Achieving the anticipated cost savings and financial benefits of the mergers will depend, in part, on whether we can successfully integrate these businesses with and into the business of The First. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of each company’s ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures, and policies that adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors, and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of the mergers. In addition, the integration of certain operations following the mergers has required and will continue to require the dedication of significant management resources, which may temporarily distract management’s attention from the day-to-day business of the combined company. Any inability to realize the full extent of, or any of, the anticipated cost savings and financial benefits of the mergers, as well as any delays encountered in the integration process, could have an adverse effect on the business and results of operations of the combined company.

We have incurred and may continue to incur significant transaction and merger-related costs in connection with our recent acquisitions.

We have incurred and may continue to incur a number of non-recurring costs associated with our recent acquisitions. These costs and expenses include fees paid to financial, legal and accounting advisors, severance, retention bonus and other potential employment-related costs, filing fees, printing expenses and other related charges. There are also a large number of processes, policies, procedures, operations, technologies and systems that must be integrated in connection with the integration of these companies’ businesses. While we have assumed that a certain level of expenses would be incurred in connection with the acquisitions, there are many factors beyond our control that could affect the total amount or the timing of the integration and implementation expenses.

There may also be additional unanticipated significant costs in connection with the acquisitions that we may not recoup. These costs and expenses could reduce the realization of efficiencies, strategic benefits and additional income we expect to achieve from the acquisitions. Although we expect that these benefits will offset the transaction expenses and implementation costs over time, the net benefit may not be achieved in the near term or at all, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

We may incur impairment to goodwill.

We review our goodwill at least annually. Significant negative industry or economic trends, reduced estimates of future cash flows or disruptions to our business, could indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Our valuation methodology for assessing impairment requires management to make judgements and assumptions based on historical experience and to rely on projections of future operating performance. We operate in a competitive environment and projections of future operating results and cash flows may vary significantly from actual results. In addition, if our analysis results is an impairment to our goodwill, we would be required to record a non-cash charge to earnings in our financial statements during the period in which such impairment is determined to exist. Any such charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

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Risks Relating to Our Securities

The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, which may make it difficult for investors to resell shares of common stock at a time or price they find attractive.

Our stock price may fluctuate significantly as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. In addition to those described in “Special Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” these factors include, among others:

•actual or anticipated quarterly fluctuations in our operating results, financial condition or asset quality;

•changes in financial estimates or the publication of research reports and recommendations by financial analysts or actions taken by rating agencies with respect to us or other financial institutions;

•failure to declare dividends on our common stock from time to time;

•failure to meet analysts’ revenue or earnings estimates;

•failure to integrate acquisitions or realize anticipated benefits from acquisitions;

•strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions, restructurings, dispositions or financings;

•fluctuations in the stock price and operating results of our competitors or other companies that investors deem comparable to us;

•future sales of our common stock or other securities;

•proposed or final regulatory changes or developments;

•anticipated or pending regulatory investigations, proceedings, or litigation that may involve or affect us;

•reports in the press or investment community generally relating to our reputation or the financial services industry;

•domestic and international economic and political factors unrelated to our performance;

•general market conditions and, in particular, developments related to market conditions for the financial services industry;

•adverse weather conditions, including floods, tornadoes and hurricanes;

•public health emergencies, including disease pandemics; and

In addition, in recent years, the stock market in general has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant effect on the market price of securities issued by many companies, including for reasons unrelated to their operating performance. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect our stock price, notwithstanding our operating results. We expect that the market price of our common stock will continue to fluctuate and there can be no assurances about the levels of the market prices for our common stock.

General market fluctuations, industry factors and general economic and political conditions and events, such as economic slowdowns or recessions, interest rate changes or credit loss trends, could also cause our stock price to decrease regardless of operating results.

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We may need to rely on the financial markets to provide needed capital.

Our common stock is listed and traded on the Nasdaq stock market. Although we anticipate that our capital resources will be adequate for the foreseeable future to meet our capital requirements, at times we may depend on the liquidity of the capital markets to raise additional capital. Our historical ability to raise capital through the sale of capital stock and debt securities may be affected by economic and market conditions or regulatory changes that are beyond our control. Adverse changes in our operating performance or financial condition could make raising additional capital difficult or more expensive or limit our access to customary sources of funding. If the market should fail to operate, or if conditions in the capital markets are adverse, our efforts to raise capital could require the issuance of securities at times and with maturities, conditions and rates that are disadvantageous, and which could have a dilutive impact on our current stockholders. Should these risks materialize, the ability to further expand our operations through organic or acquisitive growth may be limited.

Securities issued by the Company, including the Company’s common stock, are not FDIC insured.

Securities issued by the Company, including the Company’s common stock, are not savings or deposit accounts or other obligations of any bank and are not insured by the FDIC, the DIF, or any other governmental agency or instrumentality, or any private insurer, and are subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of principal.

Anti-takeover laws and certain agreements and charter provisions may adversely affect the price of our common stock.

Certain provisions of state and federal law and our articles of incorporation may make it more difficult for someone to acquire control of the Company. Under federal law, subject to certain exemptions, a person, entity, or group must notify the federal banking agencies before acquiring 10% or more of the outstanding voting stock of a bank holding company, including the Company’s shares. Banking agencies review the acquisition to determine if it will result in a change of control. The banking agencies have 60 days to act on the notice, and take into account several factors, including the resources of the acquiror and the antitrust effects of the acquisition. There also are Mississippi statutory provisions and provisions in our articles of incorporation that may be used to delay or block a takeover attempt. As a result, these statutory provisions and provisions in our articles of incorporation could result in the Company being less attractive to a potential acquiror.

The trading volume in our common stock is less than that of other larger financial services companies.

Although our common stock is listed for trading on the Nasdaq Global Market, the trading volume for our common stock is low relative to other larger financial services companies, and you are not assured liquidity with respect to transactions in our common stock. A public trading market having the desired characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends on the presence in the marketplace of willing buyers and sellers of our common stock at any given time. This presence depends on the individual decisions of investors and general economic and market conditions over which we have no control. Given the lower trading volume of our common stock, significant sales of our common stock, or the expectation of these sales, could cause our stock price to fall.

You may not receive dividends on our common stock.

Although we have historically declared quarterly cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and may reduce or cease to pay common stock dividends in the future. If we reduce or cease to pay common stock dividends, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected.

The principal source of funds from which we pay cash dividends are the dividends received from The First. Federal and state banking laws and regulations and state corporate laws restrict the amount of dividends we may declare and pay from The First. See “Item 1. Business – Regulation and Supervision” included herein for more information.

If we fail to pay dividends, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock may be the sole opportunity for gains on an investment in our common stock. In addition, in the event The First becomes unable to pay dividends to us, we may not be able to service our debt or pay our other obligations or pay dividends on our common stock and preferred stock. Accordingly, our inability to receive dividends from The First could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of your investment in our common stock.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our Company’s main office, which is the holding company headquarters, is located at 6480 U.S. Highway 98 West in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. As of year-end, we had 87 full service banking and financial service offices, one motor bank facility and two loan production offices across Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Louisiana. Management ensures that all properties, whether owned or leased, are maintained in suitable condition.

The following table sets forth banking office locations that are leased by the Company.


•Bayley’s Corner			•Pascagoula
•Dauphin Island			•Pensacola - Downtown
•Fairhope			•Pensacola - Garden Street
•Hardy Court			•Spanish Fort
•Killern			•Starkville University
•Mary Esther			•Tallahassee – Apalachee Parkway
•Niceville – 750 John Sims Parkway East			•Tampa - Loan Production Office
•Ocean Springs			•Petal
•Panama City Beach

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time the Company and/or The First may be named as defendants in various lawsuits arising out of the normal course of business. At present, the Company is not aware of any legal proceedings that it anticipates may materially adversely affect its business.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Shares of our common stock are traded on the Nasdaq global market under the symbol “FBMS.”

There were approximately 4,240 record holders of the Company’s common stock at February 22, 2023 and 31,063,780 shares outstanding.

Subject to the approval of the Board of Directors and applicable regulatory requirements, the Company expects to continue its policy of paying regular cash dividends on a quarterly basis. A discussion of certain limitations on the ability of The Firsts to pay dividends to the Company and the ability of the Company to pay dividends on its common stock is set forth in Part 1 – Item 1. Business – Supervision and Regulation of this report.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table sets forth shares of our common stock we repurchased during the quarter ended December 31, 2022.


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October	225		$	30.00	—	30,000,000
November	396		33.05		—	30,000,000
December	1,237		30.79		—	30,000,000
Total	1,858	(a)	$	31.28	—

______________________________________

(a)The 1,858 shares purchased in the 4th quarter were withheld by the Company in order to satisfy employee tax obligations for vesting of restricted stock awards.

Stock Performance Graph

The following performance graph and related information are neither “soliciting material” nor “filed’ with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filings under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates it by reference to such filing.

The performance graph compares the cumulative five-year shareholder return on the Company’s common stock, assuming an investment of $100 on December 31, 2017 and the reinvestment of dividends thereafter, to that of the common stocks of United States companies reported in the Nasdaq Composite-Total Returns Index and the common stocks of the Nasdaq OMX Banks Index. The Nasdaq OMX Banks Index contains securities of Nasdaq-listed companies classified according to the Industry Classification Benchmark as banks. They include banks providing a broad range of financial services, including retail banking, loans and money transmissions.

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Legend

	Symbol	Total Returns Index For:	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022

		First Bancshares, Inc.	100.00	88.96	105.46	93.24	118.37	100.35
		NASDAQ Composite-Total Returns	100.00	97.16	132.81	192.47	235.15	158.65
		NASDAQ OMX Banks Index	100.00	83.83	104.26	96.44	137.82	115.38


	Notes:

	A.	The lines represent monthly index levels derived from compounded daily returns that include all dividends.
	B.	The indexes are reweighted daily, using the market capitalization on the previous trading day.
	C.	If the monthly interval, based on the fiscal year-end, is not a trading day, the preceding trading day is used.
	D.	The index level for all series was set to $100.00 on 12/31/2017.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following provides a narrative discussion and analysis of The First Bancshares’ financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the supplemental financial data included in Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data included elsewhere in this report.

Critical Accounting Policies

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgements that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. While we base estimates on historical experience, current information and other factors deemed to be relevant, actual results could differ from those estimates. Accounting policies considered critical to our financial results include the allowance for credit losses and related provision, business combinations and goodwill. The most critical of these is the accounting policy related to the allowance for credit losses.

The allowance is based in large measure upon management's evaluation of borrowers' abilities to make loan payments, local and national economic conditions, and other subjective factors. If any of these factors were to deteriorate, management would update its estimates and judgments which may require additional loss provisions. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Measurement of Current Expected Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“CECL”), which modified the accounting for the allowance for loan losses from an incurred loss model to an expected loss model, as discussed more fully under Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of this report.

Assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of a business combination are generally recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition. The excess of purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of identifiable assets, particularly intangibles, and liabilities acquired also require management to make estimates, which are based on all available information and in some cases assumptions with respect to the timing and amount of future revenues and expenses associated with an asset. Business combinations are discussed more fully under Part II - Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note B - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note C Business Combinations of this report.

Goodwill is assessed for impairment both annually and when events or circumstances occur that make it more likely than not that impairment has occurred. As part of its testing, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount using these qualitative factors, the Company compares the fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount, and then measures impaired loss by comparing the implied fair value of goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. Other intangibles are also assessed for impairment, both annually and when events or circumstances occur, that make it more likely than not that impairment has occurred. Goodwill is discussed more fully under Part II - Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note B - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of this report.

Overview

The Company was incorporated on June 23, 1995, and serves as a bank holding company for The First, formerly known as The First, A National Banking Association, located in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. The First began operations on August 5, 1996, from its main office in the Oak Grove community, which is now incorporated within the city of Hattiesburg. Currently, the First has 90 locations in Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Louisiana. The Company and The First engage in a general commercial and retail banking business characterized by personalized service and local decision-making, emphasizing the banking needs of small to medium-sized businesses, professional concerns, and individuals.

The Company’s primary source of revenue is interest income and fees, which it earns by lending and investing the funds which are held on deposit. Because loans generally earn higher rates of interest than investments, the Company seeks to employ as much of its deposit funds as possible in the form of loans to individuals, businesses, and other organizations. To ensure sufficient liquidity, the Company also maintains a portion of its deposits in cash, government securities, deposits

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with other financial institutions, and overnight loans of excess reserves (known as “Federal Funds Sold”) to correspondent banks. The revenue which the Company earns (prior to deducting its overhead expenses) is essentially a function of the amount of the Company’s loans and deposits, as well as the profit margin (“interest spread”) and fee income which can be generated on these amounts.

Highlights for the year ended December 31, 2022 include:

•Effective January 1, 2023, the Company closed its acquisition of HSBI, parent company of Heritage Bank based in Jonesboro, Georgia. Heritage Bank will increase the Company's presence in Southern Georgia as well as provide entry into the fast growing markets of Atlanta and Savannah, Georgia and Jacksonville, Florida. Heritage Bank will add approximately $1.6 million of assets and twenty four locations. Systems conversion is scheduled for the end of the first quarter of 2023.

•During the fourth quarter, the Company completed the systems conversion related to the acquisition of BBI.

•In year-over-year comparison, net income available to common shareholders decreased $1.2 million, or 1.9%, from $64.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $62.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Over the same period, Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loan fees decreased $9.8 million.

•Net interest income after provision for credit losses was $172.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $14.0 million as compared to the same period ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to interest income earned on a higher volume of loans and securities and increased interest rates.

•Non-interest income was $37.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $512 thousand as compared to the same period ended December 31, 2021. Increased service charges on deposit accounts and interchange fee income of $2.5 million was offset by a decrease in mortgage income of $4.5 million.

•Non-interest expense was $130.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $15.9 million as compared to the same period ended December 31, 2021. An increase of $4.8 million in acquisition and charter conversion charges and $3.3 million related to the ongoing operation of the acquired Cadence Bank, N.A. ("Cadence") branches (the "Cadence Branches") and $5.1 million related to the Beach Bank branch operations accounted for the increase in non-interest expense.

•On January 15, 2022, the Bank converted from a national banking association to a Mississippi state-chartered bank and became a member bank of the Federal Reserve System.

At December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $6.462 billion in total assets, an increase of $384.3 million compared to $6.077 billion at December 31, 2021. Loans, including mortgage loans held for sale and net of the allowance for credit losses, increased to $3.740 billion at December 31, 2022 from $2.936 billion at December 31, 2021. Deposits increased to $5.494 billion at December 31, 2022 from $5.227 billion at December 31, 2021. Stockholders’ equity decreased to $646.7 million at December 31, 2022 from $676.2 million at December 31, 2021. The acquisition of BBI during 2022 contributed, at acquisition, $608.5 million, $485.2 million and $490.6 million in assets, loans, and deposits, respectively. The addition of the seven Cadence Bank branches during 2021 contributed, at acquisition, $412.9 million, $40.3 million and $410.2 million in assets, loans, and deposits, respectively.

The First (Bank only) reported net income of $72.6 million, $73.9 million and $60.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company reported consolidated net income available to common stockholders of $62.9 million, $64.2 million and $52.5 million, respectively. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements and the Notes thereto and the other financial data included elsewhere.

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Results of Operations

The following is a summary of the results of operations for The First (Bank only) the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 ($ in thousands):


	2022		2021		2020
Interest income	$	200,375	$	176,735	$	179,328
Interest expense	15,085		12,306		21,071
Net interest income	185,290		164,429		158,257
Provision for credit losses	5,605		(1,104)		25,151
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	179,685		165,533		133,106
Non-interest income	34,288		37,362		40,984
Non-interest expense	122,373		108,791		100,966
Income tax expense	19,033		20,210		13,108
Net income	$	72,567	$	73,894	$	60,016

The following reconciles the above table to the amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements of the Company at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 ($ in thousands):


	2022		2021		2020
Net interest income:
Net interest income of The First	$	185,290	$	164,429	$	158,257
Interest expense	(7,474)		(7,365)		(5,573)
	$	177,816	$	157,064	$	152,684

Net income available to common shareholders:
Net income of The First	$	72,567	$	73,894	$	60,016
Net loss of the Company	(9,648)		(9,727)		(7,511)
	$	62,919	$	64,167	$	52,505

Consolidated Net Income

The Company reported consolidated net income available to common stockholders of $62.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a consolidated net income of $64.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. In the year-over-year comparison, PPP loan fee income decreased $9.8 million.

Net interest income increased $14.0 million in year-over-year comparison, primarily due to interest income earned on a higher volume of securities and loans and increased interest rates. Non-interest income decreased $512 thousand in year-over-year comparison. Increased service charges on deposit accounts and interchange fee income of $2.5 million was offset by a decrease in mortgage income of $4.5 million. Non-interest expense was $130.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $15.9 million as compared to the same period ended December 31, 2021. An increase of $4.8 million in acquisition and charter conversion charges and $3.3 million related to the ongoing operations of the Cadence Bank branches and $5.1 million related to the Beach Bank branch operations accounted for the increase in non-interest expense.

The Company reported consolidated net income available to common stockholders of $64.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to a consolidated net income of $52.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The change in provision for credit loss expenses in year-over-year comparison accounted for $19.6 million, net of tax of the change. The Company recorded a bargain purchase gain and loss on sale of land of $674 thousand, net of tax for the year end December 31, 2021 compared to a bargain purchase and sale of land gains of $8.3 million, net of tax for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Net interest income increased $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to interest income earned on a higher volume of securities and a reduction in interest expense due to changes in rates. Non-interest income increased $2.3 million in year-over-year comparison excluding the gains mentioned above. Interchange fee income increased $2.1 million and the U.S. Treasury Rapid Response Program (“RRP”) grant of $1.4 million, net of tax accounted for the increase in year-over-year comparison. Non-interest expense was $114.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase of $8.2 million as compared to the same period ended December 31, 2020. An increase of $4.6 million in salaries and employee benefits and an increase of $1.7 million in occupancy expense contributed to the increase.

See Note C – Business Combinations in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on how the Company accounts for business combinations.

Consolidated Net Interest Income

The largest component of net income for the Company is net interest income, which is the difference between the income earned on assets and interest paid on deposits and borrowings used to support such assets. Net interest income is determined by the rates earned on the Company’s interest-earning assets and the rates paid on its interest-bearing liabilities, the relative amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and the degree of mismatch and the maturity and repricing characteristics of its interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

Consolidated net interest income was approximately $177.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $157.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was the direct result of higher volume of securities and loans and increased interest rates during 2022 as compared to 2021. Average interest-bearing liabilities for the year 2022 were $3.944 billion compared to $3.435 billion for the year 2021. Net interest margin, which is net interest income divided by average earning assets, was 3.19% for the year 2022 compared to 3.21% for the year 2021. Rates paid on average interest-bearing liabilities increased to 0.57% for the year 2022 compared to 0.43% for the year 2021. Interest earned on assets and interest accrued on liabilities is significantly influenced by market factors, specifically interest rates as set by federal agencies. Average loans comprised 58.0% of average earnings assets for the year 2022 compared to 60.8% for the year 2021.

Consolidated net interest income was approximately $157.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to $152.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase was the direct result of higher volume of securities and a reduction in interest expense due to changes in rates during 2021 as compared to 2020. Average interest-bearing liabilities for the year 2021 were $4.548 billion compared to $3.902 billion for the year 2020. Net interest margin, which is net interest income divided by average earning assets, was 3.21% for the year 2021 compared to 3.64% for the year 2020. Rates paid on average interest-bearing liabilities decreased to 0.57% for the year 2021 compared to 0.86% for the year 2020. Interest earned on assets and interest accrued on liabilities is significantly influenced by market factors, specifically interest rates as set by federal agencies. Average loans comprised 60.8% of average earnings assets for the year 2021 compared to 71.0% for the year 2020.

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Average Balances, Income and Expenses, and Rates. The following tables depict, for the periods indicated, certain information related to the average balance sheet and average yields on assets and average costs of liabilities. Such yields are derived by dividing income or expense by the average balance of the corresponding assets or liabilities. Average balances have been derived from daily averages.

Average Balances, Income and Expenses, and Rates


	Years Ended December 31,
	2022						2021						2020
($ in thousands)	Average Balance		Income/ Expenses		Yield/ Rate		Average Balance		Income/ Expenses		Yield/ Rate		Average Balance		Income/ Expenses		Yield/ Rate
Assets
Earning Assets
Loans (1)(2)	$	3,302,265	$	157,761	4.78	%	$	3,019,605	$	151,203	5.01	%	$	3,020,280	$	157,564	5.22	%
Securities (4)	2,023,214		46,305		2.29	%	1,305,262		28,035		2.15	%	917,858		23,747		2.59	%
Federal funds sold and interest bearing deposits with other banks (3)	366,465		50		0.01	%	642,042		121		0.02	%	317,848		378		0.12	%
Total earning assets	5,691,944		204,116		3.59	%	4,966,909		179,359		3.61	%	4,255,986		181,689		4.27	%
Other	584,164						526,877						523,412
Total assets	$	6,276,108					$	5,493,786					$	4,779,398

Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities	$	3,943,531	$	22,577	0.57	%	$	3,434,964	$	19,681	0.57	%	$	3,090,353	$	26,664	0.86	%
Demand deposits (1)	1,660,696						1,366,529						1,047,353
Other liabilities	45,065						34,827						34,582
Stockholders’ equity	626,816						657,466						607,110
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	6,276,108					$	5,493,786					$	4,779,398

Net interest spread					3.02	%					3.04	%					3.41	%
Net yield on interest-earning assets			$	181,539	3.19	%			$	159,678	3.21	%			$	155,025	3.64	%

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(1)All loans and deposits were made to borrowers or received from depositors in the United States. Includes nonaccrual loans of $12,591, $28,013, and $33,744 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Loans include held for sale loans.

(2)Includes loan fees of $7,453, $17,138, and $9,899 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

(3)Includes Excess Balance Account-Mississippi National Banker’s Bank.

(4)Fully tax equivalent yield assuming a 25.3% tax rate.

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Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income. The following table presents the consolidated dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense attributable to changes in volume and to changes in rate. The combined effect in both volume and rate which cannot be separately identified has been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and due to rate.

Analysis of Changes in Consolidated Net Interest Income


	Year Ended December 31, 2022 versus 2021 Increase (decrease) due to						Year Ended December 31, 2021 versus 2020 Increase (decrease) due to
($ in thousands)	Volume		Rate		Net		Volume		Rate		Net
Earning Assets
Loans	$	14,176	$	(7,595)	$	6,581	$	(35)	$	(6,246)	$	(6,281)
Securities (1)	15,436		2,832		18,268		9,949		(5,749)		4,200
Federal funds sold and interest bearing deposits with other banks	(55)		(37)		(92)		386		(635)		(249)
Total interest income	29,557		(4,800)		24,757		10,300		(12,630)		(2,330)
Interest-Bearing Liabilities
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	1,278		(745)		533		2,100		(3,746)		(1,646)
Money market accounts and savings	226		819		1,045		950		(2,757)		(1,807)
Time deposits	294		(52)		242		(1,267)		(2,836)		(4,103)
Borrowed funds	241		835		1,076		1,251		(678)		573
Total interest expense	2,039		857		2,896		3,034		(10,017)		(6,983)
Net interest income	$	27,518	$	(5,657)	$	21,861	$	7,266	$	(2,613)	$	4,653

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(1)Fully tax equivalent yield assuming a 25.3% tax rate.

Interest Sensitivity. The Company monitors and manages the pricing and maturity of its assets and liabilities in order to diminish the potential adverse impact that changes in interest rates could have on its net interest income. A monitoring technique employed by the Company is the measurement of the Company’s interest sensitivity "gap," which is the positive or negative dollar difference between assets and liabilities that are subject to interest rate repricing within a given period of time. The Company also performs asset/liability modeling to assess the impact varying interest rates and balance sheet mix assumptions will have on net interest income. Interest rate sensitivity can be managed by repricing assets or liabilities, selling securities available-for-sale, replacing an asset or liability at maturity, or adjusting the interest rate during the life of an asset or liability. Managing the amount of assets and liabilities repricing in the same time interval helps to hedge the risk and minimize the impact on net interest income of rising or falling interest rates. The Company evaluates interest sensitivity risk and then formulates guidelines regarding asset generation and repricing, funding sources and pricing, and off-balance sheet commitments in order to decrease interest rate sensitivity risk.

