​

​

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

​

​

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

or

​

​

For the transition period from                     to                    

Commission file number 001-37997

SACHEM CAPITAL CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

​

​

568 East Main Street, Branford, CT 06405

(Address of principal executive offices)

203-433-4736

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

​

​

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:     NONE

​

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐    No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.  Yes ☐    No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

​

​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2024, the last business day of registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the closing price for a common share on the NYSE American LLC on such date, was approximately $117.7 million.

As of March 28, 2025 the registrant had 47,310,139 common shares, $0.001 par value outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None.

​

​

​

SACHEM CAPITAL CORP.

FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

​

​

​

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 10-K (this “Report”) includes forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial condition, strategy and plans, and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “plan,” “seek,” “intend,” “believe,” “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “likely,” “continue,” “design,” and the negative of such terms and other words and terms of similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs. These forward- looking statements are subject to several risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Risk Factors.” Given these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Report may not occur, and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. In addition, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. We disclaim any duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this Report to confirm these statements in relationship to actual results or revised expectations.

All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements as well as others made in this Report. You should evaluate all forward-looking statements made by us in the context of these risks and uncertainties.

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Report to “Sachem Capital,” “Sachem,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Sachem Capital Corp., a New York corporation.

​

PART I

Item 1. Business

Background

We were organized as a New York corporation in January 2016 under the name HML Capital Corp. On December 15, 2016, we changed our name to Sachem Capital Corp. Prior to February 8, 2017, our business operated as a Connecticut limited liability company under the name Sachem Capital Partners, LLC (“SCP”). On February 9, 2017, we completed our initial public offering (the “IPO”) in which we issued and sold 2.6 million common shares, $.001 par value per share, (“Common Shares”). We believe that since the consummation of the IPO, we have qualified as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) and we elected to be taxed as a REIT beginning with our 2017 tax year. We believe that it is in the best interests of our shareholders that we continue to operate as a REIT. As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income to our shareholders on an annual basis. To the extent we distribute less than 100% of our taxable income to our shareholders (but more than 90%), we will maintain our REIT status but the undistributed portion will be subject to regular corporate income taxes. As a REIT, we are also subject to federal excise taxes and minimum state taxes. We intend to continue to operate in a manner that will permit us to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act.

Business Overview and Investment Strategy

We are a Connecticut-based real estate finance company that specializes in originating, underwriting, funding, servicing and managing a portfolio of short-term (i.e., typically three years or less) loans secured by first mortgage liens on real property. In addition, our loans are usually further secured with additional collateral, such as other real estate owned by the borrower or its principals, a pledge of the ownership interests in the borrower by the principals thereof, and/or personal guarantees by the principals of the borrower. Our typical borrower is a real estate investor or developer who uses the proceeds of the loan to fund its acquisition, renovation, rehabilitation, development and/or improvement of residential or commercial properties and that are held for investment or sale. The mortgaged property may or may not be income producing. Our loans are referred to in the real estate finance industry as “hard money loans” primarily because they are secured by “hard” (i.e., real estate) assets. Our mortgage loans are structured to fit the needs and business plans of the borrowers. Revenue is generated primarily from the interest borrowers pay on our loans and fees related to the origination, maintenance, service, modification, and extension of loans.

Our primary objective is to grow our loan portfolio while protecting and preserving capital in a manner that provides for attractive risk-adjusted returns to our shareholders over the long term through dividends. We intend to achieve this objective via a simple, yet compelling, two-prong strategy: accelerate profitable growth and drive operational excellence, thereby reducing general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue. We will continue to selectively originate loans and carefully manage our loan portfolio in a manner designed to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns across a variety of market conditions, economic cycles and high-growth geographies.

Management

John L. Villano, CPA, is our founder, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer. He is responsible for overseeing all aspects of our business operations, including investor relations, brand development and business development. Prior to starting Sachem, Mr. Villano was engaged in the private practice of accounting and auditing for almost 30 years.

In December 2024, Jeffery C. Walraven was appointed to serve as our Interim Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Walraven joined us in August 2024 as a member of the Board. Prior to his appointment as Interim Chief Financial Officer, he was also a member of the Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees of the Board. In connection with this appointment, he resigned as a member of all the committees. He has extensive experience with private and public real estate companies working on matters including capital markets, accounting and finance.

Our Origination Process and Underwriting Criteria

Our executive management team possesses extensive experience in both residential and commercial mortgage lending, navigating various economic and market conditions with expertise. A primary source of new transactions is repeat business from existing and former borrowers, along with referrals of new business. Additionally, we generate leads through strategic partnerships with banks, brokers, attorneys, and targeted web-based advertising.

When underwriting a loan, our primary focus is evaluating the value of the property that will secure the loan. Before making a final decision on a loan application, we conduct thorough due diligence on both the property, the borrower, and if the borrower is an entity, the principals of the borrower. We rely on readily available market data, including independent appraisals, Automated Valuation Models, trailing twelve month financial statements, rent rolls (if applicable), recent sales transactions, and broker insights, to assess the value of the collateral.

Additionally, the asset management team reviews the construction aspects of the project. This team meets with the borrower, its principals, and the General Contractor to understand the project scope, timelines, and any potential constraints. The asset management team continues to monitor and oversee the project until its completion. We conduct thorough due diligence by ordering title, lien, and judgement searches. In most cases, we also perform an on-site visit to assess the subject property, as well as the surrounding real estate market. If an on-site visit is not feasible, we rely on an independent appraisal to evaluate the property’s as-is or after-repair value. Additionally, we review financial and operational data provided by the borrower and its principals, focusing on how they manage and maintain the property.

To evaluate the borrower and its principals, we obtain third-party credit reports from a major credit reporting agency, conduct background checks through LexisNexis, and request personal financial statements. We verify these statements by requesting supporting documents such as bank and brokerage statements, along with mortgage statements for any properties listed on their “Schedule of Real Estate Owned”, which is part of our loan application. All of this information is carefully analyzed before making a final decision.

Our decision to proceed with the funding of the loan is primarily driven by our comprehensive evaluation of the property’s value. This evaluation encompasses factors such as the local market conditions, the current and potential alternative uses of the property, the existing and projected net incomes, sales data for comparable properties, applicable zoning regulations, and the creditworthiness of the borrower and principals. Additionally, we assess the experience and qualifications of the borrower and their principals in real estate ownership, construction, development, and project management. As part of our due diligence, we engage third-party professionals and experts, including appraisers, engineers, title insurers, and attorneys, to ensure a thorough and informed decision- making process. Loan commitments are issued following a comprehensive review and approval process by our executive management team. In the event of any deviations from our standard guidelines, an exception report must be signed by the executive management team. Loan commitments are typically contingent upon thorough underwriting and the receipt of satisfactory title documentation and title reports for the underlying property.

The typical terms of our loans are as follows:

Principal amount. We have a policy that limits the maximum amount of our exposure to a single borrower or a group of affiliated borrowers to 10% of the aggregate amount of our loan portfolio, unless otherwise approved by the Board. Finally, any loan with an original principal amount exceeding $5 million must be approved by our board of directors (the “Board”).

Loan-to-Value Ratio; Loan to Cost Ratio. Our underwriting guidelines provide that the original principal amount of a loan should not exceed 70% of the fair market value of the property securing the loan. In the case of properties undergoing renovation, our underwriting guidelines provide that the original principal amount of a loan should not exceed 85% of the total cost of the project. However, we make exceptions to this guideline if the facts and circumstances support the incremental risk. The factors we will consider include the additional collateral provided by the borrower, the credit profile of the borrower, our previous relationship, if any, with the borrower, the nature of the property, the geographic market in which the property is located and any other information we deem appropriate.

Interest rate. Currently, a fixed rate is typically between 10.0% to 13.0% per annum with a default rate of up to 24% per annum.

Origination fees. Generally, the range is from 1% to 3%. In addition, if the term of the loan is extended, additional points are payable upon the extension.

Term. The loan term typically ranges from one to three years, with early termination allowed in the event of a refinance or property sale. Extensions may be granted if the borrower complies with all covenants and the loan meets our current underwriting criteria. Extensions are generally for one year, but may vary based on the loan’s circumstances.

Prepayments. In most cases, a borrower may prepay the loan at any time without premium or penalty.

Covenants. To promptly pay real estate taxes, property insurance, general liability insurance, builder’s risk insurance, flood insurance (if applicable), and any similar charges related to the subject and collateral properties. Additionally, the borrower and its principals are responsible for ensuring the property remains secure and is not subject to deterioration, damage, or blight.

Events of default. Includes: (i) failure to make payment when due; and (ii) breach of a covenant.

Payment terms. Interest only is payable monthly in arrears. Principal is due in a “balloon” payment at the maturity date.

Escrow. Generally, none required.

Reserves. Depending on the particular cash flow of a property, we may require the borrower to establish reserves for interest, taxes and/or insurance, particularly with respect to larger loans.

Security. Each loan is evidenced by a promissory note, which is secured by a first mortgage lien on real property owned by the borrower. A loan may be further secured by additional property owned by the borrower, a pledge by the owners of the borrower of their equity interest in the borrower and/or personal guaranties from the borrower or a related party.

Fees and Expenses. Borrowers are responsible for various fees associated with securing a loan, which may include an application fee, inspection fee, wire fee, and a bounced check fee. In the case of construction loans, borrowers are also subject to check requisition fee for each draw made from the loan. Additionally, a construction servicing fee, ranging from 1% to 2% of the total construction budget, may apply.

As is customary in real estate finance transactions, borrowers are expected to cover all expenses related to obtaining the loan. These expenses include, but are not limited to, the cost of a property appraisal, environmental assessment report (if applicable), credit report, and any title, recording, or legal fees incurred during the loan process.

Financing Strategy Overview

To continue to grow our business, we must increase the size of our loan portfolio, which requires that we use our existing working capital to fund new loans and raise additional debt and/ or equity capital. Our operating income in the future will depend on how much capital we raise and the spread between our cost of capital and the effective yield on our loan portfolio.

We do not have any formal policy limiting the amount of indebtedness we may incur, but under the terms of the loan documents related to our various credit facilities, including the indenture covering our unsecured unsubordinated five-year notes (the “Notes”), we are required to maintain total assets exceeding 150% of our total liabilities. Depending on various factors we may, in the future, decide to take on additional debt to expand our mortgage loan origination activities to increase the potential returns to our shareholders. The amount of leverage we deploy depends on our assessment of a variety of factors, which may include the liquidity of the real estate market in which most of our collateral is located, employment rates, general economic conditions, the cost of funds relative to the yield curve, the potential for losses and extension risk in our portfolio, the gap between the duration of our assets and liabilities, our opinion regarding the creditworthiness of our borrowers, the value of the collateral underlying our portfolio, and our outlook for interest rates and property values. At December 31, 2024, debt represented 62.0% of our total capital compared to 60.4% at December 31, 2023. We expect to maintain our current level of debt and are always looking to attempt to reduce our cost of capital.

Our Loan Portfolio

The following table highlights certain information regarding our real estate lending activities for the periods indicated:

​

⁽¹⁾Includes default interest.

⁽²⁾Does not give effect to extensions.

At December 31, 2024, our outstanding mortgage loan portfolio included loans ranging in size from $35,000 to $42.9 million. The table below gives a breakdown of our loans held for investment by loan size as of December 31, 2024:

​

​

Most of our loans are funded in full at closing. However, where all or a portion of the loan proceeds are to be used to fund the costs of renovating or constructing improvements on the property, only a portion of the loan may be funded at closing. At December 31, 2024, our loan portfolio included 63 loans with future funding obligations, having a funded outstanding principal amount of $316.5 million and $49.9 million unfunded pending borrower performance. Advances under these loans are funded against requests supported by all required documentation (including lien waivers) as and when needed to pay contractors and other costs of construction. Most of the properties we finance are residential or commercial investment and have a construction component. However, in all instances the properties are held only for investment by the borrowers and may or may not generate cash flow.

As of December 31, 2024, the primary markets in which we were exposed were Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts and New York. The table below gives a breakdown of our loans held for investment by state as of December 31, 2024:

​

The following table details our loans held for investment as of December 31, 2024 by year of origination:

​

The following tables set forth information regarding the types of properties securing loans held for investment at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

​

Allowance for Credit Losses

Our allowance for credit losses is influenced by historical loss experience, current exposure by geographical region, current expected credit losses on loans in foreclosure based on fair value less cost to sell, non-performing status, and other supportable forecasts of economic conditions. A loan is considered non-performing once it has been delinquent on its monthly payments past 90 days.

The following table presents the allowance for credit losses against unpaid principal balance of loans held for investment:

​

For further information, see Note 4 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses.

Investment in Rental Real Estate

As of December 31, 2024, we owned one property that was purchased for the sole purpose of an investment in rental real estate, and is currently in final phases of construction renovation. On February 15, 2025, we commenced a lease agreement for approximately 51% of the gross leasable space of 49,041 square feet. This property also has an approved residential development component, which as of the date of this report, is currently in the planning stage.

The following table details the carry value of our investment in rental real estate owned property reflected on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024:

​

For further information, see Note 5 – Investment in Rental Real Estate, Net.

Real Estate Owned

As of December 31, 2024, we owned twenty properties, each of which previously served as collateral for first mortgage loans. Fifteen of such properties were acquired during the year ended December 31, 2024 in connection with foreclosure actions.

The following table details the carrying value of each of our real estate owned properties reflected on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024:

​

For further information, see Note 6 – Real Estate Owned (REO).

Investments in limited liability companies

As of December 31, 2024, we had investments in limited liability companies of $53.9 million, consisting of limited liability membership equity investments in real estate note-on-note mortgage investment vehicles, direct investments in real estate, and a direct investment in an real estate asset manager.

For further information, see Note 17 – Limited Liability Company Investments.

Competition

The real estate finance markets in which we operate are highly competitive. Competition is becoming more of a factor as we implement our strategy to focus on larger loans and more sophisticated borrowers. Over the last few years, as banks have pulled back from the lending market, non-traditional lenders, such as non - bank real estate companies, hedge funds, private equity funds and insurance companies, have stepped into the void.

Our competitors include traditional lending institutions such as regional and local banks, savings and loan institutions, credit unions and other financial institutions as well as other market participants such as specialty finance companies, REITs, investment banks, insurance companies, hedge funds, private equity funds, family offices and high net worth individuals. In addition, there are numerous lenders of significant size serving the markets in which we currently operate and those in which we plan to operate in the future. Many of these competitors enjoy competitive advantages over us, including greater name recognition, established lending relationships with customers, financial resources, and access to accretive capital. Our principal competitive advantages include our experience, our reputation, our size and our ability to address the needs of borrowers in terms of timing and structuring loan transactions.

Notwithstanding intense competition and some of our competitive disadvantages, we believe we have carved a niche for ourselves among small and mid-size real estate developers, owners and contractors in the markets in which we operate because we are well-capitalized, we have demonstrated flexibility to structure loans to suit the needs of the individual borrower and we can act quickly. In addition, through our marketing efforts, we are beginning to develop a brand identity in some of the other markets in which we operate, particularly those along the eastern seaboard. We believe we have developed a reputation among these borrowers for offering reasonable terms and providing outstanding customer service. We further believe our future success will depend on our ability to maintain and capitalize on our existing relationships with borrowers and brokers and to expand our borrower base by continuing to offer attractive loan products, remain competitive in pricing and terms, and provide superior service.

Sales and Marketing

We utilize a single third-party vendor for Search Engine Optimization (“SEO”) and Google advertisement analysis. However, all market analysis and targeted location strategies are conducted in-house by our marketing department. Additionally, all SEO and advertising efforts managed by the third-party vendor requires internal approval from our marketing department. In addition, a principal source of new transactions has been repeat business from prior customers and their referral of new leads.

We have established a comprehensive digital marketing strategy to drive loan origination through multiple targeted campaigns. Digital marketing and online advertising have proven to be effective and cost-efficient methods for lead generation. These initiatives are designed to engage potential borrowers actively seeking lending solutions online. By leveraging diverse digital advertising platforms, we have successfully identified and cultivated a new borrower segment. Furthermore, we have strategically partnered with various online platforms to be recognized as a “listed lender,” enhancing our market presence and distinguishing our services from competitors in the evolving digital landscape.

In addition to our digital marketing efforts, we maintain a steady flow of loan originations through borrower retention and referrals, which continue to be a significant driver of new business. Our strong borrower relationships and commitment to customer service contribute to repeat business and word-of-mouth referrals, reinforcing our lending platform’s reliability and trustworthiness. Additionally, we have solidified strategic partnerships with banks and brokers, further expanding our network and providing a consistent pipeline of potential borrowers. These combined efforts ensure a balanced approach to loan origination, leveraging both digital innovation and established industry relationships to support sustainable growth.

Intellectual Property

Our business does not depend on exploiting or leveraging any intellectual property rights. To the extent we own any rights to intellectual property, we rely on a combination of federal, state and common law trademarks, service marks and trade names, copyrights and trade secret protection. We have not registered any trademarks, trade names, service marks or copyrights in the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Employees

As of December 31, 2024, we had 29 employees, of which 28 were full-time.

Taxation - REIT Qualification

We believe that we have qualified as a REIT since the consummation of the IPO and that it is in the best interests of our shareholders that we continue to operate as a REIT. As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income to our shareholders on an annual basis.

Our qualification as a REIT depends on our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, various complex requirements under the Code, relating to, among other things, the sources of our gross income, the composition and values of our assets, our compliance with the distribution requirements applicable to REITs and the diversity of ownership of our outstanding Common Shares.

So long as we qualify as a REIT, we, generally, will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income that we distribute currently to our shareholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate income tax rates and may be precluded from electing to be treated as a REIT for four taxable years following the year during which we lose our REIT qualification. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income.

Furthermore, we have a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”), which pays U.S. federal, state, and local taxes on its net taxable income. See Item 1A – Risk Factors for additional REIT qualification and tax status information.

Regulation

Our operations are subject, in certain instances, to supervision and regulation by state and federal governmental authorities and may be subject to various laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions. In addition, we may rely on exemptions from various requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the Investment Company Act and ERISA. These exemptions are sometimes highly complex and may in certain circumstances depend on compliance by third parties who we do not control.

Regulation of Commercial Real Estate Lending Activities

Although most states do not regulate commercial finance, certain states impose limitations on interest rates and other charges and on certain collection practices and creditor remedies and require licensing of lenders and financiers and adequate disclosure of certain contract terms. We also are required to comply with certain provisions of, among other statutes and regulations, certain provisions of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act that are applicable to commercial loans, the USA PATRIOT Act, regulations promulgated by the Office of Foreign Asset Control and federal and state securities laws and regulations.