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In the third quarter of 2022, the Company ceased the Deposit Reclassification program it implemented at the beginning of 2020. The program reclassified non-interest bearing and NOW deposit balances to money market accounts. The following tables illustrate the Company’s consolidated interest rate sensitivity and consolidated cumulative gap position by maturity at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Deposits at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are shown without reclassification for consistency with the current period presentation ($ in thousands):


	December 31, 2022
	Within Three Months			After Three Through Twelve Months			Within One Year			Greater Than One Year or Nonsensitive			Total
Assets
Earning Assets:
Loans	$	180,128		$	247,781		$	427,909		$	3,350,693		$	3,778,602
Securities (2)	13,565			58,431			71,996			1,876,589			1,948,585
Funds sold and other	—			78,139			78,139			—			78,139
Total earning assets	$	193,693		$	384,351		$	578,044		$	5,227,282		$	5,805,326
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
NOW accounts (1)	$	—		$	1,769,699		$	1,769,699		$	—		$	1,769,699
Money market accounts	825,813			—			825,813			—			825,813
Savings deposits (1)	—			542,296			542,296			—			542,296
Time deposits	118,108			440,087			558,195			168,200			726,395
Total interest-bearing deposits	943,921			2,752,082			3,696,003			168,200			$	3,864,203
Borrowed funds (3)	130,100			—			130,100			—			130,100
Total interest-bearing liabilities	1,074,021			2,752,082			3,826,103			168,200			3,994,303
Interest-sensitivity gap per period	$	(880,328)		$	(2,367,731)		$	(3,248,059)		$	5,059,082		$	1,811,023
Cumulative gap at December 31, 2022	$	(880,328)		$	(3,248,059)		$	(3,248,059)		$	1,811,023		$	1,811,023
Ratio of cumulative gap to total earning assets at December 31, 2022	(15.2)		%	(55.9)		%	(55.9)		%	31.2		%

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	December 31, 2021
	Within Three Months			After Three Through Twelve Months			Within One Year			Greater Than One Year or Nonsensitive			Total
Assets
Earning Assets:
Loans	$	147,728		$	256,450		$	404,178		$	2,563,053		$	2,967,231
Securities (2)	8,959			51,457			60,416			1,713,642			1,774,058
Funds sold and other	—			804,481			804,481			—			804,481
Total earning assets	$	156,687		$	1,112,388		$	1,269,075		$	4,276,695		$	5,545,770
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
NOW accounts (1)	$	—		$	1,771,510		$	1,771,510		$	—		$	1,771,510
Money market accounts	817,476			—			817,476			—			817,476
Savings deposits (1)	—			502,808			502,808			—			502,808
Time deposits	132,025			312,958			444,983			139,626			584,609
Total interest-bearing deposits	949,501			2,587,276			3,536,777			139,626			$	3,676,403
Total interest-bearing liabilities	949,501			2,587,276			3,536,777			139,626			3,676,403
Interest-sensitivity gap per period	$	(792,814)		$	(1,474,888)		$	(2,267,702)		$	4,137,069		$	1,869,367
Cumulative gap at December 31, 2021	$	(792,814)		$	(2,267,702)		$	(2,267,702)		$	1,869,367		$	1,869,367
Ratio of cumulative gap to total earning assets at December 31, 2021	(14.3)		%	(40.9)		%	(40.9)		%	33.7		%

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	December 31, 2020
	Within Three Months			After Three Through Twelve Months			Within One Year			Greater Than One Year or Nonsensitive			Total
Assets
Earning Assets:
Loans	$	220,572		$	222,176		$	442,748		$	2,702,362		$	3,145,110
Securities (2)	9,211			24,012			33,223			1,016,434			1,049,657
Funds sold and other	—			424,870			424,870			—			424,870
Total earning assets	$	229,783		$	671,058		$	900,841		$	3,718,796		$	4,619,637
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
NOW accounts (1)	$	—		$	1,347,778		$	1,347,778		$	—		$	1,347,778
Money market accounts	705,357			—			705,357			—			705,357
Savings deposits (1)	—			395,116			395,116			—			395,116
Time deposits	116,796			303,571			420,367			160,682			581,049
Total interest-bearing deposits	822,153			2,046,465			2,868,618			160,682			3,029,300
Borrowed funds (3)	110,182			554			110,736			3,911			114,647
Total interest-bearing liabilities	932,335			2,047,019			2,979,354			164,593			3,143,947
Interest-sensitivity gap per period	$	(702,552)		$	(1,375,961)		$	(2,078,513)		$	3,554,203		$	1,475,690
Cumulative gap at December 31, 2020	$	(702,552)		$	(2,078,513)		$	(2,078,513)		$	1,475,690		$	1,475,690
Ratio of cumulative gap to total earning assets at December 31, 2020	(15.2)		%	(45.0)		%	(45.0)		%	31.9		%

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(1)NOW and savings accounts are subject to immediate withdrawal and repricing. These deposits do not tend to immediately react to changes in interest rates and the Company believes these deposits are fairly stable. Therefore, these deposits are included in the repricing period that management believes most closely matches the periods in which they are likely to reprice rather than the period in which the funds can be withdrawn contractually.

(2)Securities include mortgage backed and other installment paying obligations based upon stated maturity dates.

(3)Does not include subordinated debentures of $145,027, $144,592, $80,678 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

The Company generally would benefit from increasing market rates of interest when it has an asset-sensitive gap and generally from decreasing market rates of interest when it is liability sensitive. The Company currently is liability sensitive within the one-year time frame based on effective GAP which uses behavioral assumptions that model the rate sensitivity of non-maturity deposits by looking at the deposits’ behavior rather than their contractual ability to reprice. The cash flows used in the analysis are the projected dollars of assets and liabilities that “reprice” (including maturities, repricing, likely calls, prepayments, etc.). However, the Company's gap analysis is not a precise indicator of its interest sensitivity position. The analysis presents only a static view of the timing of maturities and repricing opportunities, without taking into consideration that changes in interest rates do not affect all assets and liabilities equally. For example, rates paid on a substantial portion of core deposits may change contractually within a relatively short time frame, but those rates are viewed by management as significantly less interest-sensitive than market-based rates such as those paid on non-core deposits. Accordingly, management believes a liability sensitive-position within one year would not be as indicative of the Company’s true interest sensitivity as it would be for an organization which depends to a greater extent on purchased funds to support earning assets. Net interest income is also affected by other significant factors, including changes in the volume and mix of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

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The following tables depict, for the periods indicated, certain information related to interest rate sensitivity in net interest income and market value of equity:


December 31, 2022
	Net Interest Income at Risk				Market Value of Equity
Change in Interest Rates	% Change from Base		Bank Policy Limit		% Change from Base		Bank Policy Limit
Up 400 bps	(11.3)	%	(20.0)	%	(16.6)	%	(40.0)	%
Up 300 bps	(6.4)	%	(15.0)	%	(10.6)	%	(30.0)	%
Up 200 bps	(2.9)	%	(10.0)	%	(5.8)	%	(20.0)	%
Up 100 bps	(0.9)	%	(5.0)	%	(2.2)	%	(10.0)	%
Down 100 bps	1.1	%	(5.0)	%	0.9	%	(10.0)	%
Down 200 bps	(0.7)	%	(10.0)	%	(2.2)	%	(20.0)	%


December 31, 2021
	Net Interest Income at Risk				Market Value of Equity
Change in Interest Rates	% Change from Base		Bank Policy Limit		% Change from Base		Bank Policy Limit
Up 400 bps	11.3	%	(20.0)	%	20.0	%	(40.0)	%
Up 300 bps	10.2	%	(15.0)	%	18.9	%	(30.0)	%
Up 200 bps	8.1	%	(10.0)	%	15.5	%	(20.0)	%
Up 100 bps	4.7	%	(5.0)	%	9.4	%	(10.0)	%
Down 100 bps	(3.3)	%	(5.0)	%	(15.0)	%	(10.0)	%
Down 200 bps	(4.6)	%	(10.0)	%	(34.2)	%	(20.0)	%


December 31, 2020
	Net Interest Income at Risk				Market Value of Equity
Change in Interest Rates	% Change from Base		Bank Policy Limit		% Change from Base		Bank Policy Limit
Up 400 bps	14.7%		(20.0)	%	36.5%		(40.0)	%
Up 300 bps	12.4%		(15.0)	%	31.9%		(30.0)	%
Up 200 bps	9.2%		(10.0)	%	24.6%		(20.0)	%
Up 100 bps	5.1%		(5.0)	%	14.1%		(10.0)	%
Down 100 bps	(2.1)	%	(5.0)	%	(19.7)	%	(10.0)	%
Down 200 bps	(3.0)	%	(10.0)	%	(31.2)	%	(20.0)	%

Allowance and Provision for Credit Losses

On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted the ASC 326. The FASB issued ASC 326 to replace the incurred loss model for loans and other financial assets with an expected loss model and requires consideration of a wider range of reasonable and supportable information to determine credit losses. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company has developed an ACL methodology effective January 1, 2021, which replaces its previous allowance for loan losses methodology. The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

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the Company’s own loss history including index or peer data. Management evaluates the adequacy of the ACL quarterly and makes provisions for credit losses based on this evaluation. See Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for a complete description of the Company’s methodology and the quantitative and qualitative factors included in the calculation.

At December 31, 2022, the ACL was $38.9 million, or 1.0% of LHFI, an increase of $8.2 million, or 26.6% when compared to December 31, 2021. The 2022 provision for credit losses includes $3.9 million associated with a day one post-merger accounting provision recorded for non-PCD loans, unfunded commitments. A $1.3 million initial allowance was recorded on PCD loans acquired in the BBI merger. At December 31, 2021, the allowance for loan losses was approximately $30.7 million, which was 1.0% of LHFI. The Company maintains the allowance at a level that management believes is adequate to absorb probable incurred losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Specifically, identifiable and quantifiable losses are immediately charged-off against the allowance; recoveries are generally recorded only when sufficient cash payments are received subsequent to the charge-off.

The provision for credit losses is a charge to earnings to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level consistent with management’s assessment of the collectability of the loan portfolio in light of current economic conditions and market trends. The Company’s provision for credit losses was a $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and negative $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the provision for loan losses was $25.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. A majority of the 2022 increase in the Company's provision for credit losses is attributed to the BBI acquisition detailed above. The negative provision for 2021 is attributed to the improved macroeconomic outlook and the Company’s ACL calculation under ASC 326. The majority of the $25.2 million provision for loan losses in 2020 was related to our estimates of probable incurred losses associated with COVID-19 pandemic.

At December 31, 2022, management believes the allowance is appropriate and has been derived from consistent application of our methodology. Should any of the factors considered by management in evaluating the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses change, management’s estimate of inherent losses in the portfolio could also change, which would affect the level of future provisions for credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASC 326. The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit (“OBSC”) exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company recorded an ACL on unfunded commitments of $718 thousand. The Company's provision for credit losses on OBSC exposures was $255 thousand for the year end December 31, 2022 and $352 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Non-Performing Assets

A loan is placed on nonaccrual and the accrual of interest discontinued, when based on all available information and events, it displays characteristics causing management to determine that the collection of all principal, interest, and other related fees due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement is not probable. Also identified along with these loans in nonaccrual status, are loans determined by management to be labelled as “troubled debt restructure” based on regulatory guidance, as well as loans 90 days or greater past due and still accruing interest.

Once these loans are identified, they are evaluated to determine whether the ultimate repayment source will be liquidation of collateral or some future source of cash flow. If the only source of repayment will come from the liquidation of collateral, they are analyzed and documented as to whether any impairment exists. This method considers collateral exposure, as well as all expected expenses related to the disposal of the collateral. If there is any impairment, specific allowances for these loans are then accounted for on a per loan basis. Loans that are identified as criticized or classified based on unsatisfactory repayment performance, or other evidence of deteriorating credit quality, are not reviewed until they meet one of the three criteria described above.

Total nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2022, were $12.6 million, a decrease of $15.4 million compared to $28.0 million at December 31, 2021. A majority of the decrease is related to one legacy relationship that was placed back on accrual status. Management believes these relationships were adequately reserved at December 31, 2022. Restructured

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loans not reported as past due or nonaccrual at December 31, 2022 totaled $14.7 million. See Note E – Loans in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for a description of restructured loans.

A potential problem loan is one in which management has serious doubts about the borrower’s future performance under the terms of the loan contract and does not meet the standard of a non-performing asset as outlined by regulatory guidance. These loans may or may not be current as to principal and interest repayment, but they still possess some asset quality characteristics that give management a reason to believe that repayment in full under the contractual terms of the agreement are possible. The level of potential problem loans is one factor used in the determination of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, The First had potential problem loans of $108.1 million and $154.8 million, respectively. The decrease of $46.8 million during 2022 was largely attributable to payoffs throughout the year and loans that were downgraded due to the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic being upgraded as their financial position improved.

Summary of Loan Loss Experience

Consolidated Allowance for Credit Losses


	Years Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2022		2021 (1)
Average LHFI outstanding	$	3,302,265	$	3,019,605
Loans outstanding at year end, including LHFS	$	3,778,630	$	2,967,231

Total nonaccrual loans	$	12,591	$	28,013

Beginning balance of allowance	$	30,742	$	35,820
Impact of ASC 326 adoption on non-PCD loans	—		(718)
Impact of ASC 326 adoption on PCD loans	—		1,115
Initial allowance on acquired PCD loans	1,303		—
Loans charged-off	(1,218)		(6,213)
Total recoveries	2,740		2,194
Net loans (charged-off) recoveries	1,522		(4,019)
Provision for credit losses (2)	5,350		(1,456)
Balance at year end	$	38,917	$	30,742

Net charge-offs to average loans	0.05%		0.13%
Allowance as percent of total loans	1.03%		1.04%
Nonaccrual loans as a percentage of total loans	0.33%		0.94%
Allowance as a multiple of nonaccrual loans	3.10X		1.10 X

______________________________________

(1)Effective January 1, 2021, The Company adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective approach.

(2)The negative provision of $1.5 million for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income is net of a $370 thousand provision for credit marks in the Cadence Branches loans acquired for the year ended December 31, 2022.

At December 31, 2022, allowance as of percent of total loans decreased 0.01% to 1.03% when compared to 1.04% at December 31, 2021. The decrease is attributed to the increase in loan volume related to the BBI acquisition and organic loan growth in 2022. At December 31, 2022, nonaccrual loans as a percentage of total loans decreased 0.61% to 0.33% when compared to 0.94% at December 31, 2021. The decrease is attributed to a $15.4 million decrease in nonaccrual loans mentioned above.

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At December 31, 2022, the components of the ACL consisted of the following ($ in thousands):


	Allowance
Allocated:	2022		2021
Collateral dependent loans	$	5	$	6
Loans collectively evaluated	38,912		30,736
Total	$	38,917	$	30,742

Loan collectively evaluated are those loans or pools of loans assigned a grade by internal loan review.

The following table represents the activity of the allowance for credit losses for the years 2022 and 2021 ($ in thousands):


	Analysis of the Allowance for Credit Losses
	2022		2021 (1)
Balance at beginning of period	$	30,742	$	35,820
Impact of ASC 326 adoption on non-PCD loans	—		(718)
Impact of ASC 326 adoption on PCD loans	—		1,115
Initial allowance on acquired PCD loans	1,303		—
Loans charged-off:
Commercial, financial and agriculture	(259)		(1,662)
Commercial real estate	(72)		(3,523)
Consumer real estate	(204)		(473)
Consumer installment	(683)		(555)
Total	(1,218)		(6,213)
Recoveries on loans previously charged-off:
Commercial, financial and agriculture	433		433
Commercial real estate	591		888
Consumer real estate	1,015		311
Consumer installment	701		562
Total	2,740		2,194
Net (charge-offs) recoveries	1,522		(4,019)
Provision:
Initial provision for acquired non-PCD loans	3,855
Provision for credit losses charged to expense	1,495		(1,456)
Balance at end of period	$	38,917	$	30,742

______________________________________

(1)Effective January 1, 2021, The Company adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective approach.

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The following tables represents how the ACL is allocated to a particular loan type as well as the percentage of the category to total gross loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 ($ in thousands):

Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses


	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Amount		% of loans in each category to total gross loans		Amount		% of loans in each category to total gross loans
Commercial, financial and agriculture	$	6,349	14.2	%	$	4,873	13.4	%
Commercial real estate	20,389		56.5	%	17,552		57.0	%
Consumer real estate	11,599		28.1	%	7,889		28.3	%
Consumer installment	580		1.2	%	428		1.3	%
Total loans	$	38,917	100	%	$	30,742	100	%

Non-interest Income

The Company's primary sources of non-interest income are mortgage banking operations and service charges on deposit accounts. Other sources of non-interest income include bankcard fees, commissions on check sales, safe deposit box rent, wire transfer fees, official check fees and bank owned life insurance income.

Non-interest income was $37.0 million at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $512 thousand or 1.4% compared to December 31, 2021. Increased service charges on deposit accounts and interchange fee income of $2.5 million was offset by a decrease in mortgage income of $4.5 million. Non-interest income was $37.5 million at December 31, 2021, a decrease of $4.4 million or 10.5% compared to December 31, 2020. The decrease includes a $7.6 million decrease in the bargain purchase gain and loss on the sale of land, a decrease in mortgage income of $1.6 million, an increase of $1.1 million in other income and an increase in interchange fees of $2.1 million.

Non-interest Expense

Non-interest expense was $130.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $15.9 million, or 13.9% in year-over-year comparison. An increase of $4.8 million in acquisition and charter conversion charges and $3.3 million related to the ongoing operations of the Cadence Bank branches and $5.1 million related to the Beach Bank branch operations accounted for the increase in non-interest expense. Non-interest expense was $114.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase of $8.2 million compared to December 31, 2020, of which $4.6 million is related to the increase in salaries and employee benefits and an increase of $1.7 million in occupancy expense.

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The following table sets forth the primary components of non-interest expense for the periods indicated ($ in thousands):

Non-interest Expense


	Years ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Salaries and employee benefits	$	73,077	$	65,856	$	61,230
Occupancy	12,854		12,713		11,282
Furniture and equipment	2,981		2,848		2,551
Supplies and printing	967		903		925
Professional and consulting fees	3,558		4,035		3,897
Marketing and public relations	393		615		512
FDIC and OCC assessments	2,122		2,074		1,351
ATM expense	3,873		3,623		3,042
Bank communications	1,904		1,754		2,028
Data processing	2,211		1,578		1,137
Acquisition expense/charter conversion	6,410		1,607		3,315
Other	20,133		16,953		15,071
Total	$	130,483	$	114,559	$	106,341

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense consists of two components. The first is the current tax expense which represents the expected income tax to be paid to taxing authorities. The Company also recognizes deferred tax for future income/deductible amounts resulting from differences in the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Income tax expense was $15.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, $16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company’s effective income tax rate was 20.0%, 20.9% and 16.8% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The effective tax rate differs each year primarily due to our investments in bank-qualified municipal securities, bank-owed life insurance, and certain merger related expenses. The increase in the Company’s effective rate for 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily due to the $6.9 million, non-taxable, decrease in the bargain purchase gain. The effective tax rate for 2020 includes the $7.8 million, non-taxable, bargain purchase gain related to the acquisition of Southwest Georgia Financial Corp. ("SWG") and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") of 2020 that was signed into law on March 27, 2020. The CARES Act included several significant provisions for corporations including increasing the amount of deductible interest under section 163(j), allowing companies to carryback certain net operating losses, and increasing the amount of net operating loss that corporations can use to offset income. Income taxes are discussed more fully under Note K – Income Tax in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Analysis of Financial Condition

Earning Assets

Loans. Loans typically provide higher yields than the other types of earning assets, and thus one of the Company's goals is for loans to be the largest category of the Company's earning assets. At December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, average loans accounted for 58.0%, 60.8% and 71.0% of average earning assets. Management attempts to control and counterbalance the inherent credit and liquidity risks associated with the higher loan yields without sacrificing asset quality to achieve its asset mix goals. Loans, excluding mortgage loans held for sale, averaged $3.302 billion during 2022 and $3.020 billion during 2021, as compared to $3.020 billion during 2020.

In the context of this discussion, a "real estate mortgage loan" is defined as any loan, other than loans for construction purposes, secured by real estate, regardless of the purpose of the loan. The Company follows the common practice of financial institutions in the Company’s market area of obtaining a security interest in real estate whenever possible, in addition to any other available collateral. This collateral is taken to reinforce the likelihood of the ultimate

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repayment of the loan and tends to increase the magnitude of the real estate loan portfolio component. Generally, the Company limits its loan-to-value ratio to 80%. Management attempts to maintain a conservative philosophy regarding its underwriting guidelines and believes it will reduce the risk elements of its loan portfolio through strategies that diversify the lending mix.

Loans held for sale consist of mortgage loans originated by the Bank and sold into the secondary market. Commitments from investors to purchase the loans are obtained upon origination.

The following table sets forth the Company’s loan portfolio maturing within specified intervals at December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

Loan Maturity Schedule and Sensitivity to Changes in Interest Rates


	Due in One Year or Less		After One, but Within Five Years		After Five but Within Fifteen Years		After Fifteen Years		Total
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	92,181	$	260,616	$	179,998	$	3,397	$	536,192
Commercial real estate	198,934		862,146		1,024,254		49,929		2,135,263
Consumer real estate	123,841		277,998		160,975		496,185		1,058,999
Consumer installment	6,349		33,863		3,490		1		43,703
Total	$	421,305	$	1,434,623	$	1,368,717	$	549,512	$	3,774,157

Loans with fixed interest rates:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	37,848	$	213,347	$	145,177	$	2,739	$	399,111
Commercial real estate	156,309		736,933		703,451		11,783		1,608,476
Consumer real estate	83,129		189,024		101,379		81,247		454,779
Consumer installment	5,403		32,472		3,288		1		41,164
Total	$	282,689	$	1,171,776	$	953,295	$	95,770	$	2,503,530

Loans with floating interest rates:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	54,333	$	47,269	$	34,821	$	658	$	137,081
Commercial real estate	42,625		125,213		320,803		38,146		526,787
Consumer real estate	40,712		88,974		59,596		414,938		604,220
Consumer installment	946		1,391		202		—		2,539
Total	$	138,616	$	262,847	$	415,422	$	453,742	$	1,270,627

The information presented in the above table is based on the contractual maturities of the individual loans, including loans which may be subject to renewal at their contractual maturity. Renewal of such loans is subject to review and credit approval, as well as modification of terms upon their maturity.

Investment Securities. The investment securities portfolio is a significant component of the Company’s total earning assets. Total securities averaged $2.023 billion in 2022, as compared to $1.305 billion in 2021, and $917.9 million in 2020. This represents 35.5%, 26.3%, and 21.6% of the average earning assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2022, investment securities, including equity securities, were $1.983 billion and represented 32.6% of earning assets. The Company attempts to maintain a portfolio of high quality, highly liquid investments with returns competitive with short-term U.S. Treasury or agency obligations. This objective is particularly important as the Company focuses on growing its loan portfolio. The Company primarily invests in securities of U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government agencies, municipals, and corporate obligations with maturities up to ten years.

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The following table details the weighted-average yield for each range of maturities of securities held-to-maturity using the amortized cost at December 31, 2022 (tax equivalent basis):


	Within One Year		After One, But Within Five Years		Maturing After Five But Within Ten Years		After Ten Years		Total
Securities held-to-maturity
U.S. Treasury	1.16	%	1.60	%	—	%	—	%	1.52	%
Obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities	—	%	2.49	%	3.28	%	—	%	3.08	%
Tax-exempt and taxable obligations of states and municipal subdivisions	1.00	%	1.90	%	3.78	%	4.92	%	4.68	%
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	—	%	—	%	1.61	%	2.45	%	2.34	%
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial	—	%	2.24	%	3.40	%	3.36	%	3.25	%
Corporate obligations	—	%	—	%	—	%	3.13	%	3.13	%
Total held-to-maturity	1.11	%	1.81	%	3.50	%	4.64	%	4.22	%

Mortgage-backed securities are included in maturity categories based in their stated maturity date. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

Short-Term Investments. Short-term investments, consisting of Federal Funds Sold, funds due from banks and interest-bearing deposits with banks, averaged $366.5 million in 2022, $642.0 million in 2021, and $317.8 million in 2020. There were no federal funds sold at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. These funds are a primary source of the Company's liquidity and are generally invested in an earning capacity on an overnight basis.

Deposits

Deposits. Average total deposits at December 31, 2022 were $5.428 billion, an increase of $796.9 million, or 17.2% compared to 2021. Average total deposits at December 31, 2021 were $4.631 billion, an increase of $713.7 million, or 18.2% compared to $3.918 billion in 2020. At December 31, 2022, total deposits were $5.494 billion, compared to $5.227 billion at December 31, 2021, an increase of $267.6 million, or 5.1%, and $4.215 billion at December 31, 2020. Deposits of $490.6 million were acquired in 2022 with the acquisition of BBI. Deposits of $410.2 million were acquired in 2021 with the acquisition of the Cadence branches. Deposits of $476.1 million were acquired in 2020 with the acquisition of SWG. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had estimated uninsured deposits of $2.076 billion and $2.054 billion, respectively. These estimates were derived using the same methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank's regulatory reporting.

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In the third quarter of 2022, the Company ceased the Deposit Reclassification program it implemented at the beginning of 2020. The program reclassified non-interest bearing and NOW deposit balances to money market accounts. A distribution of the Company’s deposits showing the year-to-date average balance of deposits by type and weighted-average is presented for the noted periods in the following table. Deposits at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are shown without reclassification for consistency with the current period presentation ($ in thousands):


	December 31,
	2022				2021				2020
	Average Balance		Average Rate Paid		Average Balance		Average Rate Paid		Average Balance		Average Rate Paid
Non-interest-bearing accounts	$	1,660,301			$	1,366,529			$	1,047,353
Interest bearing deposits:
NOW accounts and other	1,810,575		0.44	%	1,529,293		0.48	%	1,261,264		0.70	%
Money market accounts	831,463		0.29	%	756,951		0.20	%	610,478		0.56	%
Savings accounts	535,449		0.04	%	440,977		0.03	%	346,612		0.05	%
Time deposits	590,385		0.58	%	537,538		0.59	%	651,887		1.11	%
Total interest-bearing deposits	3,767,872		0.37	%	3,264,759		0.37	%	2,870,241		0.68	%
Total deposits	$	5,428,173	0.26	%	$	4,631,288	0.26	%	$	3,917,594	0.50	%

The most significant growth during 2022 compared to 2021 was in NOW accounts. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits and total deposits was 0.37% and 0.26% during 2022 compared to 0.37% and 0.26% in 2021. Average cost of interest-bearing deposits and total deposits remained unchanged at December 31, 2022 compared to 2021. The decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing deposit during 2021 compared to 2020 was related to lower average interest rates paid on most of our interest-bearing deposit products as a result of lower average market interest rates.