Investment Company Act Exemption

Although we reserve the right to modify our business methods at any time, we are not currently required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. However, we cannot assure you that our business strategy will not evolve over time in a manner that could subject us to the registration requirements of the Investment Company Act.

Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the Investment Company Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. Government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. Real estate mortgages are excluded from the term “investment securities.”

We rely on the exception set forth in Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act which excludes from the definition of investment company “any person who is not engaged in the business of issuing redeemable securities, face-amount certificates of the installment type or periodic payment plan certificates, and who is primarily engaged in one or more of the following businesses . . . (C) purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) generally requires that, for the exception provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) to be available, at least 55% of an entity’s assets be comprised of mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate, also known as “qualifying interests,” and at least another 25% of the entity’s assets must be comprised of additional qualifying interests or real estate-type interests (with no more than 20% of the entity’s assets comprised of miscellaneous assets). We believe we qualify for the exemption under this section and our current intention is to continue to focus on originating short term loans secured by first mortgages on real property. However, if, in the future, we do acquire non-real estate assets without the acquisition of substantial real estate assets, we may qualify as an “investment company” and be required to register as such under the Investment Company Act, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

If we were required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we would be subject to substantial regulation with respect to our capital structure (including our ability to use leverage), management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the Investment Company Act), portfolio composition, including restrictions with respect to diversification and industry concentration, and other matters.

Qualification for exclusion from the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act will limit our ability to make certain investments. In addition, complying with the tests for such exclusion could restrict the time at which we can acquire and sell assets.

Available Information

We maintain a website at www.sachemcapitalcorp.com. We are providing the address to our website solely for information purposes. The information on our website is not a part of, and is it incorporated by reference into, this Report. Through our website, we make available, free of charge, our annual proxy statement, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish them to, the SEC.

​

​

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The following factors may affect our growth and profitability of and should be considered by any prospective purchaser or current holder of our securities:

Risks Related to Our Current Financial Condition

We incurred a net loss attributable to common shareholders for 2024 and we cannot assure you that we will be profitable for 2025.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we reported a net loss of $43.9 million compared to net income of $12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This is the first annual net loss that we reported since we became a publicly traded company in 2017. There were a number of factors that contributed to this result. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a $22.0 million realized loss on sale of loans, a $4.9 million valuation allowance for loans held for sale, a $26.9 million provision for credit loss related to loans held for investment and loans transferred to real estate owned, and an impairment charge of $0.5 million relating to real estate owned, all of which are presented on our consolidated statement of operations. Second, top-line revenue for 2024 declined 11.2% compared to 2023, after we had delivered solid growth every year from 2017 through 2023. This decrease was due to the unavailability of capital required to grow our business. Historically, we relied on the capital markets to provide us with the bulk of our growth capital. Given the interest rate environment in 2023 and 2024 and the state of the real estate market in general, we were unable to access the capital markets and our existing credit facilities were not robust enough to fill the gap. The effects of this lack of growth was compounded by the fact that two tranches of outstanding Notes, having an aggregate principal amount of $58.2 million came due in 2024 and were repaid from cash flow from operations or drawdowns on our credit facilities. We cannot assure you that any of these structural issues adversely impacting our operational performance will ease or resolve in 2025. If they do not, and we are not able to find suitable solutions to address these issues, we may continue to incur losses in 2025.

Concurrently with the decline in our operational performance, we have reduced the dividend payable to shareholders.

As a real estate investment trust (REIT), to maintain our REIT status for income tax purposes, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income to our shareholders. As a practical matter, since we started to operate as a REIT in 2017 through the end of 2023, we distributed 100% of our GAAP income to shareholders, in cash. However, in 2024, primarily because we did not have access to growth capital, we reduced the dividend payable to shareholders. The reduction in the dividend payment does not jeopardize our REIT election because our taxable income has decreased as well. Any distributions we make to our shareholders, the amount of such dividend and whether such dividend is payable in cash, our Common Shares or other property, or a combination thereof, is at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, our actual results of operations and liquidity. Our ability to pay distributions will be affected by various factors, including the net interest and other revenue generated from operations, our operating expenses, working capital requirements, the restrictions and limitations imposed by the New York Business Corporation Law (“BCL”), and any restrictions and/or limitations imposed on us by our creditors. Accordingly, we cannot assure you as to the timing or amount of any dividend payments in the future or how they may be paid.

The price of our publicly traded securities has declined significantly.

Primarily because of our operating performance and the dividend cuts, in 2024 we experienced a steep decline in the trading price of all our securities. For example, the opening price of our Common Shares on January 2, 2024, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, was $3.73 per share. The closing price on December 31, 2024, as reported by the New York Stock Exchange, was $1.35 per share. Similarly, the opening price of our Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”) on January 2, 2024, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, was $20.00 per share. The closing price on December 31, 2024, as reported by the New York Stock Exchange, was $15.49 per share. Similar declines were recorded for the price of our Notes. The declining prices in our securities does not only adversely impact the holders of those securities, it also adversely impacts our ability to raise capital at accretive or market prices. Lower trading prices means we have to sell more securities to raise the funds we need for growth, which dilutes the interests of the existing security holders and raises the cost of issuance through interest expense or dividends. Thus, issuing more securities increases our costs, which, in turn, means we have to raise more money to cover the costs, which means we have to sell more securities. Therefore, during the second half of 2024, we did not sell Common Shares, shares of our Series A Preferred Stock, or debt securities to raise capital. We believe it is imperative for us to increase the value of our securities, both debt and equity, and for us to do so, we must improve our operating performance and increase our dividend. We are currently in the market for accretive working capital and working through opportunities to do so. However, we cannot assure you that capital will be available to us or, if it is, what will be the cost of such capital.

As of December 31, 2024, we were not in compliance with one of our loan covenants.

Under the Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of March 2, 2023, that governed our $65 million revolving credit facility with Needham Bank (“Needham”), we were required to maintain a debt service coverage ratio of 1.4-to-1.0 throughout the entire term of that facility. In other words, our operating cash flow must be equal to or greater than 1.4 times the interest payable on all our outstanding indebtedness. An identical covenant is contained in the Credit, Security and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of March 20, 2025, that governs our new $50 million revolving credit facility with Needham that replaced the 2023 $65 million credit facility with Needham. (The term “Needham Credit Facility” refers to either the $65 million credit facility or the $50 million credit facility, as applicable depending on the context.) Since September 30, 2024 we were not been in compliance with this covenant, which constituted an “Event of Default” under the $65 million Needham Credit. Since the $65 million Needham Credit Facility has now been terminated and replaced by the $50 million Needham Credit Facility, our failure to comply with this covenant is no longer an issue. However, under the terms of the new $50 million Needham Credit Facility, we are required to provide Needham with a certificate no later than May 15, 2025 that we were in compliance with the covenant at March 31, 2025, which we believe we will be to deliver. If we cannot deliver that compliance certificate we will be in default of the covenant under the new $50 million credit facility, and if Needham issues a notice of default, it could have significant adverse consequences on our business, operations, and financial condition. First, Needham could declare the entire outstanding balance on its credit facility, which at the time of this report was $36.1 million, immediately due and payable. Alternatively, it could look to execute on the collateral securing the loan, which would deprive us of a significant portion of our working capital and cash flow. In addition, a default under the Needham credit facility would trigger a default under the terms of the $200 million master repurchase financing facility (the “Churchill Credit Facility”) with Churchill MRA Funding I LLC (“Churchill”) as well as our $1.1 million mortgage with New Haven Bank (the “NHB Mortgage”).

Notes having an aggregate outstanding principal amount of $56.4 million are due and payable in full on September 30, 2025.

Notes having an outstanding principal balance of $56.4 million are due and payable in full on September 30, 2025. If we cannot repay these Notes and the holders of these Notes call a default, it may trigger defaults under our other obligations and impair our ability to raise capital from other sources. As previously noted, a default under the Notes would also trigger a default under the Master Purchase Agreement with Churchill and under the term of the NHB Mortgage. This could have a material adverse impact on our operations, financial condition and business. We believe we will have the ability to repay those notes on the due date from a combination of cash flow from operations and borrowings under our various credit facilities.

We are subject to the “baby shelf” rules, which limits the amount of securities we can sell pursuant to an S-3 Registration Statement.

To date, we have financed our operations through the sale of our Common Shares, Series A Preferred Stock and the Notes. These securities were covered by an S-3 Registration Statement that the SEC declared effective on February 25, 2022. At that time, we were not subject to any limitations on the volume of securities that we could sell under that Registration Statement. That Registration Statement expired on February 25, 2025. Given the fact that our public float is currently less than $75 million and for so long as the “public float” remains under $75 million, we are limited as to the amount of securities we can sell during any 12-month period. The limit is an amount equal to one-third of our “public float”.

Although alternative public and private transaction structures may be available, these may require additional time and cost, may impose operational restrictions on the Company, and may not be available on attractive terms. The Company’s inability to continue to raise capital when needed will harm its business, financial condition and results of operations, and will likely cause the Company’s stock value to decline further, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, operations and financial condition.

The illiquidity of our loan portfolio could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in economic, financial, investment and other conditions.

In December 2024, we consummated the sale of 32 mortgage loans in our portfolio, having an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $55.8 million to various buyers. The aggregate net proceeds from the sale of these mortgages was $36.1 million, or 64.7% of the unpaid principal balances. Most of the loans that were sold were designated as pending/pre-foreclosure. The purpose of the sale was (i) to raise working capital, (ii) to eliminate the need to provide for future credit losses with respect to these loans, and (iii) to utilize the proceeds towards the repayment of the Notes that matured on December 30, 2024. Despite the loss on the sale, both for GAAP purposes and tax purposes, we consider the transaction to be a success.

Due to the relative illiquidity of our loan portfolio, our ability to promptly sell all or a portion of the portfolio in response to changing economic, financial, investment or other conditions is limited. The real estate market, in general, and real estate lending, especially the type of loans we typically make, is affected by many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions, the state of capital and credit markets. Our inability to dispose of our real estate loans at opportune times or on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on us.

In addition, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) imposes restrictions on a REIT’s ability to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. In particular, the tax laws applicable to REITs require that we hold our loans for investment, rather than primarily for sale in the ordinary course of business, which may cause us to forego or defer sales of properties that otherwise would be in our best interest. Therefore, we may not be able to vary our portfolio in response to economic, financial, investment or other conditions promptly or on favorable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Company

Declining real estate valuations have resulted in impairment charges or provisions for credit losses, the determination of which involves a significant amount of judgment on our part. Any future impairment or provision could have a material adverse effect on us.

We review our loan portfolio for impairments and provisions for credit losses on a quarterly basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Indicators of loss include, but are not limited to, a sustained significant decrease in the value of the collateral securing the loan, including the value of the real estate and other assets pledged to secure the loan as well as personal guarantees by the principals of the borrower, or a borrower’s inability to stay current with respect to its obligations under the terms of the loan. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining the presence of an indicator of impairment or credit loss. If we determine that the value of the collateral is less than the amount outstanding on the loan or the amount that may become due upon the maturity of the loan, a loss must be recognized for the difference between the fair value of the property and the carrying value of the loan. Any impairment or credit losses could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

We have experienced a significant increase in the number of non-performing loans.

We define loans that are more than 90 days in arrears as non-performing status and stop accruing interest on such loans. Over the past two years, we have experienced a significant increase in the outstanding balance of loans in this category as well as the number of loans in foreclosure. For example, at December 31, 2022, the number of loans in non-performing status was 72 and the number of loans in foreclosure was 40. The aggregate outstanding balance on these loans was $45.9 million and $22.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the comparable numbers were 71 and 56. The aggregate outstanding balance on these loans was $84.6 million and $55.7 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024 the comparable numbers were 35 and 34. The aggregate outstanding balance on these loans was $87.0 million and $52.1 million, respectively. Of the $52.1 million of loans in foreclosure for the year ended December 31, 2024, $15.9 million was held for sale. This has had a material adverse impact on our operational performance and financial condition.

A high level of defaults, particularly among larger mortgage loans, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operations and financial condition.

Historically, our mortgage loans were relatively small, and a small number of foreclosures did not have a material adverse impact on our business. However, our business strategy has changed, and we are now making larger loans with increasing frequency, changing the risk profile of our mortgage loan portfolio. When combined with the decline in commercial real estate values and restrictive credit conditions, the rate of foreclosures that we are experiencing is increasing. At December 31, 2024, we had 88 loans, 52.4% of the loans in our portfolio, with an outstanding principal balance exceeding $1 million. At December 31, 2023, we had 113 loans, 36.3% of the loans in our portfolio, with an outstanding principal balance exceeding $1 million. If this trend continues, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, operations and financial condition.

Difficult conditions in the mortgage and real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally have caused and may cause us to experience losses in the future.

Our business is materially affected by conditions in the residential and commercial mortgage and real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally. We believe the risks associated with our mortgage loan portfolio will be more acute during periods of economic slowdown, recession or market dislocation, especially if these periods are accompanied by declining real estate values and defaults. In prior years, concerns about the health of the global economy generally and the residential and commercial real estate markets specifically, as well as inflation, energy costs, perceived or actual changes in interest rates, European sovereign debt, U.S. debt limit and budget deficits, slowing economic growth among developed nations, geopolitical conflicts, international trade issues, public health issues, and the availability and cost of credit have contributed to increased volatility and uncertainty for the economy and the financial and credit markets. For example, COVID-19 contributed significantly to the supply chain issues in the real estate sector that have affected our borrowers, ultimately slowing construction and driving up costs. In addition, we cannot assure that similar or completely different set of adverse conditions will not arise in the future.

An economic slowdown, a public health crisis (such as COVID-19), armed conflicts, societal unrest, delayed recovery or general disruption in the mortgage markets may result in decreased demand for residential and commercial properties, which could adversely impact homeownership rates and force owners of commercial properties to lower rents, thus placing additional pressure on property values. We believe there is a strong correlation between real estate values and mortgage loan delinquencies. For example, to the extent that a commercial property owner has fewer tenants or receives lower rents, such owner will generate less cash flow on the property, thus reducing the value of the property and increasing the likelihood that such property owner will default on its debt service obligations. If the borrowers of our mortgage loans default or become delinquent on their obligations, we may incur material losses on those loans. Any sustained period of increased payment delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures, or losses could adversely affect both our operating income and our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all. Any deterioration in the mortgage markets, the residential or commercial real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally may lower net income, increase losses and impair the market value of our assets, all of which may adversely affect our results of operations, the availability and cost of credit and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

Increases in interest rates could adversely affect our ability to generate income and pay dividends.

Although the Fed cut interest rates in 2024 and the rate of inflation has decreased as well, the economic data is still not conclusive to support the continuation of these trends. Thus, there is still the possibility of interest rate increases in the future, especially if there is a recurrence of inflation. Moreover, notwithstanding the reduction in the federal funds rate in 2024, mortgage rates continue to increase raising the concern that residential real estate values will begin to decline. Rising interest rates adversely impacts our business in several ways. First, it makes it more difficult for us to borrow money to sustain our growth. Second, even if we borrow money at higher rates there is no assurance that we can pass these increases on to our borrowers, without adversely impacting the demand for our products. If our borrowers and their related projects cannot manage the increase in interest rates, we may have an increase in non-performing loans. Further, if we cannot raise the rates on our mortgages, the spread between our cost of funds and the yield on our mortgage loan portfolio will decrease. Thus, increases in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

Adverse geopolitical developments could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Currently, there are several geopolitical concerns that could, indirectly, have an adverse impact on our business. These concerns include the ongoing armed conflicts in Europe and the Middle East, heightened tensions between the United States and China over trade, intelligence gathering and Taiwan and differences between the United States and some of its key allies on a variety of issues. These conditions, and the responses thereto, such as tariffs and sanctions imposed by the United States, and any expansion thereof is likely to have unpredictable and wide-ranging effects on the domestic and global financial markets, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Already, these conditions have led to market volatility, a sharp increase in the cost of certain basic goods, and an increase in the number and frequency of cybersecurity threats. Even though our business is purely domestic, our borrowers are impacted by the uncertainty created by world events, price increases and market volatility.

Prepayment rates can change, adversely affecting the performance of our assets.

The frequency at which prepayments (including both voluntary prepayments by the borrowers and liquidations due to defaults and foreclosures) occur on our mortgage loans is difficult to predict and is affected by a variety of factors, including the prevailing level of interest rates as well as economic, demographic, tax, social, legal, legislative and other factors. Generally, borrowers tend to prepay their mortgages when prevailing mortgage rates fall below the interest rates on their mortgage loans. To the extent that faster prepayment rates are due to lower interest rates, the principal payments received from prepayments will tend to be reinvested in lower-yielding mortgage loans, which may reduce our income in the long run. Therefore, if actual prepayment rates differ from anticipated prepayment rates, our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to our shareholders could be materially adversely affected.

Many of our loans are not funded with interest reserves and our borrowers may be unable to pay the interest accruing on the loans when due, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition.

Many of our loans do not have an interest reserve. Thus, we generally rely on the borrowers to make interest payments as and when due from other sources of cash. Since many of the properties securing our loans are under construction or renovation and, therefore, are not income producing or even cash producing and most of the borrowers are entities with no assets other than the single property that is the subject of the loan, some of our borrowers could have considerable difficulty servicing our loans and the risk of a non-payment of default is considerable. We depend on the borrower’s ability to refinance the loan at maturity or sell the property for repayment. If the borrower is unable to repay the loan, together with all the accrued interest, at maturity, our operating results and cash flows would be materially and adversely affected.

Many of the properties securing our mortgage loans are not income producing, thus increasing the risks of delinquency and foreclosure.

Most of our loans are secured by properties, whether residential or commercial, that are under construction or renovation and are not income producing. The risks of delinquency and foreclosure on these properties may be greater than similar risks associated with loans made on the security of single- family, owner-occupied, residential property. In the case of income producing properties, the ability of a borrower to repay the loan typically depends primarily upon the successful operation of such property. If the net operating income of the subject property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan, or our ability to receive adequate returns on our investment, may be impaired.

In the case of non-income producing properties, the expectation is that our loans will be repaid out of sale or refinancing proceeds. Thus, the borrower’s ability to repay our mortgage loans will depend, to a great extent, on the value of the property at the maturity date of the loan. In the event of any default under a mortgage loan held by us, we will bear a risk of loss to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the outstanding principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, and any such losses could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

In the event of the bankruptcy of a mortgage loan borrower, the mortgage loan to such borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law. Foreclosure of a mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process, which could have a substantial negative effect on our anticipated return on the foreclosed mortgage loan.