The Company’s loan-to-deposit ratio, which excludes mortgage loans held for sale, was 68.7% at December 31, 2022, 56.6% at December 31, 2021 and 74.1% at December 31, 2020. The loan-to-deposit ratio averaged 60.8% during 2022. Core deposits, which exclude time deposits of $250,000 or more in 2022 and 2021 and time deposits of $100,000 or more in 2020, provide a relatively stable funding source for the Company's loan portfolio and other earning assets. The Company's core deposits were $5.198 billion at December 31, 2022, $4.504 billion at December 31, 2021, and $3.853 billion at December 31, 2020. Management anticipates that a stable base of deposits will be the Company's primary source of funding to meet both its short-term and long-term liquidity needs in the future. The Company has purchased brokered deposits from time to time to help fund loan growth. Brokered deposits and jumbo certificates of deposit generally carry a higher interest rate than traditional core deposits. Further, brokered deposit customers typically do not have loan or other relationships with the Company. The Company has adopted a policy not to permit brokered deposits to represent more than 10% of all of the Company’s deposits. Transaction account balances were above normal as of December 31, 2020, due to PPP loan proceeds.

Maturities of Certificates of Deposit

of $250,000 or More


($ in thousands)	Within Three Months		After Three Through Six Months		After Six Through Twelve Months		After Twelve Months		Total
December 31, 2022	$	11,179	$	27,574	$	65,993	$	41,865	$	146,611

Borrowed Funds

Borrowed funds consist of advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas (“FHLB”), loans from First Horizon Bank, federal funds purchased and reverse repurchase agreements. At December 31, 2022, advances from the FHLB totaled $130.1 million compared to $0 at December 31, 2021 and $110.0 million at December 31, 2020. The advances are collateralized by a blanket lien on the first mortgage loans in the amount of the outstanding borrowings, FHLB capital stock, and amounts on deposit with the FHLB. There were no federal funds purchased at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. As part of the acquisition of First Florida Bancshares, Inc. ("FFB"), the Company assumed

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two loans in the amount of $3.5 million and $2.0 million with First Horizon Bank. Principal and interest are payable quarterly at rates ranging from 3.80% - 4.10%. In 2021, the Company repaid the two loans acquired from the FFB acquisition.

Subordinated Debentures

On June 30, 2006, the Company issued $4.1 million of floating rate junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures to The First Bancshares Statutory Trust 2 (“Trust 2”). The debentures are the sole asset of Trust 2, and the Company is the sole owner of the common equity of Trust 2. Trust 2 issued $4,000,000 of Trust Preferred Securities to investors. The Company’s obligations under the debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of the Trust 2’s obligations under the preferred securities. The preferred securities are redeemable by the Company at its option. The preferred securities must be redeemed upon maturity of the debentures in 2036. Interest on the preferred securities is the three month London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR) plus 1.65% and is payable quarterly. The terms of the subordinated debentures are identical to those of the preferred securities.

On July 27, 2007, the Company issued $6.2 million of floating rate junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures to The First Bancshares Statutory Trust 3 (“Trust 3”). The Company owns all of the common equity of Trust 3, and the debentures are the sole asset of Trust 3. Trust 3 issued $6,000,000 of Trust Preferred Securities to investors. The Company’s obligations under the debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of Trust 3’s obligations under the preferred securities. The preferred securities are redeemable by the Company at its option. The preferred securities must be redeemed upon maturity of the debentures in 2037. Interest on the preferred securities is the three month LIBOR plus 1.40% and is payable quarterly. The terms of the subordinated debentures are identical to those of the preferred securities.

In 2018, as a result of the acquisition of FMB Banking Corporation (“FMB”), the Company became the successor to FMB’s obligations in respect of $6,186,000 of floating rate junior subordinated debentures issued to FMB Capital Trust 1 (“FMB Trust”). The debentures are the sole asset of FMB Trust, and the Company is the sole owner of the common equity of FMB Trust. FMB Trust issued $6,000,000 of Trust Preferred Securities to investors. The Company’s obligations under the debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of FMB Trust’s obligations under the preferred securities. The preferred securities issued by the FMB Trust are redeemable by the Company at its option. The preferred securities must be redeemed upon maturity of the debentures in 2033. Interest on the preferred securities is the three month LIBOR plus 2.85% and is payable quarterly.

On January 1, 2023, as a result of the acquisition of HSBI, the Company became the successor to HSBI’s obligations in respect of $10,310,000 of subordinated debentures issued to Liberty Shares Statutory Trust II (“Liberty Trust”). The debentures are the sole asset of Liberty Trust, and the Company is the sole owner of the common equity of Liberty Trust. Liberty Trust issued $10,000,000 of preferred securities to an investor. The Company’s obligations under the debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of Liberty Trust’s obligations under the preferred securities. The preferred securities issued by the Liberty Trust are redeemable by the Company at its option. The preferred securities must be redeemed upon maturity of the debentures in 2036. Interest on the preferred securities is the three month LIBOR plus 1.48% and is payable quarterly.

Subordinated Notes

April 30, 2018, the Company entered into two Subordinated Note Purchase Agreements pursuant to which the Company sold and issued $24.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.875% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2028 and $42.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.40% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2033 (collectively, the “Notes”). Deferred issuance costs included in the subordinated debt were $756 thousand and $859 thousand at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The Notes are not convertible into or exchangeable for any other securities or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holder. Principal and interest on the Notes are subject to acceleration only in limited circumstances. The Notes are unsecured, subordinated obligations of the Company and rank junior in right to payment to the Company’s current and future senior indebtedness, and each Note is pari passu in right to payment with respect to the other Notes. The Company entered into this arrangement to provide funding for expected growth.

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On September 25, 2020, the Company entered into a Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement with certain qualified institutional buyers pursuant to which the Company sold and issued $65.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 4.25% Fixed to Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030. The Notes are unsecured and have a ten-year term, maturing October 1, 2030, and will bear interest at a fixed annual rate of 4.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears, for the first five years of the term. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to a benchmark rate (which is expected to be the Three-Month Term SOFR plus 412.6 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. As provided in the Notes, under specified conditions the interest rate on the Notes during the applicable floating rate period may be determined based on a rate other than Three-Month Term SOFR. The Company is entitled to redeem the Notes, in whole or in part, on any interest payment date on or after October 1, 2025, and to redeem the Notes at any time in whole upon certain other specified events. Deferred issuance costs included in the subordinated debt were $1.1 million and $1.3 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The Company had $145.0 million of subordinated debt, net of deferred issuance costs $1.9 million and unamortized fair value mark $592 thousand, at December 31, 2022, compared to $144.7 million, net of deferred issuance costs $2.1 million and unamortized fair value mark $646 thousand, at December 31, 2021.

Capital

The Federal Reserve Board and bank regulatory agencies require bank holding companies and financial institutions to maintain capital at adequate levels based on a percentage of assets and off-balance sheet exposures, adjusted for risk weights ranging from 0% for U.S government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures. In November 2019, the federal banking agencies adopted a rule revising the scope of commercial real estate mortgages subject to a 150% risk weight. Under the risk-based standard, capital is classified into two tiers. Tier 1 capital consists of common stockholders’ equity, excluding the unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, minus certain intangible assets. Tier 2 capital consists of the general reserve for loan losses, subject to certain limitations. An institution’s total risk-based capital for purposes of its risk-based capital ratio consists of the sum of its Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. The risk-based regulatory minimum requirements are 6% for Tier 1 and 8% for total risk-based capital.

Bank holding companies and banks are also required to maintain capital at a minimum level based on total assets, which is known as the leverage ratio. The minimum requirement for the leverage ratio is 4%. All but the highest rated institutions are required to maintain ratios 100 to 200 basis points above the minimum. The Company and The First exceeded their minimum regulatory capital ratios as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

The Federal Reserve and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation approved final capital rules in July 2013, that substantially amended the existing capital rules for banks. These new rules reflect, in part, certain standards initially adopted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in December 2010 (which standards are commonly referred to as “Basel III”) as well as requirements contemplated by the Dodd-Frank Act.

Under the Basel III capital rules, the Company is required to meet certain minimum capital requirements that differ from past capital requirements. The rules implement a new capital ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets. Common equity Tier 1 capital generally consists of retained earnings and common stock (subject to certain adjustments) as well as accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), however, the Company exercised a one-time irrevocable option to exclude certain components of AOCI as of March 31, 2015. The Company is required to establish a “conservation buffer,” consisting of a common equity Tier 1 capital amount equal to 2.5% of risk-weighted assets effective January 2019. An institution that does not meet the conservation buffer will be subject to restrictions on certain activities including payment of dividends, stock repurchases, and discretionary bonuses to executive officers.

The prompt corrective action rules have been modified to include the common equity Tier 1 capital ratio and to increase the Tier 1 capital ratio requirements for the various thresholds. For example, the requirements for the Company to be considered well-capitalized under the rules include a 5.0% leverage ratio, a 6.5% common equity Tier 1 capital ratio, an 8.0% Tier 1 capital ratio, and a 10.0% total capital ratio.

The rules modify the manner in which certain capital elements are determined. The rules make changes to the methods of calculating the risk-weighting of certain assets, which in turn affects the calculation of the risk-weighted capital ratios. Higher risk weights are assigned to various categories of assets, including commercial real estate loans, credit facilities that finance the acquisition, development or construction of real property, certain exposures or credit that are 90 days past due or are nonaccrual, securitization exposures, and in certain cases mortgage servicing rights and deferred tax assets.

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The Company was required to comply with the new capital rules on January 1, 2015, with a measurement date of March 31, 2015. The conservation buffer was phased-in beginning in 2016, and took full effect on January 1, 2019. Certain calculations under the rules will also have phase-in periods. Under this guidance banking institutions with a CETI, Tier 1 Capital Ratio and Total Risk Based Capital above the minimum regulatory adequate capital ratios but below the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on their ability to pay dividends, repurchase equity and pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers, based on the amount of the shortfall.

Analysis of Capital


Capital Ratios	Adequately Capitalized		Well Capitalized		Minimum Capital Required Basel III Fully Phased In		The Company December 31,						The First December 31,
							2022		2021		2020		2022		2021		2020
Leverage	4.0	%	5.0	%	7.0	%	9.3	%	9.2	%	9.2	%	11.1	%	10.8	%	10.4	%
Risk-based capital:
Common equity Tier 1	4.5	%	6.5	%	7.0	%	12.7	%	13.7	%	13.5	%	15.6	%	16.6	%	15.8	%
Tier 1	6.0	%	8.0	%	8.5	%	13.0	%	14.1	%	14.0	%	15.6	%	16.6	%	15.8	%
Total	8.0	%	10.0	%	10.5	%	16.7	%	18.6	%	19.1	%	16.4	%	17.4	%	16.9	%

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity management involves monitoring the Company’s sources and uses of funds in order to meet its day-to-day cash flow requirements while maximizing profits. Liquidity represents the ability of a company to convert assets into cash or cash equivalents without significant loss and to raise additional funds by increasing liabilities. Liquidity management is made more complicated because different balance sheet components are subject to varying degrees of management control. For example, the timing of maturities of the investment portfolio is very predictable and subject to a high degree of control at the time investment decisions are made; however, net deposit inflows and outflows are far less predictable and are not subject to the same degree of control. Asset liquidity is provided by cash and assets which are readily marketable, which can be pledged, or which will mature in the near future. Liability liquidity is provided by access to core funding sources, principally the ability to generate customer deposits in the Company’s market area.

The Company’s federal funds sold position, which includes funds due from banks and interest-bearing deposits with banks, is typically its primary source of liquidity. Federal funds sold averaged $366.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 and averaged $642.0 million at December 31, 2021. In addition, the Company has available advances from the FHLB. Advances available are generally based upon the amount of qualified first mortgage loans which can be used for collateral. At December 31, 2022, advances available totaled approximately $1.679 billion, of which $5.2 million had been drawn, or used for letters of credit.

As of December 31, 2022, the market value of unpledged debt securities plus pledged securities in excess of current pledging requirements comprised $1.066 billion of the Company’s investment balances, compared to $985.4 million at December 31, 2021. The increase in unpledged debt securities from December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 is primarily due to an increase in acquired deposits. Other forms of balance sheet liquidity include but are not necessarily limited to any outstanding federal funds sold and vault cash. Management believes that available investments and other potentially liquid assets, along with the standby funding sources it has arranged, are more than sufficient to meet the Company’s current and anticipated short-term liquidity needs.

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The Company’s liquidity ratio as of December 31, 2022 was 24.7%, as compared to internal liquidity policy guidelines of 10% minimum. Other liquidity ratios reviewed include the following along with policy guidelines for the periods indicated:


	December 31, 2022		Policy Maximum
Loans to Deposits (including FHLB advances)	67.9	%	90.0	%	In Policy
Net Non-core Funding Dependency Ratio	4.4	%	20.0	%	In Policy
Fed Funds Purchased / Total Assets	0.0	%	10.0	%	In Policy
FHLB Advances / Total Assets	2.0	%	20.0	%	In Policy
FRB Advances / Total Assets	0.0	%	10.0	%	In Policy
Pledged Securities to Total Securities	46.9	%	90.0	%	In Policy

	December 31, 2021		Policy Maximum
Loans to Deposits (including FHLB advances)	55.8	%	90.0	%	In Policy
Net Non-core Funding Dependency Ratio	(14.6)	%	20.0	%	In Policy
Fed Funds Purchased / Total Assets	0.0	%	10.0	%	In Policy
FHLB Advances / Total Assets	0.0	%	20.0	%	In Policy
FRB Advances / Total Assets	0.0	%	10.0	%	In Policy
Pledged Securities to Total Securities	48.5	%	90.0	%	In Policy

	December 31, 2020		Policy Maximum
Loans to Deposits (including FHLB advances)	70.9	%	90.0	%	In Policy
Net Non-core Funding Dependency Ratio	(4.4)	%	20.0	%	In Policy
Fed Funds Purchased / Total Assets	0.0	%	10.0	%	In Policy
FHLB Advances / Total Assets	2.1	%	20.0	%	In Policy
FRB Advances / Total Assets	0.0	%	10.0	%	In Policy
Pledged Securities to Total Securities	54.9	%	90.0	%	In Policy

Continued growth in core deposits and relatively high levels of potentially liquid investments have had a positive impact on our liquidity position in recent periods, but no assurance can be provided that our liquidity will continue at current robust levels.

The holding company’s primary uses of funds are ordinary operating expenses and stockholder dividends, and its primary source of funds is dividends from the Bank since the holding company does not conduct regular banking operations. Management anticipates that the Bank will have sufficient earnings to provide dividends to the holding company to meet its funding requirements for the foreseeable future.

Management regularly reviews the liquidity position of the Company and has implemented internal policies which establish guidelines for sources of asset-based liquidity and limit the total amount of purchased funds used to support the balance sheet and funding from non-core sources. As of December 31, 2022, the target federal funds rate was 4.25% to 4.50%.

On May 7, 2020, the Company announced the renewal of its share repurchase program that previously expired on December 31, 2019. Under the program, the Company could from time to time repurchase up to $15 million in shares of its common stock in any manner determined appropriate by the Company's management. The actual timing and method of any purchases, the target number of shares and the maximum price (or range of prices) under the program, was determined by management at its discretion and depended on a number of factors, including the market price of the Company's common stock, general market and economic conditions, and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The renewed share repurchase program expired on December 31, 2020. The Company repurchased 289,302 shares in 2020 pursuant to the program.

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On December 16, 2020, the Company announced that its Board of Directors has authorized a share repurchase program (the “2021 Repurchase Program”), pursuant to which the Company could purchase up to an aggregate of $30 million in shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock. Under the program, the Company could, but was not required to, from time to time repurchase up $30 million of its own common stock in any manner determined appropriate by the Company’s management. The actual timing and method of any purchases, the target number of shares and the maximum price (or range of prices) under the program, was be determined by management at is discretion and depended on a number of factors, including the market price of the Company’s common stock, general market and economic conditions, and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The 2021 Repurchase Program expired on December 31, 2021. The Company repurchased 165,623 shares in 2021 pursuant to the 2021 Repurchase Program.

On February 8, 2022, the Company announced the renewal of the 2021 Repurchase Program that previously expired on December 31, 2021. Under the renewed 2021 Repurchase Program, the Company could from time to time repurchase up to an aggregate of $30 million of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock in any manner determined appropriate by the Company’s management, less the amount of prior purchases under the program during the 2021 calendar year. The renewed 2021 Repurchase Program was completed in February 2022 when the Company’s repurchases under the program approached the maximum authorized amount.

On March 9, 2022, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program (the “2022 Repurchase Program”), pursuant to which the Company could purchase up to an aggregate of $30 million in shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock during the 2020 calendar year. Under the program, the Company could, but was not required to, from time to time repurchase up $30 million of shares of its own common stock in any manner determined appropriate by the Company’s management. The actual timing and method of any purchases, the target number of shares and the maximum price (or range of prices) under the program, was determined by management at is discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of the Company’s common stock, general market and economic conditions, and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The 2022 Repurchase Program had an expiration date of December 31, 2022.

On February 28, 2023, the Company announced that its Board of Directors has authorized a new share repurchase program (the "2023 Repurchase Program"), pursuant to which the Company may purchase up to an aggregate of $50 million in shares of the Company's issued and outstanding common stock during the 2023 calendar year. Under the program, the Company may, but is not required to, from time to time repurchase up $50 million of shares of its own common stock in any manner determined appropriate by the Company’s management. The actual timing and method of any purchases, the target number of shares and the maximum price (or range of prices) under the program, will be determined by management at is discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of the Company’s common stock, general market and economic conditions, and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The 2023 Repurchase Program will have an expiration date of December 31, 2023.

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Commitments and Contractual Obligations

The following table presents, as of December 31, 2022, fixed and determinable contractual obligations to third parties by payment date. Amounts in the table do not include accrued or accruing interest. Payments related to leases are based on actual payments specified in the underlying contracts. Further discussion of the nature of each obligation is included in the referenced note to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.


($ in thousands)	Note Reference	Within One Year		After One But Within Three Years		After Three But Within Five Years		After Five Years		Total
Deposits without a stated maturity	G	$	4,784,472	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,784,472
Time deposits	G	558,195		137,853		21,956		8,391		726,395
Borrowings	H	130,100		—		—		—		130,100
Lease obligations	I	1,561		2,656		1,948		3,563		9,728
Trust preferred subordinated debentures	N	—		—		—		15,904		15,904
Subordinated note purchase agreement	N	—		—		—		129,123		129,123
Total Contractual obligations		$	5,474,328	$	140,509	$	23,904	$	156,981	$	5,795,722

Subprime Assets

The Bank does not engage in subprime lending activities targeted towards borrowers in high risk categories.

Accounting Matters

Information on new accounting matters is set forth in Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. This information is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk Management

Market risk arises from changes in interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. The Company does not engage in the trading of financial instruments, nor does it have exposure to currency exchange rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily that of interest rate risk, and we have established policies and procedures to monitor and limit our earnings and balance sheet exposure to changes in interest rates. The principal objective of interest rate risk management is to manage the financial components of the Company’s balance sheet in a manner that will optimize the risk/reward equation for earnings and capital under a variety of interest rate scenarios.

To identify areas of potential exposure to interest rate changes, we utilize commercially available modeling software to perform earnings simulations and calculate the Company’s market value of portfolio equity under varying interest rate scenarios every month. The model imports relevant information for the Company’s financial instruments and incorporates management’s assumptions on pricing, duration, and optionality for anticipated new volumes. Various rate scenarios consisting of key rate and yield curve projections are then applied in order to calculate the expected effect of a given interest rate change on interest income, interest expense, and the value of the Company’s financial instruments. The rate projections can be shocked (an immediate and parallel change in all base rates, up or down), ramped (an incremental increase or decrease in rates over a specified time period), economic (based on current trends and econometric models) or stable (unchanged from current actual levels).

We use seven standard interest rate scenarios in conducting our 12-month net interest income simulations: “static,” upward shocks of 100, 200, 300 and 400 basis points, and downward shocks of 100, and 200 basis points. Pursuant to policy guidelines, we typically attempt to limit the projected decline in net interest income relative to the stable rate scenario to no more than 5% for a 100-basis point (bp) interest rate shock, 10% for a 200 bp shock, 15% for a 300 bp

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shock, and 20% for a 400 bp shock. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the following estimated net interest income, without factoring in any potential negative impact on spreads resulting from competitive pressures or credit quality deterioration:


December 31, 2022	Net Interest Income at Risk – Sensitivity Year 1
($ in thousands)	-200 bp		-100 bp		STATIC	+100 bp		+200 bp		+300 bp		+400 bp
Net Interest Income	200,403		204,030		201,895	200,146		196,096		188,971		179,057
Dollar Change	(1,492)		2,135			(1,749)		(5,799)		(12,924)		(22,838)
NII @ Risk - Sensitivity Year 1	(0.7)	%	1.1	%		(0.9)	%	(2.9)	%	(6.4)	%	(11.3)	%

If there were an immediate and sustained downward adjustment of 200 basis points in interest rates, all else being equal, net interest income over the next twelve months would likely be approximately $1.5 million lower than in a stable interest rate scenario, for a negative variance of 0.7%. The unfavorable variance increases if rates were to drop below 200 basis points, due to the fact that certain deposit rates are already relatively low (on NOW accounts and savings accounts, for example), and will hit a natural floor of close to zero while non-floored variable-rate loan yields continue to drop. This effect is exacerbated by accelerated prepayments on fixed-rate loans and mortgage-backed securities when rates decline, although rate floors on some of our variable-rate loans partially offset other negative pressures.

Net interest income would likely decrease by $5.8 million, or 2.9%, if interest rates were to increase by 200 basis points relative to a stable interest rate scenario, with the favorable variance expanding the higher interest rates rise. The initial increase in rising rate scenarios will be limited to some extent by the fact that some of our variable-rate loans are currently at rate floors, resulting in a re-pricing lag while base rates are increasing to floored levels, but we believe the Company still would benefit from a material upward shift in the yield curve.

The Company’s one-year cumulative GAP ratio was approximately 180.0% at December 31, 2022, 164.5% at December 31, 2021 and 211.7% at December 31, 2020. The Company is considered “liability-sensitive” which means that there are more liabilities repricing than assets within the first year.

In addition to the net interest income simulations shown above, we run stress scenarios modeling the possibility of no balance sheet growth, the potential runoff of core deposits which flowed into the Company in the most recent economic cycle, and potential unfavorable movement in deposit rates relative to yields on earning assets. Even though net interest income will naturally be lower with no balance sheet growth, the rate-driven variances projected for net interest income in a static growth environment are similar to the changes noted above for our standard projections. When a greater level of non-maturity deposit runoff is assumed or unfavorable deposit rate changes are factored into the model, projected net interest income in declining rate and flat rate scenarios does not change materially relative to standard growth projections. However, the benefit we would otherwise experience in rising rate scenarios is minimized and net interest income remains relatively flat.

The economic value (or “fair value”) of financial instruments on the Company’s balance sheet will also vary under the interest rate scenarios previously discussed. The difference between the projected fair value of the Company’s financial assets and the fair value of its financial liabilities is referred to as the economic value of equity (“EVE”), and changes in EVE under different interest rate scenarios are effectively a gauge of the Company’s longer-term exposure to interest rate risk. Fair values for financial instruments are estimated by discounting projected cash flows (principal and interest) at projected replacement interest rates for each account type, while the fair value of non-financial accounts is assumed to equal their book value for all rate scenarios. An economic value simulation is a static measure utilizing balance sheet accounts at a given point in time, and the measurement can change substantially over time as the characteristics of the Company’s balance sheet evolve and interest rate and yield curve assumptions are updated.

The change in economic value under different interest rate scenarios depends on the characteristics of each class of financial instrument, including stated interest rates or spreads relative to current or projected market-level interest rates or spreads, the likelihood of principal prepayments, whether contractual interest rates are fixed or floating, and the average remaining time to maturity. As a general rule, fixed-rate financial assets become more valuable in declining rate scenarios and less valuable in rising rate scenarios, while fixed-rate financial liabilities gain in value as interest rates rise and lose value as interest rates decline. The longer the duration of the financial instrument, the greater the impact a rate change will have on its value. In our economic value simulations, estimated prepayments are factored in for financial instruments with stated maturity dates, and decay rates for non-maturity deposits are projected based on historical patterns and

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management’s best estimates. The table below shows estimated changes in the Company’s EVE as of the periods indicated under different interest rate scenarios relative to a base case of current interest rates:


	December 31, 2022 - Balance Sheet Shock
($ in thousands)	-200 bp		-100 bp		STATIC (Base)	+100 bp		+200 bp		+300 bp		+400 bp
Market Value of Equity	1,366,982		1,410,341		1,397,164	1,366,639		1,316,226		1,248,624		1,165,069
Change in EVE from base	(30,182)		13,177			(30,525)		(80,938)		(148,540)		(232,095)
% Change	(2.2)	%	0.9	%		(2.2)	%	(5.8)	%	(10.6)	%	(16.6)	%
Policy Limits	(20.0)	%	(10.0)	%		(10.0)	%	(20.0)	%	(30.0)	%	(40.0)	%


	December 31, 2021 - Balance Sheet Shock
($ in thousands)	-200 bp		-100 bp		STATIC (Base)	+100 bp		+200 bp		+300 bp		+400 bp
Market Value of Equity	818,527		1,057,506		1,243,831	1,360,616		1,436,669		1,478,980		1,492,421
Change in EVE from base	(425,304)		(186,325)			116,785		192,838		235,149		248,590
% Change	(34.2)	%	(15.0)	%		9.4	%	15.5	%	18.9	%	20.0	%
Policy Limits	(20.0)	%	(10.0)	%		(10.0)	%	(20.0)	%	(30.0)	%	(40.0)	%

The tables show that our EVE will generally deteriorate in declining rate scenarios, but should benefit from a parallel shift upward in the yield curve. We also run stress scenarios for EVE to simulate the possibility of higher loan prepayment rates, unfavorable changes in deposit rates, and higher deposit decay rates. Model results are highly sensitive to changes in assumed decay rates for non-maturity deposits, in particular.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee

The First Bancshares, Inc.

Hattiesburg, Mississippi

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The First Bancshares, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated March 1, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Adoption of New Accounting Standard

As discussed in Note B to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for the allowance for credit losses in 2021 due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. As discussed below, the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical audit matter.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matters communicated below arises from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company’s loan portfolio totaled $3.78 billion as of December 31, 2022, and the allowance for credit losses on loans was $38.9 million. The Company’s unfunded loan commitments totaled $611 million, with an allowance for credit loss of $1.3 million. Together these amounts represent the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”).

As more fully described in Notes B, E and Q to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates its exposure to expected credit losses as of the balance sheet date, for existing financial instruments held at amortized cost, and off-balance sheet exposures, such as unfunded loan commitments, letters of credit and other financial guarantees that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

The determination of the ACL requires management to exercise significant judgment and consider numerous subjective factors, including determining qualitative factors utilized to adjust historical loss rates, loan credit risk grading and identifying loans requiring individual evaluation among others. As disclosed by management, different assumptions and conditions could result in a materially different amount for the estimate of the ACL.

We identified the valuation of the ACL as a critical audit matter. Auditing the ACL involved a high degree of subjectivity in evaluating management’s estimates, such as evaluating management's identification of credit quality indicators, grouping of loans determined to be similar into pools, estimating the remaining life of loans in a pool, assessment of economic conditions and other environmental factors, evaluating the adequacy of specific allowances associated with individually evaluated loans and assessing the appropriateness of loan credit risk grades.

The primary procedures we performed as of December 31, 2022, to address this critical audit matter included:

•Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls, including those related to technology, over the allowance for credit losses including:

◦loan data completeness and accuracy,

◦classifications of loans by loan segment,

◦verification of historical net loss data and calculated net loss rates,

◦the establishment of qualitative adjustments,

◦credit ratings and risk classification of loans,

◦establishment of specific reserves on individually evaluated loans,

◦and management’s review and disclosure controls over the allowance for credit losses;

•Testing of completeness and accuracy of the information utilized in the allowance for credit losses;

•Testing the allowance for credit losses model’s computational accuracy;

•Evaluating the qualitative adjustments, including assessing the basis for the adjustments and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions;

•Testing the loan review function and evaluating the accuracy of loan credit ratings;

•Evaluating the reasonableness of specific allowances on individually evaluated loans;

•Evaluating the overall reasonableness of assumptions used by management considering the past performance of the Company and evaluating trends identified within peer groups;

•Evaluating the disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

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Acquisition

As described in Note C to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company consummated the acquisition of Beach Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Beach Bank, on August 1, 2022, resulting in goodwill of approximately $23.3 million being recognized on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. As part of the acquisition, management assessed that the acquisition qualified as a business combination and all identifiable assets and liabilities acquired were valued at fair value as part of the purchase price allocation as of the acquisition date. The identification and valuation of such acquired assets and assumed liabilities requires management to exercise significant judgment. Management utilized outside vendors to assist with estimating the fair value.

We identified the consummated acquisition and the valuation of acquired assets and assumed liabilities as a critical audit matter. Auditing the acquired assets and assumed liabilities and other acquisition-related considerations involved a high degree of subjectivity in evaluating management’s fair value estimates and purchase price allocations.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

•Obtained and read the executed Agreement and Plan of Merger documents to gain an understanding of the underlying terms of the consummated acquisition;

•Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls including:

◦Evaluating the significant assumptions used for valuing significant assets and liabilities assumed;

•Assessed management’s application of accounting guidance related to the business combination and management’s determination of whether the transaction was an acquisition of a business as defined within the ASC 805, Business Combinations, framework;

•Assessed the completeness and accuracy of management’s purchase accounting model, including the balance sheet acquired and related fair value purchase price allocations made to identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed;

•Obtained and evaluated significant outside vendor valuation estimates, and challenging management’s review of the appropriateness of the valuations including but not limited to, testing critical inputs, assumptions applied and valuation models utilized by the outside vendors;

•Utilized internal valuation specialists to assist with testing the related fair value estimates;

•Tested the completeness and accuracy of management’s calculation of total consideration paid;

•Tested the accuracy of the goodwill calculation resulting from the acquisition, which was the difference between the total consideration paid and the fair value of the net assets acquired;

•Read and evaluated the adequacy of the disclosures made in the notes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

/s/ FORVIS, LLP (Formerly BKD, LLP)

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

Jackson, Mississippi

March 1, 2023

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and the Board of Directors of The First Bancshares, Inc.

Hattiesburg, Mississippi

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Crowe LLP

We served as the Company's auditor from 2018 to 2021.

Atlanta, Georgia

March 12, 2021

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THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2021

($ in thousands except per share data)


	2022		2021
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	67,176	$	115,232
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	78,139		804,481
Total cash and cash equivalents	145,315		919,713
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost:$1,418,337 in 2022; $1,741,153 in 2021; allowance for credit losses: $0 in both 2022 and 2021)	1,257,101		1,751,832
Securities held to maturity, net of allowance for credit losses of $0 (fair value: $642,097 - 2022; $0 - 2021)	691,484		—
Other securities	33,944		22,226
Total securities	1,982,529		1,774,058
Loans held for sale	4,443		7,678
Loans, net of ACL of $38,917 in 2022 and $30,742 in 2021	3,735,240		2,928,811
Interest receivable	27,723		23,256
Premises and equipment	143,518		125,959
Operating lease right-of-use assets	7,620		4,095
Finance lease right-of-use assets	1,930		2,394
Cash surrender value of life insurance	95,571		87,420
Goodwill	180,254		156,663
Other real estate owned	4,832		2,565
Other assets	132,742		44,802
Total assets	$	6,461,717	$	6,077,414
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing	$	1,630,203	$	1,550,381
Interest-bearing	3,864,201		3,676,403
Total deposits	5,494,404		5,226,784
Interest payable	3,324		1,711
Borrowed funds	130,100		—
Subordinated debentures	145,027		144,726
Operating lease liabilities	7,810		4,192
Finance lease liabilities	1,918		2,094
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures	1,325		1,070
Other liabilities	31,146		20,665
Total liabilities	5,815,054		5,401,242
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock, par value $1 per share: 40,000,000 shares authorized;25,275,369 shares issued in 2022, 40,000,000 shares authorized and 21,668,644 shares issued in 2021, respectively	25,275		21,669
Additional paid-in capital	558,833		459,228
Retained earnings	252,623		206,228
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(148,957)		7,978
Treasury stock, at cost (1,249,607 shares - 2022; 649,607 shares - 2021)	(41,111)		(18,931)
Total stockholders' equity	646,663		676,172
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	6,461,717	$	6,077,414

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021, AND 2020

($ in thousands, except per share amount)


	2022		2021		2020
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans	$	157,768	$	151,203	$	157,564
Interest and dividends on securities:
Taxable interest and dividends	29,656		16,685		13,961
Tax-exempt interest	11,017		7,721		6,913
Interest on federal funds sold	—		—		8
Interest on deposits in banks	1,952		1,136		902
Total interest income	200,393		176,745		179,348

INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest on deposits	13,978		12,062		19,608
Interest on borrowed funds	8,599		7,619		7,056
Total interest expense	22,577		19,681		26,664
Net interest income	177,816		157,064		152,684
Provision for credit losses, LHFI	5,350		(1,456)		25,151
Provision for credit losses, OBSC exposures	255		352		—
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	172,211		158,168		127,533

NON-INTEREST INCOME
Service charges on deposit accounts	8,668		7,264		7,213
Other service charges and fees	1,833		1,508		1,355
Interchange fees	12,702		11,562		9,433
Secondary market mortgage income	4,303		8,823		10,446
Bank owned life insurance income	2,101		1,955		1,514
BOLI death proceeds	1,630		—		—
Gain (loss) on sale of premises	(116)		(264)		443
Securities (loss) gain	(82)		143		281
Gain (loss) on sale of other real estate	214		(300)		(537)
Government awards/grants	873		1,826		968
Bargain purchase gain	281		1,300		7,835
Other	4,554		3,656		2,925
Total non-interest income	36,961		37,473		41,876

NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries	57,903		53,371		50,853
Employee benefits	15,174		12,485		10,377
Occupancy	12,854		12,713		11,282
Furniture and equipment	2,981		2,848		2,551
Supplies and printing	967		903		925
Professional and consulting fees	3,558		4,035		3,897
Marketing and public relations	393		615		512
FDIC and OCC assessments	2,122		2,074		1,351
ATM expense	3,873		3,623		3,042
Bank communications	1,904		1,754		2,028
Data processing	2,211		1,578		1,137
Acquisition expense/charter conversion	6,410		1,607		3,315

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	2022		2021		2020
Other	20,133		16,953		15,071
Total non-interest expense	130,483		114,559		106,341
Income before income taxes	$	78,689	$	81,082	$	63,068
Income taxes	15,770		16,915		10,563

Net income available to common stockholders	$	62,919	$	64,167	$	52,505

Earnings per share:
Basic	$	2.86	$	3.05	$	2.53
Diluted	2.84		3.03		2.52

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021, AND 2020


($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2020

Net income	$	62,919	$	64,167	$	52,505
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized holding gain/(loss) arising during the period on available-for-sale securities	(173,428)		(23,738)		21,345
Net unrealized loss at time of transfer on securities available-for-sale transferred to held-to-maturity	(36,838)		—		—
Reclassification adjustment for (accretion) amortization of unrealized holdings gain/(loss) included in accumulated other comprehensive income from the transfer of securities available-for-sale to held-to-maturity	97		—		—
Reclassification adjustment for loss/ (gains) included in net income	82		(143)		(281)
Unrealized holding gain/(loss) arising during the period on available-for-sale securities	(210,087)		(23,881)		21,064
Income tax (expense) benefit	53,152		6,043		(5,337)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(156,935)		(17,838)		15,727
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(94,016)	$	46,329	$	68,232

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

($ in thousands except per share amount)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock			Total
	Shares	Amount								Shares	Amount
Balance, January 1, 2020	18,996,948	$	18,997	$	409,805	$	110,460	$	10,089	(194,682)	$	(5,693)	$	543,658
Net income, 2020	—	—		—		52,505		—		—	—		52,505
Common stock repurchased	—	—		—		—		—		(289,302)	(8,067)		(8,067)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		15,727		—	—		15,727
Dividend on common stock, $.42 per common share	—	—		—		(8,724)		—		—	—		(8,724)
Issuance of shares for SWG acquisition	2,546,967	2,547		45,311		—		—		—	—		47,858
Issuance restricted stock grant	78,189	78		(78)		—		—		—	—		—
Restricted stock grant forfeited	(7,421)	(7)		7		—		—		—	—		—
Compensation expense	—	—		2,352		—		—		—	—		2,352
Repurchase of restricted stock for payment of taxes	(15,690)	(16)		(478)		—		—		—	—		(494)
Balance, December 31, 2020	21,598,993	$	21,599	$	456,919	$	154,241	$	25,816	(483,984)	$	(13,760)	$	644,815

Net income, 2021	—	—		—		64,167		—					64,167
Common stock repurchased	—	—		—		—		—		(165,623)	(5,171)		(5,171)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(17,838)		—	—		(17,838)
Dividend on common stock, $.58 per common share	—	—		—		(12,180)		—		—	—		(12,180)
Issuance restricted stock grant	93,578	94		(94)		—		—		—	—		—
Restricted stock grant forfeited	(2,021)	(2)		2		—		—		—	—		—
Compensation expense	—	—		3,100		—		—		—	—		3,100
Repurchase of restricted stock for payment of taxes	(21,906)	(22)		(699)		—		—		—	—		(721)
Balance, December 31, 2021	21,668,644	$	21,669	$	459,228	$	206,228	$	7,978	(649,607)	$	(18,931)	$	676,172

Net income, 2022	—	—		—		62,919		—		—	—		62,919
Common stock repurchased	—	—		—		—		—		(600,000)	(22,180)		(22,180)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(156,935)		—	—		(156,935)
Dividend on common stock, $.74 per common share	—	—		—		(16,524)		—		—	—		(16,524)
Issuance of common shares for BBI acquisition	3,498,936	3,499		97,970		—		—		—	—		101,469
Issuance restricted stock grant	129,950	130		(130)		—		—		—	—		—
Restricted stock grant forfeited	(2,500)	(3)		3		—		—		—	—		—
Compensation expense	—	—		2,425		—		—		—	—		2,425
Repurchase of restricted stock for payment of taxes	(19,661)	(20)		(663)		—		—		—	—		(683)
Balance, December 31, 2022	25,275,369	$	25,275	$	558,833	$	252,623	$	(148,957)	(1,249,607)	$	(41,111)	$	646,663

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020


($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income	$	62,919	$	64,167	$	52,505
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	12,173		13,792		12,354
FHLB stock dividends	(28)		(27)		(133)
Provision for credit losses	5,605		(1,104)		25,151
Deferred income taxes	940		1,739		(3,015)
Restricted stock expense	2,425		3,100		2,352
Increase in cash value of life insurance	(2,101)		(1,955)		(1,514)
Amortization and accretion, net, related to acquisitions	1,706		(30)		(3,945)
Bank premises and equipment loss/(gain)	116		264		(443)
Acquisition gain	(281)		(1,300)		(7,835)
Securities loss (gain)	82		(143)		(281)
Loss on sale/writedown of other real estate	159		815		1,352
Residential loans originated and held for sale	(152,776)		(230,456)		(318,969)
Proceeds from sale of residential loans held for sale	156,011		244,210		308,347
Changes in:
Interest receivable	(2,987)		3,218		(9,185)
Other assets	(45,692)		(1,056)		(5,313)
Interest payable	1,613		(463)		(374)
Operating lease liability	(1,306)		(1,839)		(1,545)
Other liabilities	51,449		2,783		1,676
Net cash provided by operating activities	90,027		95,715		51,185

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Available-for-sale securities:
Sales	21,069		—		579
Maturities, prepayments and calls	197,417		229,091		203,670
Purchases	(6,500)		(988,536)		(356,755)
Held-to-maturity securities:
Maturities, prepayments and calls	474		—		—
Purchases	(602,718)		—		—
Purchases of other securities	(11,444)		—		(3,056)
Proceeds from redemption of other securities	1,237		5,276		3,407
Net (increase)/decrease in loans	(326,113)		202,194		(131,589)
Net changes to premises and equipment	(15,522)		(7,125)		(4,398)
Bank-owned life insurance - death proceeds	1,630		—		—
Purchase of bank owned life insurance	—		(11,733)		(5,683)
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned	8,930		4,562		4,036
Proceeds from sale of land	712		—		1,416
Cash received in excess of cash paid for acquisition	23,939		358,916		29,245
Net cash used in investing activities	(706,889)		(207,355)		(259,128)

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THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020


Continued:
	2022		2021		2020
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Increase/(decrease) in deposits	(223,322)		601,575		664,413
Net change in borrowed funds	105,100		(114,647)		(109,172)
Dividends paid on common stock	(16,275)		(11,991)		(8,589)
Cash paid to repurchase common stock	(22,180)		(5,171)		(8,067)
Repurchase of restricted stock for payment of taxes	(683)		(721)		(494)
Principal payment on finance lease liabilities	(176)		(187)		(183)
Issuance of subordinated debt, net	—		—		63,725
Payment on subordinated debt issuance costs	—		(59)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(157,536)		468,799		601,633

Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(774,398)		357,159		393,690
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	919,713		562,554		168,864
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	145,315	$	919,713	$	562,554

Supplemental disclosures:

Cash paid during the year for:
Interest	$	16,932	$	16,368	$	22,476
Income taxes, net of refunds	7,194		15,717		13,971

Non-cash activities:
Transfers of loans to other real estate	2,560		2,143		3,595
Transfer of securities available-for-sale to held-to-maturity	139,598		—		—
Issuance of restricted stock grants	130		94		78
Stock issued in connection with SWG acquisition	—		—		47,858
Stock issued in connection with BBI acquisition	101,469		—		—
Dividends on restricted stock grants	249		189		135
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	2,698		168		3,162
Lease liabilities arising from BBI acquisition	3,390		—		—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE A - NATURE OF BUSINESS

The First Bancshares, Inc. (the “Company”) is a bank holding company whose business is primarily conducted by its wholly-owned subsidiary, The First Bank (the “Bank”), formerly known as The First, A National Banking Association. The Bank provides a full range of banking services in its primary market area of Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Florida and Georgia. The Company is regulated by the Federal Reserve Bank. Its subsidiary bank is currently subject to the regulation of the Federal Reserve Bank and the Mississippi Department of Banking and Consumer Finance, and was previously subject to the regulation of the OCC.

On January 15, 2022, the Bank, then named The First, A National Banking Association, converted from a national banking association to a Mississippi state-chartered bank and changed its name to The First Bank. The First Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System through the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The charter conversion and name change are expected to have only a minimal impact on the Bank’s clients, and deposits will continue to be insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to the applicable limits.

The principal products produced and services rendered by the Company and are as follows:

Commercial Banking - The Company provides a full range of commercial banking services to corporations and other business customers. Loans are provided for a variety of general corporate purposes, including financing for commercial and industrial projects, income producing commercial real estate, owner-occupied real estate and construction and land development. The Company also provides deposit services, including checking, savings and money market accounts and certificate of deposit as well as treasury management services.

Consumer Banking - The Company provides banking services to consumers, including checking, savings and money market accounts as well as certificate of deposit and individual retirement accounts. In addition, the Company provides consumers with installment and real estate loans and lines of credit.

Mortgage Banking - The Company provides residential mortgage banking services, including construction financing, for conventional and government insured home loans to be sold in the secondary market.

NOTE B - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The Company and the Bank follow accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America including, where applicable, general practices within the banking industry.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Bank. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, acquisition accounting, intangible assets, deferred tax assets, and fair value of financial instruments.

Debt Securities

Investments in debt securities are accounted for as follows:

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Available-for-Sale Securities

Debt securities classified as available-for-sale ("AFS") are those securities that are intended to be held for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as available-for-sale would be based on various factors, including movements in interest rates, liquidity needs, security risk assessments, changes in the mix of assets and liabilities and other similar factors. These securities are carried at their estimated fair value, and the net unrealized gain or loss is reported as component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, in stockholders’ equity, until realized. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale securities are determined using the adjusted cost of the specific security sold. AFS securities are placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal to interest payments become 90 days delinquent or if full collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain. Accrued interest for a security placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. There was no accrued interest related to AFS securites reversed against interest income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale Securities

On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (“ASC 326”), which introduces guidance on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis and available for sale debt securities (“AFS”). For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet these criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses for securities AFS.

Securities to be Held-to-Maturity

Debt securities classified as held-to-maturity ("HTM") are those securities for which there is a positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. These securities are carried at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, computed by the interest method. Gain and losses on the sales are determined using the adjusted cost of the specific security sold. HTM securities are placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal to interest payments become 90 days delinquent or if full collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain. Accrued interest for a security placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. There was no accrued interest related to HTM securites reversed against interest income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. There were no held-to-maturity securities at December 31, 2021.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Held-to-Maturity Securities

On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (“ASC 326”), which introduces guidance on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis, including HTM debt securities. Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a pooled basis. That is, for pools of such securities with common risk characteristics, the historical lifetime probability of

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default and severity of loss in the event of default is derived or obtained form external sources and adjusted for the expected effects of reasonable and supportable forecasts over the expected lives of the securities.

Expected credit losses on each security in the HTM portfolio that does not share common risk characteristics with any of the identified pools of debt securities are individually measured based on net realizable value, of the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the recorded amortized cost basis of the security.

Loss forecasts for HTM debt securities utilize Moody's municipal and corporate database, based on a scenario-conditioned probability of default and loss rate platform. The core of the stressed default probabilities and loss rates is based on the methodological relationship between key macroeconomic risk factors and historical defaults over nearly 50 years. Loss forecasts for structured HTM securities utilize VeriBanc's Estimated CAMELS Rating and the Modified Texas Ratio for each piece of underlying collateral and are applied to Intex models for the underlying assets cashflow resulting in collateral cashflow forecasts. These securities are assumed not to share similar risk characteristics due to the heterogeneous nature of the underlying collateral. As a result of this evaluation, management determined that the expected credit losses associated with these securities is not significant for financial reporting purposes and therefore, no allowance for credit losses has been recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses for securities HTM.

Trading Account Securities

Trading account securities are those securities which are held for the purpose of selling them at a profit. There were no trading account securities at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Equity Securities

Equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in net income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment. There were no equity securities at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Other Securities

Other securities are carried at cost and are restricted in marketability. Other securities consist of investments in the FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank and First National Bankers’ Bankshares, Inc. Management reviews for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the cost basis.

Shares of FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank and First National Bankers’ Bankshares, Inc. common stock are equity securities that do not have a readily determinable fair value because their ownership is restricted and lacks marketability. The common stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment. The Company’s investment in member bank stock is included in other securities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Management reviews for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the cost basis. No other-than-temporary impairment was noted for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Interest Income

Interest income includes amortization of purchase premiums or discounts. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized on the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Gains and losses on sales are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.

A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become 90 days past due. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed in nonaccrual is reversed against interest income.

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Loans Held for Sale (LHFS)

The Bank originates fixed rate single family, residential first mortgage loans on a presold basis. The Bank issues a rate lock commitment to a customer and concurrently “locks in” with a secondary market investor under a best efforts delivery mechanism. Such loans are sold without the mortgage servicing rights being retained by the Bank. The terms of the loan are dictated by the secondary investors and are transferred within several weeks of the Bank initially funding the loan. The Bank recognizes certain origination fees and service release fees upon the sale, which are included in other income on loans in the consolidated statements of income. Between the initial funding of the loans by the Bank and the subsequent purchase by the investor, the Bank carries the loans held for sale at the lower of cost or fair value in the aggregate as determined by the outstanding commitments from investors.

Loans Held for Investment (LHFI)

LHFI that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are carried at the principal amount outstanding, net of the allowance for credit losses, unearned income, any unamortized deferred fees or costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans. Interest income on loans is recognized based on the principal balance outstanding and the stated rate of the loan and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Interest income is accrued in the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees and certain direct origination costs are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method. Premiums and discounts on purchased loans not deemed purchase credit deteriorated are deferred and amortized as a level yield adjustment over the respective term of the loan.

The new standard under CECL removes the notion of impairment as previously defined under ASC 310-10-35 and replaces it with less prescriptive guidance under ASC 326-20-30-2. If the Bank determines that a loan does not share risk characteristics with its other financial assets, the Bank shall evaluate the financial asset for expected credit losses on an individual basis. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral values, and the probability of collecting scheduled payments of principal and interest when due. Generally, impairment is measured on a loan by loan basis using the fair value of the supporting collateral.

Loans are generally placed on a nonaccrual status, and the accrual of interest on such loan is discontinued, when principal or interest is past due 90 days or when specifically determined to be impaired unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, interest accrued but not received is generally reversed against interest income. If collectability is in doubt, cash receipts on nonaccrual loans are used to reduce principal rather than recorded in interest income. Past due status is determined based upon contractual terms. Loans are returned to accrual status when the obligation is brought current or has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)

The ACL represents the estimated losses for financial assets accounted for on an amortized cost basis. Expected losses are calculated using relevant information, from internal and external sources, about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environment conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors. Management may selectively apply external market data to subjectively adjust the Company’s own loss history including index or peer data. Expected losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed and recoveries are credited to the allowance when received. Expected recoveries amounts may not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off.

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monitored within the ACL methodology. Construction loans for 1-4 family residential properties with a call code 1A1, and other construction, all land development and other land loans with a call code 1A2 were previously separated between the Commercial Real Estate or Consumer Real Estate bands based on loan type code. Under our ASC 326 methodology 1A1 loans are all defined as part of the Consumer Real Estate band and 1A2 loans are all defined as part of the Commercial Real Estate Band.

The probability of default (“PD”) calculation analyzes the historical loan portfolio over the given lookback period to identify, by segment, loans that have defaulted. A default is defined as a loan that has moved to past due 90 days and greater, nonaccrual status, or experienced a charge-off during the period. The model observes loans over a 12-month window, detecting any events previously defined. This information is then used by the model to calculate annual iterative count-based PD rates for each segment. This process is then repeated for all dates within the historical data range. These averaged PD’s are used for an immediate reversion back to the historical mean. The historical data used to calculate this input was captured by the Company from 2009 through the most recent quarter end.

The Company utilizes reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions when estimating the ACL on loans. The model’s calculation also includes a 24-month forecasted PD based on a regression model that calculated a comparison of the Company’s historical loan data to various national economic metrics during the same periods. The results showed the Company’s past losses having a high rate of correlation to unemployment, both regionally and nationally. Using this information, along with the most recently published Wall Street Journal survey of sixty economists’ forecasts predicting unemployment rates out over the next eight quarters, a corresponding future PD can be calculated for the forward-looking 24-month period. This data can also be used to predict loan losses at different levels of stress, including a baseline, adverse and severely adverse economic condition. After the forecast period, PD rates revert to the historical mean of the entire data set.

The loss given default (“LGD”) calculation is based on actual losses (charge-offs, net recoveries) at a loan level experienced over the entire lookback period aggregated to get a total for each segment of loans. The aggregate loss amount is divided by the exposure at default to determine an LGD rate. Defaults occurring during the lookback period are included in the denominator, whether a loss occurred or not and exposure at default is determined by the loan balance immediately preceding the default event. If there is not a minimum of five past defaults in a loan segment, or less than 15.0% calculated LGD rate, or the total balance at default is less than 1% of the balance in the respective call code as of the model run date, a proxy index is used. This index is proprietary to the Company’s ACL modeling vendor derived from loss data of other client institutions similar in organization structure to the Company. The vendor also provides a “crisis” index derived from loss data between the post-recessionary years of 2008-2013 that the Company uses.