Our due diligence may not reveal all the risks associated with a mortgage loan or the property that will be mortgaged to secure the loan, which could lead to losses.

Despite our efforts to manage credit risk, there are many aspects of credit risk that we cannot control. Our credit policies and procedures may not be successful in limiting future delinquencies, defaults, and losses. Our underwriting reviews and due diligence procedures are designed for completeness and accuracy and are based on pre-funding diligence. Borrower circumstances as well as market conditions could change significantly during the term of the loan resulting in non-performance. The foreclosure process is lengthy, in some cases pro-borrower and costly. The length of time it takes to gain control of our collateral may cause a decline in fair market value or other impairments related to operational costs like taxes and insurance. The frequency of default and the loss severity on loans upon default may be greater than we anticipate. If properties securing our mortgage loans become real estate owned because of foreclosure, we bear the risk of not being able to sell the property and recovering our investment and of being exposed to the risks attendant to the ownership of real property.

Before approving and funding a mortgage loan, we undertake extensive due diligence of the borrower, its principals (if the borrower is not an individual) and the property that will be mortgaged to secure the loan. Such due diligence is usually limited to (i) the credit history of the borrower and its principals (if the borrower is not an individual), (ii) the value of the property, (iii) legal and lien searches against the borrower, the guarantors and the property, (iv) an environmental assessment of the property, (v) a review of the documentation related to the property and (vi) other reviews and or assessments that we may deem appropriate to conduct. There can be no assurance that we will conduct any specific level of due diligence, or that, among other things, the due diligence process will uncover all relevant facts, which could result in losses on the loan in question, which, in turn, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

Residential mortgage loans are subject to increased risks.

At December 31, 2024, 56.2% of the loans in our loan portfolio (representing 49.4% of our outstanding mortgage loans receivable) are secured by residential real property. None of these loans are guaranteed by the U.S. government or any government sponsored entity. Therefore, the value of the underlying property, the creditworthiness and financial position of the borrower and the priority and enforceability of our lien will significantly impact the value of such mortgage. In the event of foreclosure, we may assume direct ownership of the underlying real estate. The liquidation proceeds upon sale of such real estate may be less than the outstanding balance of the loan (including principal, accrued but unpaid interest and other fees and charges). In addition, any costs or delays involved in the foreclosure or liquidation process may increase losses.

Finally, residential mortgage loans are also subject to “special hazard” risk (property damage caused by hazards, such as earthquakes or environmental hazards, not covered by standard property insurance policies), and to bankruptcy risk (reduction in a borrower’s mortgage debt by a bankruptcy court). In addition, claims may be assessed against us on account of our position as a mortgage holder or property owner, including assignee liability, responsibility for tax payments, environmental hazards and other liabilities. In some cases, these liabilities may be “recourse liabilities” or may otherwise lead to losses in excess of the purchase price of the related mortgage or property.

Our real estate assets are subject to risks particular to real property.

As a result of foreclosures, we also directly own real estate. In some cases, the real estate is classified as “held for sale” and in other cases it is classified as “held for rental”. Given the nature of our business, we may in the future acquire more real estate assets upon a default of mortgage loans. In general, real estate assets are subject to various risks, including:

In addition, whether the real estate is held for sale or for rental, if it is income producing property, the net operating income can be adversely affected by, among other things:

The occurrence of any of the foregoing or similar events may reduce our return from an affected property or asset and, consequently, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

We may be adversely affected by the economies and other conditions of the markets in which we operate, particularly in Connecticut, Florida and New York, where we have a high concentration of our loans.

The geographic distribution of our loan portfolio exposes us to risks associated with the real estate and commercial lending industry in general within the states and regions in which we operate. These risks include, without limitation:

At December 31, 2024, 53.6% of our mortgage loans held for investment (representing 34.4% of the aggregate outstanding principal balance of our loans held for investment portfolio) were secured by property located in Connecticut; 14.7% (representing 30.6% of the aggregate outstanding principal balance of our loans held for investment portfolio) were secured by property located in Florida; and 13.5% (representing 8.8% of the aggregate outstanding principal balance of our loans held for investment portfolio) were secured by property located in New York. As a result, we are subject to the general economic and market conditions in those markets as well as in other markets where we lend. For example, other geographic markets in neighboring states could become more attractive for developers, investors and owners based on favorable costs and other conditions to construct or improve or renovate real estate properties. Some states have created tax and other incentives to attract businesses to relocate or to establish new facilities in their jurisdictions. These changes in other markets may increase demand in those markets and result in a corresponding decrease in demand in the markets in which we currently operate. Any adverse economic or real estate developments or any adverse changes in the local business climate in any geographic market in which we have a concentration of properties, could have a material adverse effect on us. To the extent any of the foregoing risks arise in Connecticut, New York and Florida, our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to shareholders could be materially adversely affected.

Competition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in a highly competitive market, and we believe these conditions will persist for the foreseeable future as the financial services industry continues to consolidate, producing larger, better capitalized and more geographically diverse companies with broad product and service offerings. Our existing and potential future competitors include other “hard money” lenders, mortgage REITs, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, pension funds, private equity funds, hedge funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, non-bank financial institutions, governmental bodies, family offices and high net worth individuals. We may also compete with companies that partner with and/or receive government financing. Many of our competitors are substantially larger than us and have considerably greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. In addition, larger and more established competitors may enjoy significant competitive advantages, including enhanced operating efficiencies, more extensive referral networks, greater and more favorable access to investment capital and more desirable lending opportunities. Several of these competitors, including mortgage REITs, have recently raised or are expected to raise significant amounts of capital, which enables them to make larger loans or a greater number of loans. Some competitors may also have a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that may not be available to us, such as funding from various governmental agencies or under various governmental programs for which we are not eligible. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of possible loan transactions or to offer more favorable financing terms than we would. Finally, as a REIT and because we operate in a manner to be exempt from the requirements of the Investment Company Act, we may face further restrictions to which some of our competitors may not be subject. For example, we may find that the pool of potential qualified borrowers available to us is limited. We cannot assure you that the competitive pressures we face will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As a result of these competitive factors, we may not be able to originate and fund mortgage loans at favorable spreads over our cost of capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

We may adopt new or change our existing underwriting financing, or other strategies and asset allocation and operational and management policies without shareholder consent, which may result in the purchase of riskier assets, the use of greater leverage or commercially unsound actions, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

Currently, we have no policies in place that limit or restrict our ability to borrow money or raise capital by issuing debt securities. Similarly, we have only a limited number of policies regarding underwriting criteria, loan metrics and operations in general. Even within these policies, management has broad discretion. We may adopt new strategies, policies and/or procedures or change any of our existing strategies, policies and /or procedures regarding financing, hedging, asset allocation, lending, operations and management at any time without the consent of shareholders, which could result in us originating and funding mortgage loans or entering into financing or hedging transactions with which we have no or limited experience or that are different from, and possibly riskier than our existing strategies and policies. The adoption of new strategies, policies and procedures or any changes, modifications or revisions to existing strategies, policies and procedures, may increase our exposure to fluctuations in real estate values, interest rates, prepayment rates, credit risk and other factors and there can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively identify, manage, monitor or mitigate these risks. A change in our lending guidelines could result in us making riskier real estate loans than those we have been making until now.

The Board determines our operational policies and may adopt new policies or amend or revise existing policies regarding lending, financing, investment or other operational and management policies relating to growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions or approve transactions that deviate from these policies without a vote of, or notice to, shareholders. Changes in our lending and financing strategies and to our operational and management policies, or adoption of new strategies and/or policies, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

Moreover, while the Board may periodically review our loan guidelines and our strategies and policies and while it may also approve certain loans, it does not approve every individual mortgage loan that we originate or fund, leaving management with day-to-day discretion over our loan portfolio composition within our broad lending guidelines. Within those guidelines, management has the discretion to significantly change the composition of our loan portfolio. In addition, in conducting periodic reviews, the directors may rely primarily on information provided to them by management. Moreover, because management has great latitude within our guidelines in determining the amounts and other terms of a particular mortgage loan, there can be no assurance that management will not make or approve loans that result in returns that are substantially below expectations or result in losses, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

In connection with our lending operations, we rely on third-party service providers to perform a variety of services, comply with applicable laws and regulations, and carry out contractual covenants and terms, the failure of which by any of these third-party service providers may adversely impact our business and financial results.

In connection with our business of originating and funding mortgage loans, we rely on third-party service providers to perform a variety of services, comply with applicable laws and regulations, and carry out contractual covenants and terms. For example, we may rely on appraisers for a valuation analysis of the property that will be mortgaged to secure the loan or we may rely on attorneys to close the loans and to make sure that the loan is properly secured. These and other service providers upon whom we rely, may fail to adequately perform the services that they have been engaged to provide by committing errors, negligence, or fraud. As a result, we are subject to the risks associated with a third party’s failure to perform, including failure to perform due to reasons such as fraud, negligence, errors, miscalculations, or insolvency and the corresponding losses or impairments to our investments. In addition, we could also suffer reputational damage because of their acts or omissions, which could lead to borrowers and lenders and other counterparties ceasing to do business with us, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

We may be adversely affected by deficiencies in foreclosure practices as well as related delays in the foreclosure process.