The model then uses these inputs in a non-discounted version of discounted cash flow (“DCF”) methodology to calculate the quantitative portion of estimated losses. The model creates loan level amortization schedules that detail out the expected monthly payments for a loan including estimated prepayments and payoffs. These expected cash flows are discounted back to present value using the loan’s coupon rate instead of the effective interest rate. On a quarterly basis, the Company uses internal credit portfolio data, such as changes in portfolio volume and composition, underwriting practices, and levels of past due loans, nonaccruals and classified assets along with other external information not used in the quantitative calculation to determine if any subjective qualitative adjustments are required so that all significant risks are incorporated to form a sufficient basis to estimate credit losses.

ASC 326 requires that a loan be evaluated for losses individually and reserved for separately, if the loan does not share similar risk characteristics to any other loan segments. The Company’s process for determining which loans require specific evaluation follows the standard and is two-fold. All non-performing loans, including nonaccrual loans, loans considered to be TDRs or purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”), are evaluated to determine if they meet the definition of collateral dependent under the new standard. These are loans where no more payments are expected from the borrower, and foreclosure or some other collection action is probable. Secondly, all non-performing loans that are not considered to be collateral dependent, but are 90 days or greater past due and/or have a balance of $500 thousand or greater, will be individually reviewed to determine if the loan displays similar risk characteristic to substandard loans in the related segment.

TDRs are loans for which the contractual terms on the loan have been modified and both of the following conditions exist: (1) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and (2) the restructuring constitutes a concession. Concessions could include a reduction in the interest rate on the loan, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions intended to maximize collection. The Company assesses all loan modifications to determine whether they constitute a TDR.

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Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans

The Company purchases individual loans and groups of loans, some of which have shown evidence of credit deterioration since origination. These PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. It is the Company’s policy that a loan meets this definition if it is adversely risk rated as Non-Pass (Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful or Loss) including nonaccrual as well as loans identified as TDR’s. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense.

Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company elected to maintain segments of loans that were previously accounted for under ASC 310-30 Accounting for Purchased Loans with Deteriorated Credit Quality and will continue to account for these segments as a unit of account unless the loan is collateral dependent. PCD loans that are collateral dependent will be assessed individually. Loans are only removed from the existing segments if they are written off, paid off, or sold. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the allowance for credit losses was determined for each segment and added to the band’s carrying amount to establish a new amortized cost basis. The difference between the unpaid principal balance of the segment and the new amortized cost basis is the noncredit premium or discount, which will be amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the segment. Changes to the allowance for credit losses after adoption are recorded through provision expense.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. The depreciation policy is to provide for depreciation over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Repairs and maintenance expenditures are charged to operating expenses; major expenditures for renewals and betterments are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Upon retirement, sale, or other disposition of property and equipment, the cost and accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts, and any gains or losses are included in operations. Building and related components are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 10 to 39 years. Furniture, fixtures and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line (or accelerated) method with useful lives ranging from 3 to 10 years.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned consists of properties acquired through foreclosure and, as held for sale property, are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. Physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan occurs when legal title is obtained upon completion of foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to satisfy the loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through similar legal agreement. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, a valuation allowance is recorded through expense. Operation costs after acquisition are expensed. Any write-down to fair value required at the time of foreclosure is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent gains or losses on other real estate are reported in other operating income or expenses. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, other real estate owned totaled $4.8 million and $2.6 million, respectively.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill arises from business combinations and is determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of any net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exists that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Company will perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that is more likely than not the fair value is less than the carrying amount, including goodwill. If, based on the evaluation, it is determined to be more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying value, then goodwill is tested further for impairment. The goodwill impairment loss, if any, is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value. Subsequent increases in goodwill value are not

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recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The Commercial/Retail Bank segment of the Company is the only reporting unit for which the goodwill analysis is prepared. Intangible assets with a finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Goodwill is the only intangible assets with an indefinite life on our balance sheet.

The change in goodwill during the year is as follows ($ in thousands):


	2022		2021		2020
Beginning of year	$	156,663	$	156,944	$	158,572
Acquired goodwill	23,591		(281)		(1,628)
End of year	$	180,254	$	156,663	$	156,944

Other intangible assets consist of core deposit and acquired customer relationship intangible assets arising from whole bank and branch acquisitions and are amortized on a straight-line basis over a 10-year average life. Such assets are periodically evaluated as to the recoverability of carrying values. The definite-lived intangible assets had the following carrying values at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


($ in thousands)
2022	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Core deposit intangibles	$	55,332	$	(20,696)	$	34,636

2021
Core deposit intangibles	$	45,541	$	(16,032)	$	29,509

The related amortization expense of business combination related intangible assets is as follows:


($ in thousands)	Amount
Aggregate amortization expense for the year ended December 31:
2020	$	4,093
2021	4,137
2022	4,664


	Amount
Estimated amortization expense for the year ending December 31:
2023	$	5,189
2024	5,159
2025	5,144
2026	5,144
2027	4,811
Thereafter	9,189
Total amortization expense	$	34,636

Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance

The Company invests in bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”). BOLI involves the purchase of life insurance by the Company on a chosen group of employees. The Company is the owner of the policies and, accordingly, the cash surrender value of the policies is reported as an asset, and increases in cash surrender values are reported as income.

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Deferred Financing Costs

Financing costs related to the issuance of junior subordinated debentures are being amortized over the life of the instruments and are included in other liabilities.

Restricted Stock

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. Compensation cost is recognized for all restricted stock granted based on the weighted average fair value stock price at the grant date.

Treasury Stock

Common stock shares repurchased are recorded at cost. Cost of shares retired or reissued is determined using the first-in, first-out method.

Income Taxes

The Company and its subsidiary file consolidated income tax returns. The subsidiary provides for income taxes on a separate return basis and remits to the Company amounts determined to be payable.

Income taxes are provided for the tax effects of the transactions reported in the financial statements and consist of taxes currently payable plus deferred taxes related primarily to differences between the bases of assets and liabilities as measured by income tax laws and their bases as reported in the financial statements. The deferred tax assets and liabilities represent the future tax consequences of those differences, which will either be taxable or deductible when the assets and liabilities are recovered or settled.

ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, provides guidance on financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, in tax returns. ASC Topic 740 requires an evaluation of tax positions to determine if the tax positions will more likely than not be sustainable upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority. The Company, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, had no uncertain tax positions that qualify for either recognition or disclosure in the financial statements.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Advertising expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was $393 thousand, $391 thousand, and $333 thousand, respectively.

Statements of Cash Flows

Cash and cash equivalents include cash, deposits with other financial institutions with maturities fewer than 90 days, federal funds sold, and collateral identified as "restricted cash" related to the Company's back-to-back SWAP transactions. Net cash flows are reported for customer loan and deposit transactions, interest bearing deposits in other financial institutions, and federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements.

Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the subsidiary bank enters into off-balance sheet financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit, credit card lines and standby letters of credit. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when they are funded.

ACL on Off-Balance Sheet Credit (OBSC) Exposures

Under ASC 326, the Company is required to estimate expected credit losses for OBSC which are not unconditionally cancellable. The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL on OBSC exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate

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includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. Expected credit losses related to OBSC exposures are presented as a liability.

Earnings Available to Common Stockholders

Per share amounts are presented in accordance with ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. Under ASC Topic 260, two per share amounts are considered and presented, if applicable. Basic per share data is calculated based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted per share data includes any dilution from securities that may be converted into common stock, such as outstanding restricted stock. There were no anti-dilutive common stock equivalents excluded in the calculations.

The following tables disclose the reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted computations available to common stockholders ($ in thousands, except per share amount):


December 31, 2022	Net Income (Numerator)		Weighted Average Shares (Denominator)	Per Share Amount
Basic per common share	$	62,919	22,023,595	$	2.86
Effect of dilutive shares:
Restricted Stock	—		141,930
	$	62,919	22,165,525	$	2.84

December 31, 2021
Basic per common share	$	64,167	21,017,189	$	3.05
Effect of dilutive shares:
Restricted Stock	—		149,520
	$	64,167	21,166,709	$	3.03

December 31, 2020
Basic per common share	$	52,505	20,718,544	$	2.53
Effect of dilutive shares:
Restricted Stock	—		104,106
	$	52,505	20,822,650	$	2.52

The diluted per share amounts were computed by applying the treasury stock method.

Mergers and Acquisitions

Business combinations are accounted for under ASC 805, “Business Combinations”, using the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method of accounting requires an acquirer to recognize the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date measured at their fair values as of that date. To determine the fair values, the Company relies on third party valuations, such as appraisals, or internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analyses or other valuation techniques. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the Company identifies the acquirer and the closing date and applies applicable recognition principles and conditions. Acquisition-related costs are costs the Company incurs to effect a business combination. Those costs include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees. Some other examples of costs to the Company include systems conversion, integration planning consultants and advertising costs. The Company accounts for acquisition-related costs as expenses in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received, with one exception. The costs to issue debt or equity securities is recognized in accordance with other applicable GAAP. These acquisition-related costs have been and will be included within the Consolidated Statements of Income classified within the non-interest expense caption.

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Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements primarily to facilitate the risk management strategies of certain commercial customers. The interest rate swap agreements entered into by the Company are all entered into under what is referred to as a back-to-back interest rate swap, as such, the net positions are offsetting assets and liabilities, as well as income and expenses. All derivative instruments are recorded in the consolidated statement of financial condition at their respective fair values, as components of other assets and other liabilities. Under a back-to-back interest rate swap program, the Company enters into an interest rate swap with the customer and another offsetting swap with a counterparty. The result is two mirrored interest rate swaps, absent a credit event, that will offset in the financial statements. These swaps are not designated as hedging instruments and are recorded at fair value in other assets and other liabilities. The change in fair value is recognized in the income statement as other income and fees. As part of the BBI acquisition, the Bank acquired 33 loans with related interest rate swaps.

Entering into derivative contracts potentially exposes the Company to the risk of counterparties' failure to fulfill their legal obligations, including, but not limited to, potential amounts due or payable under each derivative contract. Notional principal amounts are often used to express the volume of these transactions, but the amounts potentially subject to credit risk are much smaller. The Company assesses the credit risk of its dealer counterparties by regularly monitoring publicly available credit rating information, evaluating other market indicators, and periodically reviewing detailed financials.

The Company records the fair value of its interest rate swap contracts separately within other assets and other liabilities as current accounting rules do not permit the netting of customer and counterparty fair value amounts in the consolidated statement of financial condition.

Investment in Limited Partnership

The Company invested $4.4 million in a limited partnership that provides low-income housing. The Company is not the general partner and does not have controlling ownership. The carrying value of the Company’s investment in the limited partnership was $1.6 million at December 31, 2022 and $2.1 million at December 31, 2021, net of amortization, using the proportional method and is reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss is limited to the carrying value of its investment. The Company received $481 thousand in low-income housing tax credits during 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2021 and 2020 financial statements to conform with the classifications used in 2022. These reclassifications did not impact the Company’s consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Accounting Standards

Effect of Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2021, FASB issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): “Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance.” These amendments are expected to increase transparency in financial reporting by requiring business entities to disclose information about certain types of government assistance they receive. The Company adopted ASU 2021-10 effective January 1, 2022. Adoption of ASU 2021-10 did not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Standards That Have Not Yet Been Adopted

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (ASC 848): “Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” This ASU provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. It is intended to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period. In December 2022, FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848):

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"Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848." These amendments extend the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance in Topic 848. To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, the ASU defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. The Company is assessing ASU 2020-04 and its impact on the Company’s transition away from LIBOR for its loan and other financial instruments.

In October 2021, FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combination (Topic 805): “Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers.” This ASU requires entities to apply Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination. The amendment improves comparability after the business combination by providing consistent recognition and measurement guidance for revenue contracts with customers acquired in a business combination and revenue contracts with customers not acquired in a business combination. This ASU is effective for the Company after December 15, 2022. The Company is assessing ASU 2021-08 and its impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): "Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures.” These amendments eliminate the TDR recognition and measurement guidance and instead require that an entity evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The amendments also enhance existing disclosure requirements and introduce new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. For public business entities, these amendments require that an entity disclose current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Gross write-off information must be included in the vintage disclosures required for public business entities in accordance with paragraph 326-20-50-6, which requires that an entity disclose the amortized cost basis of financing receivables by credit quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination. This ASU is effective for the Company after December 15, 2022. The Company is assessing ASU 2022-02 and its impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

NOTE C - BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

The Company accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method. Acquisition accounting requires the total purchase price to be allocated to the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain intangible assets that must be recognized. Typically, this allocation results in the purchase price exceeding the fair value of net assets acquired, which is recorded as goodwill. Core deposit intangibles are a measure of the value of checking, money market and savings deposits acquired in business combinations accounted for under the acquisition method. Core deposit intangibles and other identified intangibles with finite useful lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives of up to 10 years.

Financial assets acquired in a business combination after January 1, 2021, are recorded in accordance with ASC 326. Loans that the Company acquires in connection with acquisitions are recorded at fair value with no carryover of the related allowance for credit losses. PCD loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are recorded at the amount paid. The ACL is determined on a collective basis and is allocated to the individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and ACL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Non-PCD loans are acquired that have experienced no or insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. The difference between the fair value and outstanding balance of the non-PCD loans is recognized as an adjustment to interest income over the lives of the loan.

Acquisitions

Beach Bancorp, Inc.

On August 1, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of Beach Bancorp, Inc. ("BBI"), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated April 26, 2022 by and between the Company and BBI (the "BBI Merger Agreement"). Upon the completion of the merger of BBI with and into the Company, Beach Bank, BBI's wholly-owned subsidiary, was merged with and into The First Bank. Under the terms of the BBI Merger Agreement, each share of BBI common stock and each share of BBI preferred stock was converted into the right to receive 0.1711 of a share of Company common stock (the "BBI Exchange Ratio"), and all stock options awarded under the BBI equity plans were converted automatically into an option to purchase shares of Company common stock on the same terms and conditions as applicable to each such BBI option as in effect immediately prior to the effective time, with the number of shares underlying each

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such option and the applicable exercise price adjusted based on the BBI Exchange Ratio. The BBI merger provides the opportunity for the Company to expand its operations in the Florida panhandle and enter the Tampa market. The Company paid consideration of approximately $101.5 million to the former BBI shareholders including 3,498,936 shares of the Company's common stock and approximately $1 thousand in cash in lieu of fractional shares, and also assumed options entitling the owners thereof to purchase an additional 310,427 shares of the Company's common stock.

In connection with the acquisition of BBI, the Company recorded approximately $23.3 million of goodwill and $9.8 million core deposit intangible. Goodwill is not deductible for income taxes. The core deposit intangible will be amortized to expense over 10 years. The Company also incurred $1.3 million of provision for credit losses on credit marks from the loans acquired from Beach Bank.

Expenses associated with the BBI acquisition were $3.6 million for the twelve months period ended December 31, 2022. These costs included charges associated with legal and consulting expenses, which have been expensed as incurred.

The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and consideration paid in the acquisition were recorded at their estimated fair values based on management’s best estimates using information available at the date of the acquisition and are subject to adjustment for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition. While the fair values are not expected to be materially different from the estimates, accounting guidance provides that an acquirer must recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period, which will run through August 1, 2023 in respect of the acquisition, in the measurement period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The acquirer must record in the financial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects, if any, as a result of changes to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The items most susceptible to adjustment are the credit fair value adjustments on loans, core deposit intangible and the deferred income tax assets resulting from the acquisition.

The following table summarizes the provisional fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the goodwill generated from the transaction ($ in thousands):


Purchase price:
Cash and stock	$	101,470
Total purchase price	101,470
Identifiable assets:
Cash	$	23,939
Investments	22,643
Loans	485,171
Other real estate	8,676
Bank owned life insurance	10,092
Core deposit intangible	9,791
Personal and real property	11,895
Deferred tax asset	27,075
Other assets	9,235
Total assets	608,517
Liabilities and equity:
Deposits	490,591
Borrowings	25,000
Other liabilities	14,772
Total liabilities	530,363
Net assets acquired	78,154
Goodwill	$	23,316

Cadence Bank Branches

On December 3, 2021, The First completed its acquisition of seven Cadence Bank, N.A. (“Cadence”) branches in Northeast Mississippi (the “Cadence Branches”). In connection with the acquisition of the Cadence Branches, The First

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assumed $410.2 million in deposits, acquired $40.3 million in loans at fair value, acquired certain assets associated with the Cadence Branches at their book value, and paid a deposit premium of $1.0 million to Cadence. As a result of the acquisition, the Company will have an opportunity to increase its deposit base and reduce transaction costs. The Company also expects to reduce costs through economies of scale.

In connection with the acquisition of the Cadence Branches, the Company recorded a $1.3 million bargain purchase gain and $2.9 million core deposit intangible. The bargain purchase gain was generated as a result of the estimated fair value of net assets acquired exceeding the merger consideration, based on provisional fair values. The bargain purchase gain is considered non-taxable for income taxes purposes. The core deposit intangible will be amortized to expense over 10 years.

Expenses associated with the branch acquisition of the Cadence Branches were $608 thousand and $1.4 million for the twelve months period ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These costs included charges associated with due diligence as well as legal and consulting expenses, which have been expensed as incurred. The Company also incurred $370 thousand of provision for credit losses on credit marks from the loans acquired.

The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and consideration paid in the acquisition of the Cadence Branches were recorded at their estimated fair values based on management’s best estimates using information available at the date of the acquisition and are subject to adjustment for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition. While the fair values are not expected to be materially different from the estimates, accounting guidance provides that an acquirer must recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period, which will run through December 3, 2022 in respect of the Cadence Branches, in the measurement period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The acquirer must record in the financial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects, if any, as a result of changes to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The items most susceptible to adjustment are the credit fair value adjustments on loans, core deposit intangible and the deferred income tax assets resulting from the acquisition.

The following table summarizes the provisional fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the goodwill (bargain purchase gain) generated from the transaction ($ in thousands):


	As Initially Reported		Measurement Period Adjustments		As Adjusted
Identifiable assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	359,916	$	—	$	359,916
Loans	40,262		—		40,262
Core deposit intangible	2,890		—		2,890
Personal and real property	9,675		—		9,675
Other assets	135		—		135
Total assets	412,878		—		412,878

Liabilities and equity:
Deposits	410,171		—		410,171
Other liabilities	407		(281)		126
Total liabilities	410,578		(281)		410,297
Net assets acquired	2,300		281		2,581
Consideration paid	1,000		—		1,000
Bargain purchase gain	$	(1,300)	$	(281)	$	(1,581)

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company finalized its analysis and valuation adjustments have been made to other liabilities since initially reported.

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Supplemental Pro Forma Information

The following table presents certain supplemental pro forma information, for illustrative purposes only, for the years December 31, 2022 and 2021 as if the Cadence Branches and BBI acquisitions had occurred on January 1, 2021. The pro forma financial information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations had the acquisitions been effective as of this date.


($ in thousands)	Pro Forma for the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
	(unaudited)		(unaudited)
Net interest income	$	188,480	$	173,630
Non-interest income	41,828		43,902
Total revenue	230,308		217,532
Income before income taxes	90,619		85,609

Supplemental pro-forma earnings were adjusted to exclude acquisition costs incurred.

NOTE D - SECURITIES

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair values of AFS securities and securities HTM at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


($ in thousands)	December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
U.S Treasury	$	135,752	$	—	$	11,898	$	123,854
Obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities	163,054		3		18,688		144,369
Tax-exempt and taxable obligations of states and municipal subdivisions	519,190		598		61,931		457,857
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	341,272		11		42,041		299,242
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial	215,200		60		24,363		190,897
Corporate obligations	43,869		—		2,987		40,882
Total available-for-sale	$	1,418,337	$	672	$	161,908	$	1,257,101
Held-to-maturity:
U.S. Treasury	$	109,631	$	—	$	5,175	$	104,456
Obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities	33,789		—		2,153		31,636
Tax-exempt and taxable obligations of states and municipal subdivisions	247,467		4,525		13,699		238,293
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	156,119		—		17,479		138,640
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial	134,478		7		13,798		120,687
Corporate obligations	10,000		—		1,615		8,385
Total held-to-maturity	$	691,484	$	4,532	$	53,919	$	642,097

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($ in thousands)	December 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
U.S Treasury	$	135,889	$	83	$	814	$	135,158
Obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities	182,877		1,238		1,094		183,021
Tax-exempt and taxable obligations of states and municipal subdivisions	698,861		12,452		2,811		708,502
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	410,269		4,123		3,425		410,967
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial	277,353		2,917		2,939		277,331
Corporate obligations	35,904		962		13		36,853
Total available-for-sale	$	1,741,153	$	21,775	$	11,096	$	1,751,832

The Company reassessed classification of certain investments and effective October 2022, the Company transferred $863 thousand of obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities, $1.2 million of mortgage -backed securities - commercial, and $137.5 million of tax-exempt and taxable obligations of states and municipal subdivisions from AFS to HTM securities. The securities were transferred at their amortized costs basis, net of any remaining unrealized gain or loss reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. The related unrealized loss of $36.8 million included in other comprehensive income remained in other comprehensive income, to be amortized out of other comprehensive income with an offsetting entry to interest income as a yield adjustment through earnings over the remaining term of the securities. There was no allowance for credit loss associated with the AFS securities that were transferred to HTM.

ACL on Securities

Securities Available-for-Sale

Quarterly, the Company evaluates if a security has a fair value less than its amortized cost. Once these securities are identified, in order to determine whether a decline in fair value resulted from a credit loss or other factors, the Company performs further analysis as outlined below:

•Review the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost and determine if the decline is indicative of credit loss or other factors.

•The securities that violate the credit loss trigger above would be subjected to additional analysis.

•If the Company determines that a credit loss exists, the credit portion of the allowance will be measured using the DCF analysis using the effective interest rate. The amount of credit loss the Company records will be limited to the amount by which the amortized cost exceeds the fair value. The allowance for the calculated credit loss will be monitored going forward for further credit deterioration or improvement.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the results of the analysis did not identify any securities where the decline was indicative of credit loss factors; therefore, no DCF analysis was performed and no credit loss was recognized on any of the securities AFS.

Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses for securities AFS. Accrued interest receivable totaled $6.2 million and $6.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively and was reported in interest receivable on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet.

All AFS securities were current with no securities past due or on nonaccrual as of December 31, 2022.

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Securities Held to Maturity

At December 31, 2022, the potential credit loss exposure was $242 thousand and consisted of tax-exempt and taxable obligations of states and municipal subdivisions and corporate obligations securities. After applying appropriate probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) assumptions, the total amount of current expected credit losses was deemed immaterial. Therefore, no reserve was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses for securities held-to-maturity. Accrued interest receivable totaled $3.6 million and $0 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively and was reported in interest receivable on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet.

At December 31, 2022, the Company had no securities held-to-maturity that were past due 30 days or more as to principal or interest payments. The Company had no securities held-to-maturity classified as nonaccrual for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company monitors the credit quality of the debt securities held-to-maturity through the use of credit ratings. The Company monitors the credit ratings on a quarterly basis. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of debt securities held-to-maturity at December 31, 2022, aggregated by credit quality indicators.


($ in thousands)	December 31, 2022
Aaa	$	467,736
Aa1/Aa2/Aa3	110,854
A1/A2	13,757
BBB	10,000
Not rated	89,137
Total	$	691,484

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities are shown by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.


($ in thousands)	December 31, 2022
Available-for-Sale	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Within one year	$	48,959	$	47,812
One to five years	264,768		246,806
Five to ten years	358,442		314,217
Beyond ten years	189,695		158,126
Mortgage-backed securities: residential	341,273		299,242
Mortgage-backed securities: commercial	215,200		190,898
Total	$	1,418,337	$	1,257,101
Held-to-maturity
Within one year	$	20,262	$	20,096
One to five years	109,905		104,124
Five to ten years	47,855		43,459
Beyond ten years	222,865		215,091
Mortgage-backed securities: residential	156,119		138,640
Mortgage-backed securities: commercial	134,478		120,687
Total	$	691,484	$	642,097

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The proceeds from sales and calls of securities and the associated gains and losses are listed below:


($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Gross gains	$	82	$	202	$	289
Gross losses	164		59		8
Realized net (loss) gain	$	(82)	$	143	$	281

The amortized costs of securities pledged as collateral, to secure public deposits and for other purposes, was $1.031 billion and $889.5 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following table summarizes securities in an unrealized losses position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at December 31, 2022 and 2021. There were no held-to-maturity securities at December 31, 2021. The securities are aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:


	2022
($ in thousands)	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury	$	4,563	$	419	$	119,292	$	11,479	$	123,855	$	11,898
Obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities	34,254		2,293		109,431		16,395		143,685		18,688
Tax-exempt and taxable obligations of states and municipal subdivisions	275,202		31,152		159,508		30,779		434,710		61,931
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	76,125		4,970		222,274		37,071		298,399		42,041
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial	50,193		3,025		136,062		21,338		186,255		24,363
Corporate obligations	35,142		1,995		5,739		992		40,881		2,987
Total available-for-sale	$	475,479	$	43,854	$	752,306	$	118,054	$	1,227,785	$	161,908
Held-to-maturity:
U.S. Treasury	$	104,457	$	5,175	$	—	$	—	$	104,457	$	5,175
Obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities	31,636		2,153		—		—		31,636		2,153
Tax-exempt and taxable obligations of states and municipal subdivisions	127,628		13,583		15,303		116		142,931		13,699
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	138,639		17,479		—		—		138,639		17,479
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial	119,758		13,798		—		—		119,758		13,798
Corporate obligations	8,385		1,615		—		—		8,385		1,615
Total held-to-maturity	$	530,503	$	53,803	$	15,303	$	116	$	545,806	$	53,919

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	2021
	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury	$	130,098	$	814	$	—	$	—	$	130,098	$	814
Obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities	121,402		933		5,254		161		126,656		1,094
Tax-exempt and taxable obligations of states and municipal subdivisions	249,430		2,692		3,692		119		253,122		2,811
Mortgage-backed securities: residential	284,183		3,228		8,912		197		293,095		3,425
Mortgage-backed securities: commercial	174,697		2,836		3,038		103		177,735		2,939
Corporate obligations	6,692		8		42		5		6,734		13
Total available-for-sale	$	966,502	$	10,511	$	20,938	$	585	$	987,440	$	11,096

At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company’s securities portfolio consisted of 1,265 and 304 securities, respectively, which were in an unrealized loss position. AFS securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses at least quarterly. The unrealized losses shown above are due to increases in market rates over the yields available at the time of purchase of the underlying securities and not credit quality. The Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. No allowance for credit losses was needed at December 31, 2022. The Company did not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2021.

NOTE E - LOANS

The Company uses four different categories to classify loans in its portfolio based on the underlying collateral securing each loan. The loans grouped together in each category have been determined to share similar risk characteristics with respect to credit quality. Those four categories are commercial, financial and agriculture, commercial real estate, consumer real estate, consumer installment;

Commercial, financial and agriculture - Commercial, financial and agriculture loans include loans to business entities issued for commercial, industrial, or other business purposes. This type of commercial loan shares a similar risk characteristic in that unlike commercial real estate loans, repayment is largely dependent on cash flow generated from the operation of the business.

Commercial real estate - Commercial real estate loans are grouped as such because repayment is mainly dependent upon either the sale of the real estate, operation of the business occupying the real estate, or refinance of the debt obligation. This includes both owner-occupied and non-owner occupied CRE secured loans, because they share similar risk characteristics related to these variables.

Consumer real estate - Consumer real estate loans consist primarily of loans secured by 1-4 family residential properties and/or residential lots. This includes loans for the purpose of constructing improvements on the residential property, as well as home equity lines of credit.

Consumer installment - Installment and other loans are all loans issued to individuals that are not for any purpose related to operation of a business, and not secured by real estate. Repayment on these loans is mostly dependent on personal income, which may be impacted by general economic conditions.

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The composition of the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, is summarized below:


($ in thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Loans held for sale
Mortgage loans held for sale	$	4,443	$	7,678
Total LHFS	$	4,443	$	7,678

Loans held for investment
Commercial, financial and agriculture (1)	$	536,192	$	397,516
Commercial real estate	2,135,263		1,683,698
Consumer real estate	1,058,999		838,654
Consumer installment	43,703		39,685
Total loans	3,774,157		2,959,553
Less allowance for credit losses	(38,917)		(30,742)
Net LHFI	$	3,735,240	$	2,928,811

______________________________________

(1)Loan balance includes $710 thousand and $41.1 million in PPP loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Loans held for sale consist of mortgage loans originated by the Bank and sold into the secondary market. Commitments from investors to purchase the loans are obtained upon origination.

Accrued interest receivable is not included in the amortized cost basis of the Company’s LHFI. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, accrued interest receivable for LHFI totaled $18.0 million and $16.4 million, respectively, with no related ACL and was reported in interest receivable on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

Nonaccrual and Past Due LHFI

Past due LHFI are loans contractually past due 30 days or more as to principal or interest payments. Generally, the Company will place a delinquent loan in nonaccrual status when the loan becomes 90 days or more past due. At the time a loan is placed in nonaccrual status, all interest which has been accrued on the loan but remains unpaid is reversed and deducted from earnings as a reduction of reported interest income. No additional interest is accrued on the loan balance until the collection of both principal and interest becomes reasonably certain.

The following tables presents the aging of the amortized cost basis in past due loans in addition to those loans classified as nonaccrual including PCD loans:


	December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)	Past Due 30 to 89 Days		Past Due 90 Days or More and Still Accruing		Nonaccrual		PCD		Total Past Due, Nonaccrual and PCD		Total LHFI		Nonaccrual and PCD with No ACL
Commercial, financial and agriculture (1)	$	220	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	239	$	536,192	$	—
Commercial real estate	1,984		—		7,445		1,129		10,558		2,135,263		4,560
Consumer real estate	3,386		289		2,965		1,032		7,672		1,058,999		791
Consumer installment	173		—		1		—		174		43,703		—
Total	$	5,763	$	289	$	10,430	$	2,161	$	18,643	$	3,774,157	$	5,351

______________________________________

(1)Total loan balance includes $710 thousand in PPP loans as of December 31, 2022.

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	December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)	Past Due 30 to 89 Days		Past Due 90 Days or More and Still Accruing		Nonaccrual		PCD		Total Past Due, Nonaccrual and PCD		Total LHFI		Nonaccrual and PCD with No ACL
Commercial, financial and agriculture (1)	$	246	$	—	$	190	$	—	$	436	$	397,516	$	—
Commercial real estate	453		—		19,445		2,082		21,980		1,683,698		1,661
Consumer real estate	2,140		45		3,776		2,512		8,473		838,654		1,488
Consumer installment	121		—		7		1		129		39,685		—
Total	$	2,960	$	45	$	23,418	$	4,595	$	31,018	$	2,959,553	$	3,149

______________________________________

(1)Total loan balance includes $41.1 million in PPP loans as of December 31, 2021.

Acquired Loans

In connection with the acquisitions, the Company acquired loans both with and without evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination. Acquired loans are recorded at their fair value at the time of acquisition with no carryover from the acquired institution's previously recorded allowance for credit losses. Acquired loans are accounted for under the following accounting pronouncements: ASC 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses.

The fair value for acquired loans recorded at the time of acquisition is based upon several factors including the timing and payment of expected cash flows, as adjusted for estimated credit losses and prepayments, and then discounting these cash flows using comparable market rates. The resulting fair value adjustment is recorded in the form of premium or discount to the unpaid principal balance of each acquired loan. As it relates to acquired PCD loans, the net premium or net discount is adjusted to reflect the Company's allowance for credit losses ("ACL") recorded for PCD loans at the time of acquisition, and the remaining fair value adjustment is accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan. As it relates to acquired loans not classified as PCD ("non-PCD") loans, the credit loss and yield components of the fair value adjustments are aggregated, and the resulting net premium or net discount is accreted or amortized into interest income over the average remaining life of those loans. The Company records an ACL for non-PCD loans at the time of acquisition through provision expense, and therefore, no further adjustments are made to the net premium or net discount for non-PCD loans.

The estimated fair value of the non-PCD loans acquired in the BBI acquisition was $460.0 million, which is net of a $8.8 million discount. The gross contractual amounts receivable of the acquired non-PCD loans at acquisition was approximately $468.8 million, of which $6.4 million is the amount of contractual cash flows not expected to be collected.

The following table shows the carrying amount of loans acquired in the BBI acquisition transaction for which there was, at the date of acquisition, more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination:


($ in thousands)	Carrying Amount
Purchase price of loans at acquisition	$	27,669
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition	1,303
Non-credit discount (premium) at acquisition	530
Par value of acquired loans at acquisition	$	29,502

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amortized cost of the Company’s PCD loans totaled $24.0 million and $8.6 million, respectively, which had an estimated ACL of $1.7 million and $855 thousand, respectively.

Impaired LHFI

Prior to the adoption of FASB ASC 326, the Company individually evaluated impaired LHFI. The following table provides a detail of impaired loans broken out according to class as of December 31, 2020. The following table does not include PCI loans. The recorded investment included in the following table represents customer balances net of any partial

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charge-offs recognized on the loans, net of any deferred fees and costs. Recorded investment excludes any insignificant amount of accrued interest receivable on loans 90-days or more past due and still accruing. The unpaid balance represents the recorded balance prior to any partial charge-offs.


December 31, 2020	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Balance		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment YTD		Interest Income Recognized YTD
($ in thousands)
Impaired loans with no related allowance:
Commercial, financial and agriculture	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	198	$	—
Commercial real estate	5,884		6,087		—		11,433		47
Consumer real estate	712		758		—		790		5
Consumer installment	23		24		—		17		—
Total	$	6,619	$	6,869	$	—	$	12,438	$	52

Impaired loans with a related allowance:
Commercial, financial and agriculture	$	2,241	$	2,254	$	1,235	$	2,186	$	58
Commercial real estate	17,973		18,248		4,244		13,687		36
Consumer real estate	536		544		176		734		4
Consumer installment	26		26		14		86		—
Total	$	20,776	$	21,072	$	5,669	$	16,693	$	98

Total impaired loans:
Commercial, financial and agriculture	$	2,241	$	2,254	$	1,235	$	2,384	$	58
Commercial real estate	23,857		24,335		4,244		25,120		83
Consumer real estate	1,248		1,302		176		1,524		9
Consumer installment	49		50		14		103		—
Total Impaired Loans	$	27,395	$	27,941	$	5,669	$	29,131	$	150

The cash basis interest earned in the chart above is materially the same as the interest recognized during impairment for the year ended December 31, 2020.

The gross interest income that would have been recorded in the period that ended if the nonaccrual loans had been current in accordance with their original terms and had been outstanding throughout the period or since origination, if held for part of twelve months for the year ended December 31, 2020, was $1.5 million. The Company had no loan commitments to borrowers in nonaccrual status at December 31, 2020.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

If the Company grants a concession to a borrower for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties that it would not otherwise consider, the loan is classified as TDRs.

As of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 the Company had TDRs totaling $21.8 million, $24.2 million, and $27.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no additional amount committed on any loan classified as TDR. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, TDRs had a related ACL of $841 thousand and $4.3 million, respectively, compared to a related allowance for loan loss of $4.1 million at December 31, 2020.

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The following table presents LHFI by class modified as TDRs that occurred during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 ($ in thousands, except for number of loans).


December 31, 2022	Number of Loans	Outstanding Recorded Investment Pre-Modification		Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Modification		Interest Income Recognized
Consumer real estate	1	$	134	$	135	$	7
Total	1	$	134	$	135	$	7


December 31, 2021
Commercial, financial and agriculture	1	$	38	$	37	$	4
Commercial real estate	5	5,151		4,890		230
Consumer real estate	4	222		187		5
Consumer installment	1	13		1		—
Total	11	$	5,424	$	5,115	$	239


December 31, 2020
Commercial, financial and agriculture	1	$	12	$	9	$	2
Commercial real estate	7	2,067		2,042		40
Consumer installment	1	1		1		—
Total	9	$	2,080	$	2,052	$	42

The TDRs presented above increased the ACL $22 thousand and $1.6 million and increased the allowance for loan losses $127 thousand and resulted in no charge-offs for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

The following table presents loans by class modified as TDRs for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification during the year ending December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 ($ in thousands, except for number of loans).


	2022			2021			2020
Troubled Debt Restructurings That Subsequently Defaulted:	Number of Loans	Recorded Investment		Number of Loans	Recorded Investment		Number of Loans	Recorded Investment
Commercial real estate	—	$	—	—	$	—	4	$	1,121
Consumer real estate	1	134		2	55		—	—
Total	1	$	134	2	$	55	4	$	1,121

The modifications described above included one of the following or a combination of the following: maturity date extensions, interest only payments, amortizations were extended beyond what would be available on similar type loans, and payment waiver. No interest rate concessions were given on these loans nor were any of these loans written down. A loan is considered to be in a payment default once it is 30 days contractually past due under the modified terms. The TDRs presented above increased the ACL $22 thousand and $21 thousand and the allowance for loan losses $81 thousand and resulted in no charge-offs for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 respectively.

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The following tables represents the Company’s TDRs at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)	Current Loans		Past Due 30-89		Past Due 90 days and still accruing		Nonaccrual		Total
Commercial, financial and agriculture	$	49	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	49
Commercial real estate	13,561		—		—		6,121		19,682
Consumer real estate	1,077		—		—		929		2,006
Consumer installment	14		—		—		—		14
Total	$	14,701	$	—	$	—	$	7,050	$	21,751
Allowance for credit losses	$	350	$	—	$	—	$	491	$	841


December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)	Current Loans		Past Due 30-89		Past Due 90 days and still accruing		Nonaccrual		Total
Commercial, financial and agriculture	$	63	$	—	$	—	$	107	$	170
Commercial real estate	3,367		—		—		16,858		20,225
Consumer real estate	1,772		—		—		1,973		3,745
Consumer installment	18		—		—		—		18
Total	$	5,220	$	—	$	—	$	18,938	$	24,158
Allowance for loan losses	$	90	$	—	$	—	$	4,217	$	4,307

Collateral Dependent Loans

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent individually evaluated loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:


December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)	Real Property		Total
Commercial real estate	$	4,560	$	4,560
Consumer real estate	998		998
Total	$	5,558	$	5,558


December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)	Real Property		Total
Commercial real estate	$	1,712	$	1,712
Consumer real estate	1,858		1,858
Total	$	3,570	$	3,570

A loan is collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the sale of the collateral. The following provides a qualitative description by class of loan of the collateral that secures the Company’s collateral-dependent LHFI:

•Commercial, financial and agriculture – Loans within these loan classes are secured by equipment, inventory accounts, and other non-real estate collateral.

•Commercial real estate – Loans within these loan classes are secured by commercial real property.

•Consumer real estate - Loans within these loan classes are secured by consumer real property.

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•Consumer installment - Loans within these loan classes are secured by consumer goods, equipment, and non-real estate collateral.

There have been no significant changes to the collateral that secures these financial assets during the period.

Loan Participations

The Company has loan participations, which qualify as participating interest, with other financial institutions. As of December 31, 2022, these loans totaled $202.6 million, of which $100.1 million had been sold to other financial institutions and $102.5 million was purchased by the Company. As of December 31, 2021, these loans totaled $118.4 million, of which $77.8 million had been sold to other financial institutions and $40.6 million was purchased by the company. The loan participations convey proportionate ownership rights with equal priority to each participating interest holder; involving no recourse (other than ordinary representations and warranties) to, or subordination by, any participating interest holder; all cash flows are divided among the participating interest holders in proportion to each holder’s share of ownership; and no holder has the right to pledge the entire financial asset unless all participating interest holders agree.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually to classify the loans as to credit risk. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Pass: Loan classified as pass are deemed to possess average to superior credit quality, requiring no more than normal attention.

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Company’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

These above classifications were the most current available as of December 31, 2022, and were generally updated within the prior year.

The tables below present the amortized cost basis of loans by credit quality indicator and class of loans based on the most recent analysis performed at year ends December 31, 2022 and 2021 . Revolving loans converted to term as of year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not material to the total loan portfolio.

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($ in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
As of December 31, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans		Total
Commercial, financial and agriculture:
Risk Rating
Pass	$	181,761	$	141,174	$	55,690	$	53,954	$	43,441	$	52,038	$	181	$	528,239
Special mention	380		5,188		1,664		—		—		412		—		7,644
Substandard	50		—		—		34		33		192		—		309
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial, financial and agriculture	$	182,191	$	146,362	$	57,354	$	53,988	$	43,474	$	52,642	$	181	$	536,192
Commercial real estate:
Risk Rating
Pass	$	582,895	$	436,661	$	305,140	$	217,626	$	140,682	$	368,185	$	1,765	$	2,052,954
Special mention	672		1,345		3,938		11,643		9,885		16,612		—		44,095
Substandard	50		2,830		908		1,694		4,797		27,935		—		38,214
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial real estate	$	583,617	$	440,836	$	309,986	$	230,963	$	155,364	$	412,732	$	1,765	$	2,135,263
Consumer real estate:
Risk Rating
Pass	$	325,853	$	226,355	$	136,052	$	59,376	$	51,515	$	129,923	$	112,278	$	1,041,352
Special mention	—		—		—		—		823		3,846		—		4,669
Substandard	519		554		1,481		648		1,706		6,894		1,176		12,978
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer real estate	$	326,372	$	226,909	$	137,533	$	60,024	$	54,044	$	140,663	$	113,454	$	1,058,999
Consumer installment:
Risk Rating
Pass	$	18,925	$	11,618	$	5,031	$	2,078	$	832	$	1,445	$	3,725	$	43,654
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	4		13		24		—		3		5		—		49
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer installment	$	18,929	$	11,631	$	5,055	$	2,078	$	835	$	1,450	$	3,725	$	43,703
Total
Pass	$	1,109,434	$	815,808	$	501,913	$	333,034	$	236,470	$	551,591	$	117,949	$	3,666,199
Special mention	1,052		6,533		5,602		11,643		10,708		20,870		—		56,408
Substandard	623		3,397		2,413		2,376		6,539		35,026		1,176		51,550
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	1,111,109	$	825,738	$	509,928	$	347,053	$	253,717	$	607,487	$	119,125	$	3,774,157

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($ in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
As of December 31, 2021	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans		Total
Commercial, financial and agriculture:
Risk Rating
Pass	$	152,798	$	60,106	$	52,802	$	47,988	$	22,083	$	43,773	$	178	$	379,728
Special mention	—		255		749		90		481		29		—		1,604
Substandard	—		—		1,398		6,184		360		8,242		—		16,184
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial, financial and agriculture	$	152,798	$	60,361	$	54,949	$	54,262	$	22,924	$	52,044	$	178	$	397,516
Commercial real estate:
Risk Rating
Pass	$	402,284	$	313,288	$	207,879	$	177,943	$	134,234	$	332,588	$	—	$	1,568,216
Special mention	1,326		2,259		1,782		15,076		2,779		15,519		—		38,741
Substandard	3,904		3,189		1,931		17,147		18,814		31,756		—		76,741
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial real estate	$	407,514	$	318,736	$	211,592	$	210,166	$	155,827	$	379,863	$	—	$	1,683,698
Consumer real estate:
Risk Rating
Pass	$	243,340	$	164,359	$	70,465	$	66,940	$	51,988	$	121,238	$	98,444	$	816,774
Special mention	—		—		331		26		1,746		1,949		—		4,052
Substandard	444		532		1,280		3,410		1,288		9,241		1,633		17,828
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer real estate	$	243,784	$	164,891	$	72,076	$	70,376	$	55,022	$	132,428	$	100,077	$	838,654
Consumer installment:
Risk Rating
Pass	$	17,980	$	9,245	$	4,222	$	1,645	$	1,088	$	1,758	$	3,697	$	39,635
Special mention	—		—		—		—		1		—		—		1
Substandard	—		26		3		5		8		7		—		49
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer installment	$	17,980	$	9,271	$	4,225	$	1,650	$	1,097	$	1,765	$	3,697	$	39,685
Total
Pass	$	816,402	$	546,998	$	335,368	$	294,516	$	209,393	$	499,357	$	102,319	$	2,804,353
Special mention	1,326		2,514		2,862		15,192		5,007		17,497		—		44,398
Substandard	4,348		3,747		4,612		26,746		20,470		49,246		1,633		110,802
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	822,076	$	553,259	$	342,842	$	336,454	$	234,870	$	566,100	$	103,952	$	2,959,553

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Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)

The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. It is comprised of a general allowance for loans that are collectively assessed in pools with similar risk characteristics and a specific allowance for individually assessed loans. The allowance is continuously monitored by management to maintain a level adequate to absorb expected losses inherent in the loan portfolio.

The ACL represents the estimated losses for financial assets accounted for on an amortized cost basis. Expected losses are calculated using relevant information, from internal and external sources, about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environment conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors. Management may selectively apply external market data to subjectively adjust the Company’s own loss history including index or peer data. Expected losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed and recoveries are credited to the allowance when received. Expected recovery amounts may not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off.

The ACL is measured on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Generally, collectively assessed loans are grouped by call code (segments). Segmenting loans by call code will group loans that contain similar types of collateral, purposes, and are usually structured with similar terms making each loan’s risk profile very similar to the rest in that segment. Each of these segments then flows up into one of the four bands (bands), Commercial, Financial, and Agriculture, Commercial Real Estate, Consumer Real Estate, and Consumer Installment. In accordance with the guidance in ASC 326, the Company redefined its LHFI portfolio segments and related loan classes based on the level at which risk is monitored within the ACL methodology. Construction loans for 1-4 family residential properties with a call code 1A1, and other construction, all land development and other land loans with a call code 1A2 were previously separated between the Commercial Real Estate or Consumer Real Estate bands based on loan type code. Under our ASC 326 methodology 1A1 loans are all defined as part of the Consumer Real Estate band and 1A2 loans are all defined as part of the Commercial Real Estate Band.

The PD calculation analyzes the historical loan portfolio over the given lookback period to identify, by segment, loans that have defaulted. A default is defined as a loan that has moved to past due 90 days and greater, nonaccrual status, or experienced a charge-off during the period. The model observes loans over a 12-month window, detecting any events previously defined. This information is then used by the model to calculate annual iterative count-based PD rates for each segment. This process is then repeated for all dates within the historical data range. These averaged PD’s are used for an immediate reversion back to the historical mean. The historical data used to calculate this input was captured by the Company from 2009 through the most recent quarter end.

The LGD calculation is based on actual losses (charge-offs, net recoveries) at a loan level experienced over the entire lookback period aggregated to get a total for each segment of loans. The aggregate loss amount is divided by the exposure at default to determine an LGD rate. Defaults occurring during the lookback period are included in the denominator, whether a loss occurred or not and exposure at default is determined by the loan balance immediately preceding the default event. If there is not a minimum of five past defaults in a loan segment, or less than 15.0% calculated LGD rate, or the total balance at default is less than 1.0% of the balance in the respective call code as of the model run date, a proxy index is used. This index is proprietary to the Company’s ACL modeling vendor derived from loss data of other client institutions similar in organization structure to the Company. The vendor also provides a “crisis” index derived from loss data between the post-recessionary years of 2008-2013 that the Company uses.

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The model then uses these inputs in a non-discounted version of DCF methodology to calculate the quantitative portion of estimated losses. The model creates loan level amortization schedules that detail out the expected monthly payments for a loan including estimated prepayments and payoffs. These expected cash flows are discounted back to present value using the loan’s coupon rate instead of the effective interest rate. On a quarterly basis, the Company uses internal credit portfolio data, such as changes in portfolio volume and composition, underwriting practices, and levels of past due loans, nonaccruals and classified assets along with other external information not used in the quantitative calculation to determine if any subjective qualitative adjustments are required so that all significant risks are incorporated to form a sufficient basis to estimate credit losses.

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the allowance for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2021:


	December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)	Commercial, Financial and Agriculture		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer Real Estate		Consumer Installment		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	4,873	$	17,552	$	7,889	$	428	$	30,742
Initial allowance on PCD loans	614		576		113		—		1,303
Provision for credit losses	688		1,742		2,786		134		5,350
Loans charged-off	(259)		(72)		(204)		(683)		(1,218)
Recoveries	433		591		1,015		701		2,740
Total ending allowance balance	$	6,349	$	20,389	$	11,599	$	580	$	38,917


	December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)	Commercial, Financial and Agriculture		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer Real Estate		Consumer Installment		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	6,214	$	24,319	$	4,736	$	551	$	35,820
Impact of ASC 326 adoption on
non-PCD loans	(1,319)		(4,607)		5,257		(49)		(718)
Impact of ASC 326 adoption on
PCD loans	166		575		372		2		1,115
Provision for credit losses (1)	1,041		(100)		(2,314)		(83)		(1,456)
Loans charged-off	(1,662)		(3,523)		(473)		(555)		(6,213)
Recoveries	433		888		311		562		2,194
Total ending allowance balance	$	4,873	$	17,552	$	7,889	$	428	$	30,742


(1)			The negative provision of $1.5 million for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income is net of a $370 thousand provision for credit marks in the Cadence Branches loans acquired for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company recorded a $5.4 million, provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $1.5 million, negative provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2021. The 2022 provision for credit losses includes $3.9 million associated with day one post-merger accounting provision recorded for non-PCD loans and unfunded commitments. A $1.3 million initial allowance was recorded on PCD loans acquired in the BBI merger. The negative provision for 2021 was composed of a $1.5 million decrease in the ACL for LHFI, net of $370 thousand provision for credit marks on the Cadence Branches loans acquired. The negative provision for credit losses in 2021 was primarily due to the improved macroeconomic outlook for 2021.

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The following table provides the ending balance in the Company’s LHFI and the ACL, broken down by portfolio segment as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The table also provides additional detail as to the amount of our loans and allowance that correspond to individual versus collective impairment evaluation ($ in thousands).


	Commercial, Financial and Agriculture		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer Real Estate		Consumer Installment		Total
December 31, 2022
LHFI
Individually evaluated	$	—	$	4,560	$	998	$	—	$	5,558
Collectively evaluated	536,192		2,130,703		1,058,001		43,703		3,768,599
Total	$	536,192	$	2,135,263	$	1,058,999	$	43,703	$	3,774,157

Allowance for Credit Losses
Individually evaluated	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	—	$	5
Collectively evaluated	6,349		20,389		11,594		580		38,912
Total	$	6,349	$	20,389	$	11,599	$	580	$	38,917


	Commercial, Financial and Agriculture		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer Real Estate		Consumer Installment		Total
December 31, 2021
LHFI
Individually evaluated	$	—	$	1,712	$	1,858	$	—	$	3,570
Collectively evaluated	397,516		1,681,986		836,796		39,685		2,955,983
Total	$	397,516	$	1,683,698	$	838,654	$	39,685	$	2,959,553

Allowance for Loan Losses
Individually evaluated	$	—	$	4	$	2	$	—	$	6
Collectively evaluated	4,873		17,548		7,887		428		30,736
Total	$	4,873	$	17,552	$	7,889	$	428	$	30,742

NOTE F - PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

Premises and equipment owned and utilized in the operations of the Company are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization as follows:


($ in thousands)	2022		2021
Premises:
Land	$	40,846	$	37,939
Buildings and improvements	100,830		89,165
Equipment	32,486		28,978
Construction in progress	6,447		1,357
	180,609		157,439
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	37,091		31,480
Total	$	143,518	$	125,959

The amounts charged to operating expense for depreciation were $5.7 million, $5.4 million and $4.9 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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NOTE G - DEPOSITS

Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC Insurance limit of $250,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, were $146.6 million and $141.5 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2022, the scheduled maturities of time deposits included in interest-bearing deposits were as follows ($ in thousands):


Year	Amount
2023	$	558,195
2024	119,361
2025	18,492
2026	12,699
2027	9,257
Thereafter	8,391
Total	$	726,395

NOTE H - BORROWED FUNDS

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, borrowed funds consisted of the following ($ in thousands):


	2022		2021
FHLB advances	$	130,100	$	—
Total	$	130,100	$	—

In 2022, each advance from the FHLB was payable at its maturity date, with a prepayment penalty for fixed rate advances. Interest was payable monthly at rates ranging from 4.55% to 4.58% Advances due to the FHLB are collateralized by a blanket lien on first mortgage loans in the amount of the outstanding borrowings, FHLB capital stock, and amounts on deposit with the FHLB. In 2022, advances due to the FHLB were collateralized by $3.651 billion in loans. Based on this collateral and holdings of FHLB stock, the Company is eligible to borrow up to a total of $1.679 billion and $1.478 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Payments over the next five years are as follows ($ in thousands):


2023	$	130,100
2024	—
2025	—
2026	—
2027	—

NOTE I – LEASE OBLIGATIONS

The Company enters into leases in the normal course of business primarily for financial centers, back office operations locations and business development offices. The Company’s leases have remaining terms ranging from 1 to 9 years.