One of the biggest risks overhanging the mortgage market has been uncertainty around the timing and ability of lenders to foreclose on defaulted loans, so that they can liquidate the underlying properties. Given the magnitude of the housing crisis of 2008, and in response to the well-publicized failures of many mortgage servicing companies to follow proper foreclosure procedures (such as involving “robo-signing”), lenders, and their agents, are being held to much higher foreclosure-related documentation standards than they previously were. As a result, the mortgage foreclosure process has become lengthier and more expensive through the payment of past due taxes, insurance, as well as legal fees. Many factors delaying foreclosure, such as borrower lawsuits and judicial backlog and scrutiny, are outside of our control. Current defendant legal practice will likely continue to delay foreclosure processing in both judicial states (where foreclosures require court involvement) and non-judicial states to the benefit of our borrowers. The extension of foreclosure timelines also increases the inventory backlog of distressed homes on the market and creates greater uncertainty about housing prices. Continuing deficiencies in foreclosure practices of mortgage lenders and related delays in the foreclosure process may impact our loss assumptions and affect the values of, and our returns on, our mortgage loans.

We may be unable to identify and complete acquisitions on favorable terms or at all, which may inhibit our growth and have a material adverse effect on us.

As part of our growth strategy, we occasionally evaluate acquisition opportunities, including other real estate lenders or loan portfolios. To date, we have never pursued any of these opportunities. Acquisitions, in general, involve a high degree of risk including the following:

We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify or consummate any acquisitions and we cannot assure you that, if we are able to identify and consummate one or more acquisitions, that those acquisitions will yield the anticipated benefits. Our inability to complete property or business acquisitions on favorable terms or at all could have a material adverse effect on us.

The downgrade of the credit ratings of the U.S., any future downgrades of the credit ratings of the U.S. and the failure to resolve issues related to U.S. fiscal and debt policies may materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

Concerns regarding the gross federal debt and the budget deficit have increased the possibility of credit-rating downgrades or economic slowdowns in the U.S. The impact of any downgrades to the U.S. Government’s sovereign credit rating or its perceived creditworthiness could adversely affect the U.S. and global financial markets and economic conditions. A downgrade of the U.S. Government’s credit rating or a default by the U.S. Government to satisfy its debt obligations likely would create broader financial turmoil and uncertainty, which would weigh heavily on the global banking system and these developments could cause interest rates and borrowing costs to rise and a reduction in the availability of credit, which may negatively impact the value of our loan portfolio, our net income, liquidity and our ability to finance our assets on favorable terms.

Risks Related to Our Operations, Structure and Change in Control Provisions

We have significant unfunded commitments to existing borrowers. If we are unable to fund these commitments, we may be subject to borrower legal claims.

At December 31, 2024, we had unfunded commitments under existing loans of $49.9 million. We do not record these unfunded commitments as liabilities on our balance sheets as the unfunded portion of the loans are not included in the outstanding mortgage loan balances. We try to maintain a reasonable amount of working capital at all times, although not in amounts sufficient to cover all of our deferred funding obligations. Nevertheless, there is a risk that borrower demand for funding under existing loans could exceed our available working capital and if we fail to meet our funding obligations, we may be subject to legal claims by the borrowers. This could have a material and adverse impact on our business reputation, our operations as well as our financial condition.

Interruptions in our ability to provide our products and our service to our customers could damage our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our business and reputation could be adversely affected by any interruption or failure on our part to provide our products and services to our customers and prospective customers in a timely manner, even if such failures are a result of a natural disaster, public health issues (such as COVID-19), human error, errors and/or omissions by third parties on whom we depend, whether willful or unintentional, sabotage, vandalism, terrorist acts, unauthorized entry or other unanticipated problems. If a significant disruption occurs, we may be unable to take corrective action in a timely manner or, if and when implemented, these measures may not be sufficient or could be circumvented through the reoccurrence of a natural disaster or other unanticipated problem, or as a result of accidental or intentional actions. Furthermore, such disruptions may result in legal liability. Accordingly, our failure or inability to provide products and services to our customers in a timely and efficient manner may result in significant liability, a loss of customers and damage to our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

The occurrence of cyber incidents, or a deficiency in our cybersecurity or in those of any of our third-party service providers, could negatively impact our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information or damage to our business relationships or reputation, all of which could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

In general, any adverse event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information resources or the information resources of our third-party service providers is considered a cyber incident. More specifically, a cyber incident is an intentional attack or an unintentional event that can include gaining unauthorized access to systems to disrupt operations, corrupt data, or steal confidential information. As our reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to our systems, both internal and those we have outsourced. The primary risks that could directly result from the occurrence of a cyber incident include operational interruption and private data exposure. We cannot assure you that our business and results of operations will not be negatively impacted by a cyber incident.

We face risks from cybersecurity threats that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or reputation. We acknowledge that the risk of a cyber incident is prevalent in the current threat landscape and that a future cyber incident may occur in the normal course of our business. However, cyber incidents have not been identified to date, therefore having no material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. We understand potential vulnerabilities to known or unknown threats remain and have implemented our cyber risk management program described in Item 1.C. below to stay up-to-date on attacks against IT assets, data, and services, and to prevent their occurrence and recurrence where practicable. We cannot assure you that our program will be effective in preventing a cyber incident in the future. If it is not effective, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

The loss of key personnel, such as one of our executive officers, could have a material adverse effect on us.

We believe that our continued success depends on the continued services of John L. Villano, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President. Our reputation and our relationships with our key customers are the direct result of a significant investment of time and effort by him to build our credibility in a highly specialized industry. The loss of Mr. Villano’s services could diminish our business and investment opportunities and our relationships with lenders, business partners and existing and prospective customers and could have a material adverse effect on us. While we have entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Villano, he can terminate his employment with us at any time, for any reason. In the event Mr. Villano terminates his employment with us or is unable to carry out his duties, our business and operations will be adversely impacted.

In December 2024, our Chief Financial Officer, Nicholas Marcello resigned. Mr. Marcello had been involved in almost all aspects of our business, including administration, operations and finance. We immediately commenced a search to find a replacement for Mr. Marcello. Until then, Jeffery Walraven, a member of our Board, is serving as our Interim Chief Financial Officer. If we do not appoint a full-time Chief Financial Officer or find the right candidate in a timely manner, it could have an adverse effect on financial management, growth, and stability.

Our inability to recruit or retain qualified personnel or maintain access to key third-party service providers and software developers, could have a material adverse effect on us.

Training new employees is a difficult, time-consuming and expensive task but is key to our growth and success. We must continue to identify, hire, train, and retain qualified professionals, operations employees, and sales and senior management personnel who maintain relationships with our customers and who can provide the technical, strategic and marketing skills that will help us grow. Competitive pressures may require that we enhance our pay and benefits package to compete effectively for such personnel. An increase in these costs or our inability to recruit and retain necessary professional, technical, managerial, sales and marketing personnel or to maintain access to key third-party providers could have a material adverse effect on us.

The stock ownership limit imposed by our charter may inhibit market activity in our Common Shares and may restrict our business combination opportunities.

For us to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Code, not more than 50% in value of the issued and outstanding shares of our capital stock may be owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year (other than our first year as a REIT). This test is known as the “5/50 test.” Attribution rules in the Code apply to determine if any individual or entity actually or constructively owns our capital stock for purposes of this requirement. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of each taxable year (other than our first year as a REIT). To help ensure that we meet these tests, our charter restricts the acquisition and ownership of shares of our capital stock. Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT and provides that, unless exempted by the Board, no person may own more than 4.99% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our capital stock or more than 4.99% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate of our outstanding shares of our Common Shares. Our founder John L. Villano, is exempt from this provision. The ownership limits contained in our charter could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control of our company under circumstances that otherwise could provide our shareholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price for our Common Shares or would otherwise be in the best interests of our shareholders.

If we sell or transfer mortgage loans to a third party, including a securitization entity, we may be required to repurchase such loans or indemnify such third party if we breach representations and warranties.

In order to raise working capital, we may sell or transfer mortgage loans to a third party, including a securitization entity. In December 2024, we consummated the sale of 32 mortgage loans, having an aggregate outstanding principal balance of $55.8 million to a number of buyers, all of whom specialize in distressed debt. Most of the loans sold were designated as pending/pre-foreclosure by us. In connection with these sales, we were required to make certain representations and warranties to the buyers that are typical in these types of transactions. If there is a material breach in any of theses representations and warranties, we may be liable for any damages incurred by the buyer as a result of such breach or we may be obligated to repurchase one or more of the sold loans that is directly impacted by the breach or replace the impacted loan with another loan. Any remedy, whether we have to pay damages or repurchase or replace a loan, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Debt Financing

If we cannot access external sources of capital on favorable terms or at all, our ability to execute our business and growth strategies will be impaired.

In addition to the usual operating expenses, we have significant other cash requirements, notably interest and dividend payments (to maintain our REIT status, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income on a annual basis) and loan repayments ($56.4 million principal amount of Notes will become due in September of 2025 and another $51.8 million principal amount of Notes will become due in December of 2026.) Consequently, we rely on third-party sources of capital to fund a substantial amount of our working capital needs. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends, in part, on general market conditions, the market’s perception of our growth potential, leverage, current and expected results of operations, liquidity, financial condition and cash distributions to shareholders and the market price of our equity securities. If we cannot obtain capital when needed, we may not be able to execute our business and growth strategies, satisfy our debt service obligations, make the cash distributions to our shareholders necessary to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT (which would expose us to significant penalties and corporate level taxation), or fund our other business needs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.