The Company includes lease extension and termination options in the lease term if, after considering relevant economic factors, it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise the option. In addition, the Company has elected to account for any non-lease components in its real estate leases as part of the associated lease component. The Company has also elected not to recognize leases with original lease terms of 12 months or less (short-term leases) on the Company’s balance sheet.

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Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date. Lease expense for operating leases and short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and is recorded in net occupancy and equipment expense in the consolidated statements of income and other comprehensive income. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date and based on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term.

The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to calculate the present value of lease payments when the rate implicit in a lease is not known. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate is based on the FHLB amortizing advance rate, adjusted for the lease term and other factors.

The following table details balance sheet information, as well as weighted-average lease terms and discount rates, related to leases at December 31, 2022 and 2021 ($ in thousands):


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Right-of-use assets:
Operating leases	$	7,620	$	4,095
Finance leases, net of accumulated depreciation	1,930		2,394
Total right-of-use assets	$	9,550	$	6,489

Lease liabilities:
Operating lease	$	7,810	$	4,192
Finance lease	1,918		2,094
Total lease liabilities	$	9,728	$	6,286

Weighted average remaining lease term
Operating leases	7.5 years		4.0 years
Finance leases	8.9 years		9.9 years

Weighted average discount rate
Operating leases	1.8%		2.4%
Finance leases	2.2%		2.2%

The table below summarizes our net lease costs ($ in thousands):


	December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Operating lease cost	$	1,464	$	1,657	$	1,763
Finance lease cost:
Interest on lease liabilities	44		7		7
Amortization of right-of-use	464		263		183
Net lease cost	$	1,972	$	1,927	$	1,953

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The table below summarizes the maturity of remaining lease liabilities at December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):


	December 31, 2022
	Operating Leases		Finance Leases

2023	$	1,418	$	220
2024	1,240		220
2025	1,104		220
2026	887		222
2027	696		252
Thereafter	2,751		986
Total lease payments	8,096		2,120
Less: Interest	(286)		(202)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	7,810	$	1,918

NOTE J - REGULATORY MATTERS

On January 15, 2022, The First, A National Banking Association, a subsidiary of the Company, converted from a national banking association to a Mississippi state-chartered bank and changed its name to The First Bank. The First Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System through the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.

The Company and its subsidiary bank are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and its subsidiary bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgment by regulators about components, risk weightings, and other related factors.

To ensure capital adequacy, quantitative measures have been established by regulators, and these require the Company and its subsidiary bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total and Tier 1 capital (as defined) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), Tier 1 capital to adjusted total assets (leverage) and common equity Tier 1.

Management believes, as of December 31, 2022, that the Company met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. Under Basel III requirements, a financial institution is considered to be well-capitalized if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% or more, has a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8% or more, has a common equity Tier 1 of 6.5%, and has a Tier 1 leverage capital ratio of 5% or more.

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The actual capital amounts and ratios, excluding unrealized losses, at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are presented in the following table. No amount was deducted from capital for interest-rate risk exposure ($ in thousands).


December 31, 2022	Company (Consolidated)				Subsidiary The First
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio

Total risk-based	$	753,708	16.7	%	$	739,616	16.4	%
Common equity Tier 1	570,660		12.7	%	701,099		15.6	%
Tier 1 risk-based	586,068		13.0	%	701,099		15.6	%
Tier 1 leverage	586,068		9.3	%	701,099		11.1	%

December 31, 2021	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
Total risk-based	$	662,658	18.6	%	$	618,472	17.4	%
Common equity Tier 1	488,290		13.7	%	588,334		16.6	%
Tier 1 risk-based	503,644		14.1	%	588,334		16.6	%
Tier 1 leverage	503,644		9.2	%	588,334		10.8	%

The minimum amounts of capital and ratios, not including Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, as established by banking regulators at December 31, 2022, and 2021, were as follows ($ in thousands):


December 31, 2022	Company (Consolidated)				Subsidiary The First
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio

Total risk-based	$	360,597	8.0	%	$	360,071	8.0	%
Common equity Tier 1	202,836		4.5	%	202,540		4.5	%
Tier 1 risk-based	270,447		6.0	%	270,053		6.0	%
Tier 1 leverage	180,298		4.0	%	180,035		4.0	%


December 31, 2021	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
Total risk-based	$	285,049	8.0	%	$	284,209	8.0	%
Common equity Tier 1	160,340		4.5	%	159,868		4.5	%
Tier 1 risk-based	213,787		6.0	%	213,157		6.0	%
Tier 1 leverage	142,524		4.0	%	142,105		4.0	%

The principal sources of funds to the Company to pay dividends are the dividends received from the Bank. Consequently, dividends are dependent upon The First’s earnings, capital needs, regulatory policies, as well as statutory and regulatory limitations. Federal Reserve regulations limit dividends, stock repurchases and discretionary bonuses to executive officers if the Company’s regulatory capital is below the level of regulatory minimums plus the applicable capital conservation buffer. Federal and state banking laws and regulations restrict the amount of dividends and loans a bank may make to its parent company. Approval by the Company’s regulators is required if the total of all dividends declared in any calendar year exceed the total of its net income for that year combined with its retained net income of the preceding two years. In 2022, the Bank had available $172.0 million to pay dividends.

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NOTE K - INCOME TAXES

The components of income tax expense are as follows ($ in thousands):


	Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Current:
Federal	$	12,071	$	12,546	$	11,270
State	2,759		2,630		2,308
Deferred	940		1,739		(3,015)
Total income tax expense	$	15,770	$	16,915	$	10,563

The Company's income tax expense differs from the amounts computed by applying the federal income tax statutory rates to income before income taxes. A reconciliation of the differences is as follows ($ in thousands):


	Years Ended December 31,
	2022				2021				2020
	Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%
Income taxes at statutory rate	$	16,525	21	%	$	17,027	21	%	$	13,244	21	%
Tax-exempt income, net	(2,369)		(3)	%	(1,692)		(2)	%	(1,868)		(2)	%
Bargain purchase gain	—		—	%	—		—	%	(1,645)		(3)	%
Nondeductible expenses	391		—	%	29		—	%	188		—	%
State income tax, net of federal tax effect	2,251		3	%	2,299		3	%	1,600		3	%
Federal tax credits, net	(715)		(1)	%	(715)		(1)	%	(715)		(1)	%
Other, net	(313)		—	%	(33)		—	%	(241)		(1)	%
	$	15,770	17	%	$	16,915	17	%	$	10,563	17	%

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The components of deferred income taxes included in the consolidated financial statements were as follows ($ in thousands):


	December 31,
	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for loan losses	$	9,581	$	7,566
Net operating loss carryover	24,531		2,109
Nonaccrual loan interest	600		1,447
Other real estate	894		247
Deferred compensation	1,205		1,267
Loan purchase accounting	2,554		966
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	48,738		—
Lease liability	2,395		1,547
Other	3,299		2,421
	93,797		17,570
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	—		(2,702)
Securities	(627)		(778)
Premises and equipment	(6,588)		(7,637)
Core deposit intangible	(7,628)		(6,255)
Goodwill	(2,388)		(2,121)
Right-of-use asset	(2,517)		(1,702)
Other	(596)		(485)
	(20,344)		(21,680)
Net deferred tax asset/(liability), included in other assets/(liabilities)	$	73,453	$	(4,110)

With the acquisition of Baldwin Bancshares, Inc. in 2013, BCB Holding Company, Inc. in 2014, Gulf Coast Community Bank in 2017, Sunshine Financial, Inc. in 2018, and FPB Financial Corp. in 2019, SWG in 2020, and BBI in 2022 the Company assumed federal tax net operating loss carryovers. $200.2 million of net operating losses remain available to the Company and begin to expire in 2026. The Company expects to fully utilize the net operating losses.

The Company follows the guidance of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC Topic 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no uncertain tax positions that it believes should be recognized in the financial statements. The tax years still subject to examination by taxing authorities are years subsequent to 2018.

NOTE L - EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

The Company and the Bank provide a deferred compensation arrangement (401k plan) whereby employees contribute a percentage of their compensation. For employee contributions of six percent or less, the Company and its subsidiary bank provide a 50% matching contribution. Contributions totaled $1.2 million in 2022, $1.1 million in 2021, and $990 thousand in 2020.

The Company sponsors an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) for employees who have completed one year of service for the Company and attained age 21. Employees become fully vested after five years of service. Contributions to the plan are at the discretion of the Board of Directors. At December 31, 2022, the ESOP held 5,728 shares valued at $183 thousand of Company common stock and had no debt obligation. All shares held by the plan were considered outstanding for net income per share purposes. Total ESOP expense was $33 thousand for 2022, $3 thousand for 2021, and $26 thousand for 2020.

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In 2014, the Company established a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”) for three active key executives. During 2016, the Company established a SERP for eight additional active key executives. Pursuant to the SERP, these officers are entitled to receive 180 equal monthly payments commencing at the later of obtaining age 65 or separation from service. The costs of such benefits, assuming a retirement date at age 65, are accrued by the Company and included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The SERP balance at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $3.7 million and $2.7 million, respectively. The Company accrued to expense $945 thousand for 2022, $945 thousand for 2021, and $676 thousand for 2020 for future benefits payable under the SERP. The SERP is an unfunded plan and is considered a general contractual obligation of the Company.

Upon the acquisition of Iberville Bank, Southwest Banc Shares, Inc., FMB Banking Corporation, and SWG, the Bank assumed deferred compensation agreements with directors and employees. At December 31, 2022, the total liability of the deferred compensation agreements was $833 thousand, $1.1 million, $2.8 million, and $353 thousand, respectively. Deferred compensation expense totaled $21 thousand, $46 thousand, $190 thousand, and $19 thousand, respectively for 2022.

NOTE M - STOCK PLANS

In 2007, the Company adopted the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan. The 2007 Plan provided for the issuance of up to 315,000 shares of Company Common Stock, $1.00 par value per share. In 2015, the Company adopted an amendment to the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan which provided for the issuance of an additional 300,000 shares of Company Common Stock, $1.00 par value per share, for a total of 615,000 shares. In 2021, the Company adopted an amendment to the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan which provided for the issuance of an additional 500,000 shares of Company Common Stock, $1.00 par value per share, for a total of 1,115,000 shares. Shares issued under the 2007 Plan may consist in whole or in part of authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares. Total shares issuable under the plan are 384,955 at year-end 2022, and 129,950 and 93,578 shares were issued in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

A summary of changes in the Company’s nonvested shares for the year follows:


Nonvested shares	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2022	314,310	$	30.58
Granted	129,950
Vested	(77,704)
Forfeited	(2,500)
Nonvested at December 31, 2022	364,056	$	31.88

As of December 31, 2022, there was $6.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested shares granted under the Plan. The costs is expected to be recognized over the remaining term of the vesting period (approximately 5 years). The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $2.5 million, $3.2 million, and $3.2 million.

Compensation cost in the amount of $2.4 million was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022, $3.1 million was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Shares of restricted stock granted to employees under this stock plan are subject to restrictions as to the vesting period. The restricted stock award becomes 100% vested on the earliest of 1) the vesting period provided the Grantee has not incurred a termination of employment prior to that date, 2) the Grantee’s retirement, or 3) the Grantee’s death. During this period, the holder is entitled to full voting rights and dividends. The dividends are held by the Company and only paid if and when the grants are vested. The 2007 Plan also contains a double trigger change-in-control provision pursuant to which unvested shares of stock granted through the plan will be accelerated upon a change in control if the executive is terminated without cause as a result of the transaction (as long as the shares granted remain part of the Company or are transferred into the shares of the new company).

In 2022, as part of the BBI acquisition, the Company assumed outstanding options previously granted by BBI under the BBI 2018 Stock Option Plan ("legacy BBI options"). In connection with the assumption of the legacy BBI

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options, the Company reserved for issuance 310,427 shares of common stock to be issued upon exercise of such options. These options had a weighted average exercise price of $29.23 and were fully vested upon acquisition.

NOTE N - SUBORDINATED DEBT

Debentures

On June 30, 2006, the Company issued $4.1 million of floating rate junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures to The First Bancshares Statutory Trust 2 ("Trust 2"). The Company owns all of the common equity of Trust 2, and the debentures are the sole asset of Trust 2. Trust 2 issued $4,000,000 of Trust Preferred Securities to investors. The Company’s obligations under the debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of the Trust 2's obligations under the preferred securities. The preferred securities are redeemable by the Company at its option. The preferred securities must be redeemed upon maturity of the debentures in 2036. Interest on the preferred securities is the three month London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR) plus 1.65% and is payable quarterly. The terms of the subordinated debentures are identical to those of the preferred securities.

On July 27, 2007, the Company issued $6.2 million of floating rate junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures to The First Bancshares Statutory Trust 3 ("Trust 3"). The Company owns all of the common equity of Trust 3, and the debentures are the sole asset of Trust 3. The Trust 3 issued $6,000,000 of Trust Preferred Securities to investors. The Company’s obligations under the debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of Trust 3's obligations under the preferred securities. The preferred securities are redeemable by the Company at its option. The preferred securities must be redeemed upon maturity of the debentures in 2037. Interest on the preferred securities is the three month LIBOR plus 1.40% and is payable quarterly. The terms of the subordinated debentures are identical to those of the preferred securities.

In 2018, as the result of the acquisition of FMB Banking Corporation ("FMB"), the Company became the successor to FMB’s obligations in respect of $6,186,000 of floating rate junior subordinated debentures issued to FMB Capital Trust 1 ("FMB Trust"). The debentures are the sole asset of FMB Trust, and the Company is the sole owner of the common equity of FMB Trust. FMB Trust issued $6,000,000 of Trust Preferred Securities to investors. The Company’s obligations under the debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of FMB Trust's obligations under the preferred securities. The preferred securities must be redeemed upon maturity of the debentures in 2033. Interest on the preferred securities is the three month LIBOR plus 2.85% and is payable quarterly.

In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 810, Consolidation, the Trust 2, Trust 3, and FMB Trust are not included in the consolidated financial statements.

Notes

On April 30, 2018, The Company entered into two Subordinated Note Purchase Agreements pursuant to which the Company sold and issued $24.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.875% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2028 and $42.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.40% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2033 (collectively, the “Notes”).

On September 25, 2020, The Company entered into a Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement with certain qualified institutional buyers pursuant to which the Company sold and issued $65.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 4.25% Fixed to Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030. The Notes are unsecured and have a ten-year term, maturing October 1, 2030, and will bear interest at a fixed annual rate of 4.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears, for the first five years of the term. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to a benchmark rate (which is expected to be the Three-Month Term SOFR plus 412.6 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears). As provided in the Notes, under specified conditions the interest rate on the Notes during the applicable floating rate period may be determined based on a rate other than Three-Month Term SOFR. The Company is entitled to redeem the

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Notes, in whole or in part, on any interest payment date on or after October 1, 2025, and to redeem the Notes at any time in whole upon certain other specified events.

The Company had $145.0 million of subordinated debt, net of deferred issuance costs $1.9 million and unamortized fair value mark $593 thousand, at December 31, 2022, compared to $144.7 million, net of deferred issuance costs $2.1 million and unamortized fair value mark $646 thousand, at December 31, 2021.

NOTE O - TREASURY STOCK

Shares held in treasury totaled 1,249,607 at December 31, 2022, 649,607 at December 31, 2021 and 483,984 at December 31, 2020.

On May 7, 2020, the Company announced the renewal of its share repurchase program that previously expired on December 31, 2019. Under the program, the Company could from time to time repurchase up to $15 million of shares of its common stock in any manner determined appropriate by the Company’s management. The actual timing and method of any purchases, the target number of shares and the maximum price (or range of prices) under the program, was determined by management at its discretion and depended on a number of factors, including the market price of the Company’s common stock, general market and economic conditions, and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The renewed share repurchase program expired on December 31, 2020. The Company repurchased 289,302 shares in 2020 pursuant to the program.

On February 8, 2022, the Company announced the renewal of the 2021 Repurchase Program that previously expired on December 31, 2021. Under the renewed 2021 Repurchase Program, the Company could repurchase up to an aggregate of $30 million of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock in any manner determined appropriate by the Company’s management, less the amount of prior purchases under the program during the 2021 calendar year. The renewed 2021 Repurchase Program was completed in February 2022 when the Company’s repurchases under the program approached the maximum authorized amount. The Company repurchased 600,000 shares under the 2021 Repurchase Program in the first quarter of 2022.

On March 9, 2022, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program (the “2022 Repurchase Program”), pursuant to which the Company could purchase up to an aggregate of $30 million in shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock during the 2022 calendar year. Under the program, the Company could, but was not required to, from time to time repurchase up $30 million of shares of its own common stock in any manner determined appropriate by the Company’s management. The actual timing and method of any purchases, the target number of shares and the maximum price (or range of prices) under the program, was determined by management at is discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of the Company’s common stock, general market and economic conditions, and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The 2022 Repurchase Program had an expiration date of December 31, 2022.

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NOTE P - RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

In the normal course of business, the Bank makes loans to its directors and executive officers and to companies in which they have a significant ownership interest. Such loans amounted to approximately $28.3 million and $21.9 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The activity in loans to current directors, executive officers, and their affiliates during the year ended December 31, 2022, is summarized as follows ($ in thousands):


Loans outstanding at beginning of year	$	21,855
Advances/new loans	7,487
Removed/payments	(1,004)
Loans outstanding at end of year	$	28,338

Deposits from principal officers, directors, and their affiliates at year-end 2022 and 2021 were $16.8 million and $14.8 million.

NOTE Q - COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES, AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK

In the normal course of business, there are outstanding various commitments and contingent liabilities, such as guaranties, commitments to extend credit, overdraft protection, etc., which are not reflected in the accompanying financial statements. Commitments to extend credit and letters of credit include some exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance of the customer. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Bank to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit policies and procedures for such commitments are the same as those used for lending activities. Because these instruments have fixed maturity dates and because a number expire without being drawn upon, they generally do not present any significant liquidity risk. No significant losses on commitments were incurred during the two years ended December 31, 2022, nor are any significant losses as a result of these transactions anticipated.

The contractual amounts of financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk at year-end were as follows:


	2022				2021
($ in thousands)	Fixed Rate		Variable Rate		Fixed Rate		Variable Rate
Commitments to make loans	$	43,227	$	15,758	$	80,760	$	23,946
Unused lines of credit	243,043		404,025		213,332		309,791
Standby letters of credit	4,260		9,909		2,586		9,737

Commitments to make loans are generally made for periods of 90 days or less. The fixed rate loan commitments have interest rates ranging from 1.0% to 18.0% and maturities ranging from 1 year to 30 years.

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (“ACL”) ON OFF BALANCE SHEET CREDIT (“OBSC”) Exposures

The Company adopted ASC 326, effective January 1, 2021, which requires the Company to estimate expected credit losses for OBSC exposures which are not unconditionally cancellable. The Company maintains a separate ACL on OBSC exposures, including unfunded commitments and letters of credit, which is included on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The ACL on OBSC exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.

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Changes in the ACL on OBSC exposures were as follows for the presented periods:


($ in thousands)	2022		2021
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,070	$	—
Adoption of ASU 326	—		718
Credit loss expense related to OBSC exposures	255		352
Balance at end of period	$	1,325	$	1,070

Adjustments to the ACL on OBSC exposures are recorded to provision for credit losses OBSC exposures. The Company recorded $255 thousand and $352 thousand to the provision for credit losses OBSC exposures for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

No credit loss estimate is reported for OBSC exposures that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company or for undrawn amounts under such arrangements that may be drawn prior to the cancellation on the arrangement.

The Company currently has 87 full service banking and financial service offices, one motor bank facility and two loan production offices across Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Louisiana. Management closely monitors its credit concentrations and attempts to diversify the portfolio within its primary market area. As of December 31, 2022, management does not consider there to be any significant credit concentrations within the loan portfolio. Although the Bank’s loan portfolio, as well as existing commitments, reflects the diversity of its primary market area, a substantial portion of a borrower's ability to repay a loan is dependent upon the economic stability of the area.

In the normal course of business, the Company and its subsidiary are subject to pending and threatened legal actions. Although the Company is not able to predict the outcome of such actions, after reviewing pending and threatened actions with counsel, management believes that based on the information currently available the outcome of such actions, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

NOTE R - FAIR VALUES OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The Company follows the guidance of ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, that establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

The guidance defines the fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. It also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

In accordance with the guidance, the Company groups its financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:

Level 1:Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in active exchange markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2:Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in less active dealer or broker markets. Valuations are obtained from third party pricing services for identical or comparable assets or liabilities which use observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets and liabilities.

Level 3:Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

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The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument for which it is practicable to estimate that value:

Cash and Cash Equivalents – For such short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Debt Securities - The fair value of available-for-sale securities is determined by various valuation methodologies. Where quoted market prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Level 2 securities include obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. In certain cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, securities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy. For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using the discounted cash flow or other market indicators (Level 3).

Loans – The fair value of loans was estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using the current interest rates at which similar loans would be made for the same remaining maturities, in accordance with the exit price notion as defined by FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement ("ASC 820"). Expected future cash flows were projected based on contractual cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments and as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-01, which also included credit risk and other market factors to calculate the exit price fair value in accordance with ASC 820.

Loans Held for Sale - Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value in the aggregate as determined by the outstanding commitments from investors. As, such we classify those loans subjected to nonrecurring fair value adjustments as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Interest Rate Swaps - The Company offers interest rate swaps to certain commercial loan customers to allow them to hedge the risk of rising interest rates on their variable rate loans. The Company originates a variable rate loan and enters into a variable to fixed interest rate swap with the customer. The Company also enters into an offsetting swap with a correspondent bank. These back-to-back agreements are intended to offset each other and allow the Company to originate a variable rate loan, while providing the contract or fixed interest payments for the customer. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these derivative contracts, the valuation of interest rates swaps is classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Accrued Interest Receivable – The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable approximates fair value and is classified as level 2 for accrued interest receivable related to investments securities and Level 3 for accrued interest receivable related to loans.

Deposits – The fair values of demand deposits are, as required by ASC Topic 825, equal to the carrying value of such deposits. Demand deposits include non-interest-bearing demand deposits, savings accounts, NOW accounts, and money market demand accounts. The fair value of variable rate term deposits, those repricing within six months or less, approximates the carrying value of these deposits. Discounted cash flows have been used to value fixed rate term deposits and variable rate term deposits repricing after six months. The discount rate used is based on interest rates currently being offered on comparable deposits as to amount and term.

Short-Term Borrowings – The carrying value of any federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings approximates their fair values.

FHLB and Other Borrowings – The fair value of the fixed rate borrowings is estimated using discounted cash flows, based on current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. The carrying amount of any variable rate borrowing approximates its fair value.

Subordinated Debentures – Fair values are determined based on the current market value of like instruments of a similar maturity and structure.

Accrued Interest Payable – The carrying amount of accrued interest payable approximates fair value resulting in a Level 2 classification.

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Off-Balance Sheet Instruments – Fair values of off-balance sheet financial instruments are based on fees charged to enter into similar agreements. However, commitments to extend credit do not represent a significant value until such commitments are funded or closed. Management has determined that these instruments do not have a distinguishable fair value and no fair value has been assigned.