We employ leverage, which magnifies the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and may increase the risk of investing in us. If we are unable to leverage our assets to the extent we anticipate, the returns on certain if not all of our assets could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

A key element of our growth strategy is to use leverage to increase the size of our loan portfolio to enhance our returns. If we are unable to leverage our assets to the extent we currently anticipate, the returns on our loan portfolio could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate our ability to make distributions to our shareholders. For example, from June 2019 through August 2022, we consummated seven public offerings of unsecured unsubordinated five-year notes having an aggregate original principal amount of $288.4 million. Those funds were critical to our growth during that period.

Our organizational documents contain no limitations regarding the maximum level of indebtedness, whether as a percentage of our market capitalization or otherwise, that we may incur. The amount of leverage that we employ depends on managements assessment of market and other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing. As our capital needs continue to grow, we anticipate increasing our overall indebtedness. Our substantial outstanding indebtedness, and the limitations imposed on us by our debt agreements, could have other significant adverse consequences, including the following:

The occurrence of any one of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to shareholders.

We are leveraged. If we default on our obligations, we may suffer adverse consequences.

Borrowings, also known as leverage, magnify the potential for income gain or loss on amounts invested in loans and, therefore, increase the risks associated with investing in us. We borrow from and issue senior debt securities to banks and other lenders that are secured by liens on our assets. Holders of these senior securities have fixed dollar claims on our assets that are superior to the claims of the holders of our other securities. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique. Any increase in our income in excess of interest payable on our outstanding indebtedness would cause our net income to increase more than it would have had we not incurred leverage, while any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not incurred leverage. Such a decline could negatively affect our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our equity securities or scheduled debt payments. There can be no assurance that our leveraging strategy will be successful.

Our outstanding indebtedness imposes, and additional debt we may incur in the future will likely impose, financial and operating covenants that restrict our business activities, including limitations that could hinder our ability to finance additional loans and investments or to make the distributions required to maintain our status as a REIT.

Total outstanding indebtedness at December 31, 2024 was $304.9 million, which included $230.2 million aggregate outstanding principal balance of Notes, $40 million outstanding on the Needham Credit Facility (since reduced to $36.1 million), $33.7 million outstanding on the Churchill Credit Facility, and $1.0 million outstanding on the NHB Mortgage. All amounts borrowed under the Needham Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien on virtually all our assets excluding real estate owned by us (other than real estate acquired pursuant to foreclosure) and mortgages sold under the Churchill Credit Facility. To secure our obligations under the Churchill Credit Facility, we grant Churchill a first priority security interest on the mortgage loans that are that are sold to Churchill under that facility. The NHB Mortgage is secured by a first mortgage lien on the property located at 568 E. Main Street, Branford Connecticut, which we own and which is our principal place of business. In addition, the Churchill Credit Facility and the NHB Mortgage have cross default provisions, which means that a default under the terms of any other indebtedness, would also be an event of default under the Churchill Credit Facility and the NHB Mortgage as well. Thus, any default under the Needham Credit or the Churchill Credit Facility or the NHB Mortgage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, cash flows, our ability to make distributions to shareholders and make the interest payment on the Notes.

Under the Indenture governing the Notes, as well as the agreements relating to our various credit facilities, we are generally required to meet an asset coverage ratio at least equal to 150%, respectively, of total assets to total borrowings and other senior securities, which include all our borrowings and any redeemable preferred stock we may issue in the future. In addition, we cannot pay dividends to our shareholders to the extent such dividends would cause us to fall below the 150% asset coverage ratio. If this ratio declines below 150%, we may not be able to incur additional debt and may need to sell a portion of our investments to repay some debt when it is disadvantageous to do so, and we may not be able to make distributions to our shareholders.

Any default under the agreements governing our existing indebtedness, or other indebtedness that we may incur in the future that is not waived by the required lenders, and the remedies sought by the holders of such indebtedness could make us unable to pay principal and interest on the Notes and substantially decrease the market value of the Notes. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow and are otherwise unable to obtain funds necessary to meet required payments of principal and interest on our indebtedness, or if we otherwise fail to comply with the various covenants, including financial and operating covenants, in the instruments governing our indebtedness, we could be in default under the terms of the agreements governing such indebtedness, including the Notes. In the event of such default, the holders of such indebtedness could elect to declare all the funds borrowed thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, the lenders under any revolving credit facility or other financing that we may obtain in the future could elect to terminate their commitment, cease making further loans and institute foreclosure proceedings against our assets and force us into bankruptcy or liquidation. Any such default may constitute a default under all our indebtedness, including the Notes, which could further limit our ability to repay our indebtedness, including the Notes. If our operating performance declines, we may in the future need to seek to obtain waivers from our existing lenders at the time to avoid being in default. If we breach any loan covenants, we may not be able to obtain such a waiver from the lenders in which case we would be in default under the credit arrangement and the lender could exercise its rights as described above, and we may be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. If we are unable to repay indebtedness, lenders having secured obligations could proceed against the collateral securing the debt. Because the Churchill Credit Facility and the NHB Mortgage have, and any future credit facilities may have, customary cross-default provisions, if repayment of any outstanding indebtedness, such as the Notes, the Churchill Facility, the NHB Mortgage, the Needham Credit Facility or any future credit facility, is accelerated, we may be unable to repay or finance the amounts due.

Despite our current debt levels, we may incur substantially more debt or take other actions which could have the effect of diminishing our ability to make payments on our indebtedness when due and distributions to our shareholders.

Despite our current debt levels, we may incur substantial additional debt in the future, secured or unsecured, senior or subordinate, subject to the restrictions contained in our debt instruments, by issuing additional debt securities in public or private transactions, arranging new credit facilities or increasing borrowings under our existing credit facilities, or by other means. A failure to add new debt facilities or issue additional debt securities or incur other indebtedness in lieu of or in addition to existing indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional debt capital on reasonable terms, if at all. Even if we are successful, we cannot assure that we will be able to service any increase in the amount of our indebtedness.

Risks Related to the Notes

Our outstanding fixed rate term notes are unsecured and therefore are effectively subordinated to any secured indebtedness we have incurred or may incur in the future.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $230.2 million aggregate principal amount of Notes outstanding. The Notes are unsecured. As a result, they are effectively subordinated to all our existing and future secured indebtedness, such as the Churchill Credit Facility ($33.7 million outstanding balance at December 31, 2024), the Needham Credit Facility, ($40.0 million outstanding balance at December 31, 2024), and the NHB Mortgage, ($1.0 million outstanding balance at December 31, 2024) as well as any secured indebtedness that we may incur in the future, or any indebtedness that is initially unsecured to which we subsequently grant a security interest, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. In any liquidation, dissolution, bankruptcy or other similar proceeding, the holders of any of our existing or future secured indebtedness may assert rights against the assets pledged to secure that indebtedness in order to receive full payment of their indebtedness before the assets may be used to pay other creditors, including the holders of the Notes. The Needham Credit Facility is secured by a first priority lien on virtually all our assets excluding real estate owned by us (other than real estate acquired pursuant to foreclosure) and mortgages sold under the Churchill Credit Facility. The Churchill Credit Facility is secured by a first priority security interest on the mortgage loans pledged as collateral under the facility. The NHB Mortgage is secured by a first mortgage lien on the property located at 568 East Main Street, Branford, Connecticut.

The Notes are subordinated to the indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries.

The Notes are our exclusive obligations, and not of any of our subsidiaries. In addition, the Notes are not guaranteed by any third-party, whether an affiliate or unrelated. None of the assets of our subsidiaries will be directly available to satisfy the claims of holders of the Notes. Except to the extent, we are a creditor with recognized claims against our subsidiaries, all claims of creditors of our subsidiaries will have priority over our equity interests in such entities (and therefore the claims of our creditors, including holders of the Notes) with respect to the assets of such entities. Even if we are recognized as a creditor of one or more of these entities, our claims would still be effectively subordinated to any security interests in the assets of any such entity and to any indebtedness or other liabilities of any such entity senior to our claims. Consequently, the Notes will be structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of any of our subsidiaries. In addition, our subsidiaries and these entities may incur substantial indebtedness in the future, all of which would be structurally senior to the Notes.

The indenture under which the Notes are issued contains limited protection for holders of the Notes.

The indenture under which the Notes were issued offers limited protection to holders of the Notes. The terms of the indenture and the Notes do not restrict our ability to engage in, or otherwise be a party to, a variety of corporate transactions, circumstances or events that could have a material adverse impact on an investment in the Notes. Except in limited circumstances, the terms of the indenture and the Notes do not restrict our ability to:

In addition, the indenture does not require us to offer to purchase the Notes in connection with a change of control or any other event.

Similarly, the terms of the indenture and the Notes do not protect holders of the Notes in the event that we experience changes (including significant adverse changes) in our financial condition, results of operations or credit ratings, if any, as long as we adhere to the Asset Coverage Ratio covenant in the indenture. See “Management’s Discussion of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Financing Strategy Overview.”

Our ability to recapitalize, incur additional debt and take other actions that are not limited by the terms of the Notes may have important consequences to the holders of the Notes, including making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to the Notes or negatively affecting the trading value of the Notes.

Other debt we issue or incur in the future could contain more protections for its holders than the indenture and the Notes, including additional covenants and events of default. For example, the indenture under which the Notes are issued does not contain cross-default provisions. The issuance or incurrence of any indebtedness with incremental protections could affect the market for, trading volume and prices of the Notes.

An increase in market interest rates could result in a decrease in the value of the Notes.