The following table presents the Company’s securities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level within the hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fell as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:


December 31, 2022	Fair Value Measurements
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury	$	123,854	$	123,854	$	—	$	—
Obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities	144,369		—		144,369		—
Municipal securities	457,857		—		442,740		15,117
Mortgage-backed Securities	490,139		—		490,139		—
Corporate obligations	40,882		—		40,851		31
Total investment securities available-for-sale	$	1,257,101	$	123,854	$	1,118,099	$	15,148
Loans held for sale	4,443		—		4,443		—
Interest rate swaps	$	12,825	$	—	$	12,825	$	—
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps	$	12,825	$	—	$	12,825	$	—


December 31, 2021	Fair Value Measurements
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury	$	135,158	$	135,158	$	—	$	—
Obligations of U.S. government agencies and sponsored entities	183,021		—		183,021		—
Municipal securities	708,502		—		688,379		20,123
Mortgage-backed securities	688,298		—		688,298		—
Corporate obligations	36,853		—		36,810		43
Total investment securities available-for-sale	$	1,751,832	$	135,158	$	1,596,508	$	20,166
Loans held for sale	$	7,678	$	—	$	7,678	$	—

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The following is a reconciliation of activity for assets measured at fair value based on significant unobservable (Level 3) information:


	Bank-Issued Trust Preferred Securities
($ in thousands)	2022		2021
Balance, January 1	$	43	$	235
Paydowns	(12)		(215)
Gain included in income	—		27
Unrealized (loss) included in comprehensive income	—		(4)
Balance, December 31	$	31	$	43


	Municipal Securities
($ in thousands)	2022		2021
Balance, January 1	$	20,123	$	20,126
Purchases	—		6,019
Maturities, calls and paydowns	(2,328)		(5,457)
Unrealized (loss) gain included in comprehensive income	(2,678)		(565)
Balance, December 31	$	15,117	$	20,123

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair values of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The following tables present quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurements ($ in thousands):

Trust Preferred Securities

Fair Value

Valuation Technique

Significant Unobservable
Inputs

Range of Inputs

December 31, 2022

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

6.98% - 7.19%

December 31, 2021

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

2.35% - 2.47%

Municipal Securities

Fair Value

Valuation Technique

Significant Unobservable
Inputs

Range of Inputs

December 31, 2022

15,117

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

3.00% - 4.00%

December 31, 2021

20,123

Discounted cash flow

Discount rate

0.50% - 1.90%

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and recognized in the accompanying balance sheets, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Collateral Dependent Loans

Loans for which it is probable that the Company will not collect all principal and interest due according to contractual terms are measured for impairment. If the impaired loan is identified as collateral dependent, then the fair value method of measuring the amount of impairment is utilized. This method requires obtaining a current independent appraisal of the collateral. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income date available for similar loans and collateral underlying such loans. Such adjustments, if any, result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. The Company adjusts the appraisal for cost associated with litigation and collections. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Impaired loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment.

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Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned consists of properties obtained through foreclosure. The adjustment at the time of foreclosure is recorded through the allowance for loan losses. Fair value of other real estate owned is based on current independent appraisals of the collateral less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new costs basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals, which are updated no less frequently than annually. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach with data from comparable properties. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments, if any, result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. In the determination of fair value subsequent to foreclosure, management also considers other factors or recent developments, such as changes in market conditions from the time of valuation and anticipated sales values considering plans for disposition, which could result in an adjustment to lower the collateral value estimates indicated in the appraisals. The Company adjust the appraisal 10 percent for carrying costs. Periodic revaluations are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy since assumptions are used that may not be observable in the market. Due to the subjective nature of establishing the fair value when the asset is acquired, the actual fair value of the other real estate owned or foreclosed asset could differ from the original estimate. If it is determined the fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, a valuation allowance is recorded through other income. Operating costs associated with the assets after acquisition are also recorded as non-interest expense. Gains and losses on the disposition of other real estate owned and foreclosed assets are netted and recorded in other income. Other real estate measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2022, amounted to $4.8 million. Other real estate owned is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table presents the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements were reported at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2022
Collateral dependent loans	$	5,552	$	—	$	—	$	5,552
Other real estate owned	4,832		—		—		4,832

December 31, 2021
Collateral dependent loans	$	3,564	$	—	$	—	$	3,564
Other real estate owned	2,565		—		—		2,565

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Estimated fair values for the Company's financial instruments are as follows, as of the dated noted:


	Fair Value Measurements
December 31, 2022	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Quoted Prices (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
($ in thousands)
Financial Instruments:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	145,315	$	145,315	$	145,315	$	—	$	—
Securities available-for-sale	1,257,101		1,257,101		123,854		1,118,099		15,148
Securities held-to-maturity	691,484		642,097		—		642,097		—
Loans held for sale	4,443		4,443		—		4,443		—
Loans, net	3,735,240		3,681,313		—		—		3,681,313
Accrued interest receivable	27,723		27,723		—		9,757		17,966
Interest rate swaps	12,825		12,825		—		12,825		—

Liabilities:
Non-interest-bearing deposits	$	1,630,203	$	1,630,203	$	—	$	1,630,203	$	—
Interest-bearing deposits	3,864,201		3,505,990		—		3,505,990		—
Subordinated debentures	145,027		133,816		—		—		133,816
FHLB and other borrowings	130,100		130,100		—		130,100		—
Accrued interest payable	3,324		3,324		—		3,324		—
Interest rate swaps	12,825		12,825		—		12,825		—


	Fair Value Measurements
December 31, 2021	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Quoted Prices (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
($ in thousands)
Financial Instruments:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	919,713	$	919,713	$	919,713	$	—	$	—
Securities available-for-sale	1,751,832		1,751,832		135,158		1,596,508		20,166
Loans held for sale	7,678		7,678		—		7,678		—
Loans, net	2,928,811		2,956,278		—		—		2,956,278
Accrued interest receivable	23,256		23,256		—		6,838		16,418

Liabilities:
Non-interest-bearing deposits	$	756,118	$	756,118	$	—	$	756,118	$	—
Interest-bearing deposits	4,470,666		4,431,771		—		4,431,771		—
Subordinated debentures	144,726		156,952		—		—		156,952
Accrued interest payable	1,711		1,711		—		1,711		—

NOTE S - REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

All of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within non-interest income. The guidance does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, including loans and

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investment securities that are accounted for under other GAAP, which comprise a significant portion of our revenue stream. A description of the Company’s revenue streams accounted for under ASC 606 is as follows:

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts: The Company earns fees from deposit customers for transaction-based, account maintenance, and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as ATM use fees, stop payment charges, statement rendering, and ACH fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed at the point in the time the Company fulfills the customer’s request. Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. Service charges on deposits are withdrawn from the customer’s account balance.

Interchange Income: The Company earns interchange fees from debit and credit card holder transaction conducted through various payment networks. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized daily, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided by the cardholder.

Gains/Losses on Sales of OREO: The Company records a gain or loss from the sale of OREO when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. When the Company finances the sale of OREO to the buyer, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether the collectability of the transaction prices is probable. Once these criteria are met, the OREO asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer. In determining the gain or loss on the sale, the Company adjusts the transaction price and related gain (loss) on sale if a significant financing component is present.

All of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within non-interest income. The following table presents the Company’s sources of non-interest income for December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Items outside the scope of ASC 606 are noted as such.


	Year Ended December 31, 2022
Revenue by Operating Segments	Commercial/ Retail Bank		Mortgage Banking Division		Holding Company		Total
($ in thousands)
Non-interest income
Service charges on deposits
Overdraft fees	$	4,023	$	93	$	—	$	4,116
Other	8,679		—		—		8,679
Interchange income	12,702		—		—		12,702
Investment brokerage fees	1,566		—		—		1,566
Net gains on OREO	214		—		—		214
Net losses on sales of securities (1)	(82)		—		—		(82)
Gain on acquisition	281		—		—		281
Loss on premises and equipment	(116)		—		—		(116)
Other	2,724		4,210		2,667		9,601
Total non-interest income	$	29,991	$	4,303	$	2,667	$	36,961

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	Year Ended December 31, 2021
Revenue by Operating Segments	Commercial/ Retail Bank		Mortgage Banking Division		Holding Company		Total
($ in thousands)
Non-interest income
Service charges on deposits
Overdraft fees	$	3,122	$	—	$	—	$	3,122
Other	4,140		2		—		4,142
Interchange income	11,562		—		—		11,562
Investment brokerage fees	1,349		—		—		1,349
Net (losses) on OREO	(300)		—		—		(300)
Net gains on sales of securities (1)	143		—		—		143
Gain on acquisition	1,300		—		—		1,300
Loss on premises and equipment	(264)		—		—		(264)
Other	7,487		8,821		111		16,419
Total non-interest income	$	28,539	$	8,823	$	111	$	37,473


	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Commercial/ Retail Bank		Mortgage Banking Division		Holding Company		Total
Revenue by Operating Segments
($ in thousands)
Non-interest income
Service charges on deposits
Overdraft fees	$	3,218	$	—	$	—	$	3,218
Other	3,993		2		—		3,995
Interchange income	9,433		—		—		9,433
Investment brokerage fees	932		—		—		932
Net gains (losses) on OREO	(537)		—		—		(537)
Net gains on sales of securities (1)	281		—		—		281
Gain on acquisition	7,835		—		—		7,835
Gain on premises and equipment	443		—		—		443
Other	4,940		10,444		892		16,276
Total non-interest income	$	30,538	$	10,446	$	892	$	41,876

___________________________________

(1)Not within scope of ASC 606.

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NOTE T - PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The balance sheets, statements of income and cash flows for The First Bancshares, Inc. (parent company only) follows:

Condensed Balance Sheets


	December 31,
($ in thousands)	2022		2021
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,843	$	34,731
Investment in subsidiary bank	778,885		776,215
Investments in statutory trusts	496		496
Bank owned life insurance	333		3,818
Other	3,962		6,187
	$	793,519	$	821,447
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity:
Subordinated debentures	$	145,027	$	144,726
Borrowed funds	—		—
Other	1,830		549
Stockholders’ equity	646,663		676,172
	$	793,519	$	821,447

Condensed Statements of Income


	Years Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Income:
Interest and dividends	$	17	$	10	$	20
Dividend income	16,000		—		18,526
Other	2,667		111		892
	18,684		121		19,438
Expenses:
Interest on borrowed funds	7,492		7,375		5,593
Legal and professional	593		941		1,014
Other	7,498		4,828		4,361
	15,583		13,144		10,968
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	3,101		(13,023)		8,470
Income tax benefit	3,263		3,295		2,545
Income (loss) before equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	6,364		(9,728)		11,015
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	56,555		73,895		41,490

Net income	$	62,919	$	64,167	$	52,505

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows


	Years Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	62,919	$	64,167	$	52,505
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Equity in undistributed income of Subsidiary	(56,555)		(73,895)		(41,490)
Restricted stock expense	2,425		3,100		2,352
Other, net	6,255		(3,343)		329
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	15,044		(9,970)		13,696

Cash flows from investing activities:
Investment in bank	(1,300)		—		—
Other, net	290		—		1,726
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(1,010)		—		1,726

Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid on common stock	(16,275)		(11,991)		(8,589)
Repurchase of restricted stock for payment of taxes	(683)		(721)		(494)
Common stock repurchased	(22,180)		(5,171)		(8,067)
Repayment of borrowed funds	—		(4,647)		(707)
Issuance of subordinated debt	—		—		63,725
Other, net	216		—		—
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(38,922)		(22,530)		45,868

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(24,888)		(32,500)		61,290
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	34,731		67,231		5,941

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	9,843	$	34,731	$	67,231

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NOTE U - OPERATING SEGMENTS

The Company is considered to have three principal business segments in 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Commercial/Retail Bank, the Mortgage Banking Division, and the Holding Company.


	Year Ended December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)	Commercial/ Retail Bank		Mortgage Banking Division		Holding Company		Total
Interest income	$	199,937	$	439	$	17	$	200,393
Interest expense	14,979		106		7,492		22,577
Net interest income (loss)	184,958		333		(7,475)		177,816
Provision (credit) for credit losses	5,605		—		—		5,605
Net interest income (loss) after provision for loan losses	179,353		333		(7,475)		172,211
Non-interest income	29,991		4,303		2,667		36,961
Non-interest expense	116,899		5,493		8,091		130,483
Income (loss) before income taxes	92,445		(857)		(12,899)		78,689
Income tax (benefit) expense	19,250		(217)		(3,263)		15,770
Net income (loss)	$	73,195	$	(640)	$	(9,636)	$	62,919

Total Assets	$	6,428,889	$	18,194	$	14,634	$	6,461,717
Net Loans	3,734,659		5,024		—		3,739,683


	Year Ended December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)	Commercial/ Retail Bank		Mortgage Banking Division		Holding Company		Total
Interest income	$	176,153	$	582	$	10	$	176,745
Interest expense	12,166		140		7,375		19,681
Net interest income (loss)	163,987		442		(7,365)		157,064
Provision (credit) for loan losses	(1,104)		—		—		(1,104)
Net interest income (loss) after provision for loan losses	165,091		442		(7,365)		158,168
Non-interest income	28,539		8,823		111		37,473
Non-interest expense	103,430		5,361		5,768		114,559
Income (loss) before income taxes	90,200		3,904		(13,022)		81,082
Income tax (benefit) expense	19,222		988		(3,295)		16,915
Net income (loss)	$	70,978	$	2,916	$	(9,727)	$	64,167

Total Assets	$	6,015,664	$	16,519	$	45,231	$	6,077,414
Net Loans	2,929,995		6,494		—		2,936,489

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	Year Ended December 31, 2020
($ in thousands)	Commercial/ Retail Bank		Mortgage Banking Division		Holding Company		Total
Interest income	$	178,462	$	866	$	20	$	179,348
Interest expense	20,801		270		5,593		26,664
Net interest income (loss)	157,661		596		(5,573)		152,684
Provision (credit) for loan losses	25,076		75		—		25,151
Net interest income (loss) after provision for loan losses	132,585		521		(5,573)		127,533
Non-interest income	30,538		10,446		892		41,876
Non-interest expense	95,370		5,596		5,375		106,341
Income (loss) before income taxes	67,753		5,371		(10,056)		63,068
Income tax (benefit) expense	11,749		1,359		(2,545)		10,563
Net income (loss)	$	56,004	$	4,012	$	(7,511)	$	52,505

Total Assets	$	5,044,647	$	33,525	$	74,588	$	5,152,760
Net Loans	3,099,675		9,615		—		3,109,290

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NOTE V - SUMMARY OF QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND PER SHARE AMOUNTS (UNAUDITED)


($ in thousands, except per share amounts)	March 31		June 30		Sept. 30		Dec. 31
2022
Total interest income	$	42,741	$	45,847	$	53,874	$	57,931
Total interest expense	4,102		3,746		4,726		10,003
Net interest income	$	38,639	$	42,101	$	49,148	$	47,928
Provision for credit losses	—		600		4,300		705
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	38,639		41,501		44,848		47,223
Total non-interest income	11,157		8,664		9,022		8,118
Total non-interest expense	28,590		30,955		35,903		35,035
Income tax expense	4,377		3,457		3,924		4,012
Net income available to common stockholders	$	16,829	$	15,753	$	14,043	$	16,294
Per common share:
Net income, basic	$	0.81	$	0.77	$	0.61	$	0.68
Net income, diluted	0.81		0.76		0.61		0.67
Cash dividends declared	0.17		0.18		0.19		0.20

2021
Total interest income	$	45,187	$	43,238	$	44,435	$	43,885
Total interest expense	5,958		5,188		4,407		4,128
Net interest income	$	39,229	$	38,050	$	40,028	$	39,757
Provision for credit losses	—		—		—		(1,104)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	39,229		38,050		40,028		40,861
Total non-interest income	9,472		8,822		9,586		9,593
Total non-interest expense	27,264		27,452		29,053		30,790
Income tax expense	4,793		3,820		4,429		3,873
Net income available to common stockholders	$	16,644	$	15,600	$	16,132	$	15,791
Per common share:
Net income, basic	$	0.79	$	0.74	$	0.77	$	0.75
Net income, diluted	0.79		0.74		0.76		0.75
Cash dividends declared	0.13		0.14		0.15		0.16

2020
Total interest income	$	41,598	$	45,799	$	46,338	$	45,613
Total interest expense	7,533		6,619		6,365		6,147
Net interest income	$	34,065	$	39,180	$	39,973	$	39,466
Provision for loan losses	7,102		7,606		6,921		3,522
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	26,963		31,574		33,052		35,944
Total non-interest income	6,474		15,680		8,794		10,928
Total non-interest expense	23,439		28,070		26,936		27,896
Income tax expense	1,687		2,241		2,993		3,642
Net income available to common stockholders	$	8,311	$	16,943	$	11,917	$	15,334
Per common share:
Net income, basic	$	0.44	$	0.79	$	0.56	$	0.72
Net income, diluted	0.44		0.79		0.55		0.72
Cash dividends declared	0.10		0.10		0.10		0.12

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NOTE W - DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table provides outstanding interest rate swaps at December 31, 2022.


($ in thousands)	December 31, 2022
Notional amount	$	328,756
Weighted average pay rate	4.6		%
Weighted average receive rate	4.3		%
Weighted average maturity in years	6.11

The following table provides the fair value of interest rate swap contracts at December 31, 2022 included in other assets and other liabilities.


($ in thousands)	December 31, 2022
	Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
Interest rate swap contracts	$	12,825	12,825

The Company also enters into a collateral agreement with the counterparty requiring the Company to post cash or

cash equivalent collateral to mitigate the credit risk in the transaction. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $500 thousand of collateral posted with its counterparties, which is included in the consolidated statement of financial condition as cash and cash equivalents as "restricted cash". The Company also receives a swap spread to compensate it for the credit exposure it takes on the customer-facing portion of the transaction and this upfront cash payment from the counterparty is recorded in other income, net of any transaction execution expenses, in the consolidated statement of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2022, net swap spread income included in other income was $193 thousand.

NOTE X – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS/OTHER

Heritage Southeast Bank

On January 1, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of HSBI, and immediately thereafter merged with and into the Company. The Company paid a total consideration of approximately $221.5 million to the former HSBI shareholders as consideration in the acquisition, which included approximately 6,920,909 shares of the Company's common stock, and approximately $16 thousand in cash in lieu of fractional shares. At December 31, 2022, HSBI had approximately $1.579 billion in assets, $1.191 billion in loans, and $1.394 billion in deposits. The purchase price allocation and certain fair value measurements remain preliminary due to the timing of the HSBI acquisition. Due to the

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recent closing, management remains in the early stages of reviewing the estimated fair values and evaluating the assumed tax positions of the HSBI acquisition. The Company expects to finalize its analysis of the HSBI acquired assets and assumed liabilities in this transaction within one year of the acquisition.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, under the supervision of and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) as of December 31, 2022. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. No changes were made to the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the last fiscal quarter that materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

The First Bancshares, Inc.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The Company’s management, under the supervision of and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that assessment, our management believes that, as of December 31, 2022, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

As permitted by SEC guidance, management has excluded the operations of the BBI acquisition from the scope of management’s report on internal control over financial reporting. BBI was acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, BBI represented approximately 9.4% of total consolidated assets.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains an audit report of FORVIS, LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, regarding internal control over financial reporting for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 pursuant to the rules of the SEC. Their report appears in the section captioned “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” included in Part II. Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee

The First Bancshares, Inc.

Hattiesburg, Mississippi

Opinion on the Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited The First Bancshares, Inc.’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2022, and our report dated March 1, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As described in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, the scope of management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, has excluded Beach Bancorp, Inc. acquired on August 1, 2022. We have also excluded Beach Bancorp, Inc. from the scope of our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Beach Bancorp, Inc. represented approximately 9.4 percent of consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2022.

Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ FORVIS, LLP (Formerly BKD, LLP)

Jackson, Mississippi

March 1, 2023

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

Not applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Information required by this item is set forth in our definitive proxy materials regarding our Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 25, 2023, which proxy materials will be filed with the SEC on or about April 12, 2023.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)The following documents are filed as part of this Report:

1.The following consolidated financial statements of The First Bancshares, Inc. and subsidiaries are incorporated as part of this Report under Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.


Consolidated balance sheets – December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated statements of income – Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

Consolidated statements of other comprehensive income (loss) – Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity– Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Consolidated statements of cash flows –Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

Notes to consolidated financial statements – December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

2.Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules:

All schedules have been omitted, as the required information is either inapplicable or included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

3.Exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K, by Item 15(b) are listed below.

(b)Exhibits:

All other financial statements and schedules are omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the required information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.

(a)3. Exhibits:


Exhibit No.			Description of Exhibit

2.1			Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 12, 2016, by and among The First Bancshares, Inc., The First, A National Banking Association, and Gulf Coast Community Bank (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 14, 2016).

2.2			Stock Purchase Agreement, dated October 12, 2016, by and between The First Bancshares, Inc. and A. Wilbert’s Sons Lumber and Shingle Co. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 14, 2016).

2.3			Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between The First Bancshares, Inc. and Southwest Banc Shares, Inc., dated October 24, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2017).

2.4			Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between The First Bancshares, Inc. and Sunshine Financial, Inc., dated December 6, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2018).

2.5			Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between The First Bancshares, Inc. and FMB Banking Corporation, dated July 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed on September 13, 2018).

2.6			Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between The First Bancshares, Inc. and FPB Financial Corp., dated November 6, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 6, 2018).

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2.7			Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between The First Bancshares, Inc. and First Florida Bancshares, Inc., dated July 22, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 8-K filed on July 23, 2019).

2.8			Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between The First Bancshares, Inc. and Southwest Georgia Financial Corp., dated December 18, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 8-K filed on December 18, 2019).

2.9			Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 26, 2022, by and between The Fist Bancshares, Inc. and Beach Bancorp, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 2, 2022).

2.10			Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 27, 2022, by and between The First Bancshares, Inc. and Heritage Southeast Bancorporation, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 1, 2022).

3.1			Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of The First Bancshares, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 29, 2016).

3.2			Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of The First Bancshares, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2018).

3.3			Amended and Restated Bylaws of The First Bancshares, Inc., effective as of March 17, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 18, 2016).

3.4			Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of The First Bancshares, Inc. effective as of May 7, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2020).

4.1			Form of Certificate of Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-220491 on Form S-3 filed on September 15, 2017).

4.2			Form of Global Subordinated Note for The First Bancshares, Inc. 5.875% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes Due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 1, 2018).

4.3			Form of Global Subordinated Note for The First Bancshares, Inc. 6.4% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes Due 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 1, 2018).

4.4			Indenture by and between The First Bancshares, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, dated September 25, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020).

4.5			Form of Global Subordinated Note for The First Bancshares, Inc. 4.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes Due 2030 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020).

4.6			Description of Securities*

10.1			Note Purchase Agreement between the Company and the several purchasers of the Subordinated Notes, dated April 30, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to The Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 1, 2018).

10.2			Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement between the Company and the several purchasers of the Subordinated Notes, dated April 30, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to The Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 1, 2018).

10.3			Loan Agreement, dated as of December 5, 2016, by and between the Company, as Borrower, and First Tennessee Bank National Association, as Lender (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 9, 2016).

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10.4			Employment Agreement dated May 31, 2011, between The First, A National Banking Association, and M. Ray Cole, Jr. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of The First Bancshares’ Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 29, 2012).+

10.5			Amendment to Employment Agreement dated January 16, 2020, between The First, A National Banking Association, and M. Ray Cole, Jr. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to The First Bancshares Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2020).+

10.6			Employment Agreement, dated as of October 17, 2019, by and between The First, A National Banking Association and Donna T. (Dee Dee) Lowery (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 21, 2019).+

10.7			Amendment to Employment Agreement dated January 16, 2020, between The First, A National Banking Association, and Donna T. (Dee Dee) Lowery (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to The First Bancshares Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2020).+

10.8			The First Bancshares, Inc. 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to The First Bancshares’ Registration Statement No. 333-171996 on Form S-8 filed on February 1, 2011).+

10.9			Amendment to 2007 Stock Incentive Plan effective May 28, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to The First Bancshares Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2016).+

10.10			Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement between The First, A National Banking Association and M. Ray (Hoppy) Cole, Jr., as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to The First Bancshares Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2017).+

10.11			Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement effective January 1, 2020 between The First, A National Banking Association and Milton R. Cole, Jr. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to The First Bancshares Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2020).+

10.12			Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement between The First, A National Banking Association and Donna T. Lowery, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to The First Bancshares Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2017).+

10.13			Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement between The First, A National Banking Association and Donna T. Lowery (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the Company’s Annual Report in Form 10-K filed in March 12,2021).+

10.14			Form of Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreements for Executives of The First, A National Banking Association (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to The First Bancshares Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2017).+

10.15			Form of Stock Incentive Agreement for Restricted Stock Award pursuant to The First Bancshares, Inc. 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2018).+

10.16			Amendment to Stock Incentive Agreement for Outstanding Shares of Restricted Stock, dated as of October 15, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 21, 2019). +

10.17			Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement between The First Bancshares, Inc. and the several purchasers of the Subordinated Notes, dated September 25, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020).

10.18			Registration Rights Agreement between The First Bancshares, Inc. and the several purchasers of the Subordinated Notes, dated September 25, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020).

10.19			Beach Community Bank 2018 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of The First Bancshares' Registration Statement No. 333-266436 on Form S-8 filed on August 1 , 202 2 ).
21.1			Subsidiaries of The First Bancshares, Inc.*

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23.1			Consent of FORVIS , LLP (Formerly BKD, LLP.)*

23.2			Consent of Crowe LLP.*

31.1			Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer.*

31.2			Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer.*

32.1			Section 1350 Certifications.**

101.INS			XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

104			Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

________________________

*Filed herewith.

**Furnished herewith.

+ Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

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SIGNATURES

In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


		THE FIRST BANCSHARES, INC.

Date: March 1, 2023	By:	/s/ M. Ray (Hoppy) Cole, Jr.
		M. Ray (Hoppy) Cole, Jr.
		Chief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer), Chairman of the Board

Date: March 1, 2023	By:	/s/ Dee Dee Lowery
		Dee Dee Lowery
		Executive VP and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Principal Accounting Officer)

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints M. Ray (Hoppy) Cole, Jr. and Donna T. (Dee Dee) Lowery, with full power to act without the other, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several powers of substitution and resubsititution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants to such attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully as to all intents and purposes as each of the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

In accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

SIGNATURES

CAPACITIES

DATE

/s/ E. Ricky Gibson

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ Rodney D. Bennett

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ David W. Bomboy

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ Jonathan A. Levy

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ Charles R. Lightsey

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ Fred McMurry

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ Thomas E. Mitchell

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ Renee Moore

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ Ted E. Parker

Lead Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ J. Douglas Seidenburg

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ Andrew D. Stetelman

Director

March 01, 2023

/s/ M. Ray (Hoppy) Cole, Jr.

CEO, President, Director, and Chairman of

March 01, 2023

the Board (Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Donna T. (Dee Dee) Lowery

Executive VP & Chief Financial Officer

March 01, 2023

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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