In general, as market interest rates rise, notes bearing interest at a fixed rate decline in value. Consequently, if you own Notes or purchase Notes, and the market interest rates subsequently increase, the market value of your Notes may decline. We cannot predict the future level of market interest rates.

Although the Notes are listed on the NYSE American, an active trading market for the Notes may not develop, which could limit the ability of Noteholders to sell the Notes and/or the market price of the Notes.

Although the Notes are listed on the NYSE American, there is limited trading of the Notes on the exchange and we cannot assure holders of the Notes that an active trading market will develop or be maintained for the Notes. In addition, the Notes may trade at a discount from their initial offering price depending on prevailing interest rates, the market for similar securities, our credit ratings, if any, general economic conditions, our financial condition, performance and prospects and other factors. Although the underwriters advised us at the time of issuance that they intend to make a market in the Notes, they are not obligated to do so. The underwriters may discontinue any market-making in the Notes at any time at their sole discretion. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that a liquid trading market for the Notes will develop or can be sustained, or that holders of the Notes will be able to sell their Notes at a particular time or that the price they will receive at the time of sale will be favorable. To the extent an active trading market does not develop, the liquidity and trading price for the Notes may be harmed. Accordingly, the Noteholders may be required to bear the financial risk of an investment in the Notes indefinitely.

We may choose to redeem the Notes when prevailing interest rates are relatively low.

All the Notes are currently redeemable at the time of our choosing. We may choose to redeem the Notes when prevailing interest rates are lower than the rate borne by the Notes. If prevailing rates are lower at the time of redemption, holders of the Notes would not be able to reinvest the redemption proceeds in a comparable security at an effective interest rate as high as the interest rate on the Notes being redeemed. Our redemption right may adversely impact the ability of holders to sell the Notes as the optional redemption date or period approaches.

We are not obligated to contribute to a sinking fund to retire the Notes and the Notes are not guaranteed by a third party.

We are not obligated to contribute funds to a sinking fund to repay principal or interest on the Notes upon maturity or default. The Notes are not certificates of deposit or similar obligations of, or guaranteed by, any depositary institution. Further, no private party or governmental entity insures or guarantees payment on the Notes if we do not have enough funds to make principal or interest payments.

A downgrade, suspension or withdrawal of the credit rating assigned by a rating agency to us or the Notes, if any, could cause the liquidity or market value of the Notes to decline significantly.

Our credit rating is an assessment by third parties of our ability to pay our obligations. Consequently, real or anticipated changes in our credit rating will generally affect the market value of the Notes. Our credit rating, however, may not reflect the potential impact of risks related to market conditions generally or other factors discussed above on the market value of or trading market for the Notes. Credit ratings are not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold any security, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time by the issuing organization in its sole discretion.

Upon issuance, each tranche of Notes received a private rating of BBB+ from Egan-Jones Ratings Company. An explanation of the significance of ratings may be obtained from the rating agency. Generally, rating agencies base their ratings on such material and information, and such of their own investigations, studies and assumptions, as they deem appropriate. We have no obligation to maintain our credit rating or to advise holders of the Notes of any changes in our credit rating. There can be no assurance that our credit rating will remain for any given period of time or that such credit rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by the rating agency if in their judgment future circumstances relating to the basis of the credit rating so warrant.

Risks Related to our Series A Preferred Stock

The Series A Preferred Stock effectively ranks junior to all our indebtedness and other liabilities and of our subsidiaries.

In the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, our assets will be available to pay obligations on the Series A Preferred Stock only after all of our indebtedness and other liabilities have been paid. At December 31, 2024, our total outstanding indebtedness, including the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the Notes (net of deferred financing costs), amounts due under the Churchill Credit Facility, the NHB Mortgage and the Needham Credit Facility, totaled $301.2 million, and total liabilities were $310.3 million.

The rights of holders of the Series A Preferred Stock to participate in the distribution of our assets will rank junior to the prior claims of our current and future creditors and any future series or class of preferred stock we may issue that ranks senior to the Series A Preferred Stock. In addition, the Series A Preferred Stock effectively ranks junior to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of (as well as any preferred equity interests held by others in) our existing subsidiaries and any future subsidiaries in that the Series A Preferred Stock is structurally subordinated to these types of indebtedness and other liabilities. Our existing subsidiaries are, and any future subsidiaries would be, separate legal entities and have no legal obligation to pay any amounts to us in respect of dividends due on the Series A Preferred Stock. If we are forced to liquidate our assets to pay our creditors, we may not have sufficient assets to pay amounts due with respect to the outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock. We and our subsidiaries have incurred and may in the future incur substantial amounts of debt and other obligations that will rank senior to the Series A Preferred Stock. Certain of our existing or future debt instruments may restrict the authorization, payment or setting apart of dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock.

Future offerings of debt or senior equity securities may adversely affect the market price of the Series A Preferred Stock. If we decide to issue debt or senior equity securities in the future, it is possible that these securities will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of the Series A Preferred Stock and may result in dilution to owners of the Series A Preferred Stock. We and, indirectly, our shareholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of the Series A Preferred Stock will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of the Series A Preferred Stock and diluting the value of their holdings in us.

We may issue additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock and additional series of preferred shares that rank on parity with the Series A Preferred Stock as to dividend rights, rights upon liquidation or voting rights.

We are allowed to issue additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock and additional series of preferred shares that would rank equally to the Series A Preferred Stock as to dividend payments and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs pursuant to our certificate of incorporation, as amended, including the certificate of amendment creating the Series A Preferred Stock without any vote of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock.

The issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock and additional series of parity preferred stock could have the effect of reducing the amounts available to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock issued in this offering upon our liquidation or dissolution or the winding up of our affairs. It also may reduce dividend payments on the Series A Preferred Stock issued in this offering if we do not have sufficient funds to pay dividends on all Series A Preferred Stock outstanding and other classes of stock with equal priority with respect to dividends.

In addition, although holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to limited voting rights, the Series A Preferred Stock will vote separately as a class together with all other classes or series of our preferred shares that we may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable. As a result, the voting rights of holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may be significantly diluted, and the holders of such other series of preferred shares that we may issue may be able to control or significantly influence the outcome of any vote.

Future issuances and sales of parity preferred shares, or the perception that such issuances and sales could occur, may cause prevailing market prices for the Series A Preferred Stock and our Common Shares to decline and may adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital in the financial markets at times and prices favorable to us.

Market interest rates may materially and adversely affect the value of the Series A Preferred Stock.

One of the factors that will influence the price of the Series A Preferred Stock will be the dividend yield on the Series A Preferred Stock (as a percentage of the market price of the Series A Preferred Stock) relative to market interest rates. An increase in market interest rates may lead prospective purchasers of the Series A Preferred Stock to expect a higher dividend yield (and higher interest rates would likely increase our borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available for dividend payments). Thus, higher market interest rates could cause the market price of the Series A Preferred Stock to materially decrease.

Our ability to pay dividends is limited by the requirements of New York law.

Our ability to pay dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock is limited by the laws of New York. Under applicable New York law, a New York corporation may not make a distribution if, after giving effect to the distribution, the corporation would not be able to pay its debts as the debts become due in the usual course of business, or, except in limited circumstances, the corporation’s total assets would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus, unless our certificate of incorporation, as amended, provides otherwise, the amount that would be needed, if the corporation were dissolved at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of shareholders whose preferential rights are superior to those receiving the distribution. Accordingly, we may not make a distribution on the Series A Preferred Stock if, after giving effect to the distribution, we would not be able to pay our debts as they become due in the usual course of business or, except in limited circumstances, our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus, unless the charter provides otherwise, the amount that would be needed to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of the holders of shares of any class or series of preferred shares then outstanding, if any, with preferences senior to those of the Series A Preferred Stock.

The change of control conversion rights may not adequately compensate the holders of Series A Preferred Stock in the event we undergo a change of control. The change of control conversion rights may also make it more difficult for a party to acquire us or discourage a party from acquiring us.

Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, each holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock will have the right (unless, prior to the Change of Control Conversion Date (as defined in our certificate of incorporation, as amended), we have provided notice of our election to redeem some or all of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by such holder, in which case such holder will have the right only with respect to shares of Series A Preferred Stock that are not called for redemption) to convert some or all of such holder’s shares of Series A Preferred Stock into our Common Shares (or under specified circumstances certain alternative consideration). Notwithstanding that we generally may not redeem the Series A Preferred Stock prior to June 29, 2026, we have a special optional redemption right to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock in the event of a Change of Control, and holders of the Series A Preferred Stock will not have the right to convert any shares that we have elected to redeem prior to the Change of Control Conversion Date.

If we do not elect to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock prior to the Change of Control Conversion Date, then upon an exercise of their conversion rights, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock will be limited to a maximum number of our Common Shares (or, if applicable, the Alternative Conversion Consideration (as defined in our certificate of incorporation, as amended)) equal to the lesser of (a) the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the sum of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share of Series A Preferred Stock plus the amount of any accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon to, but not including, the Change of Control Conversion Date (unless the Change of Control Conversion Date is after a dividend record date and prior to the corresponding dividend payment date for the Series A Preferred Stock, in which case no additional amount for such accrued and unpaid dividend will be included in this sum) by (ii) the Common Stock Price (as defined in our certificate of incorporation, as amended); and (b) 25.00, multiplied by the number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock converted.

In addition, the Change of Control conversion feature of the Series A Preferred Stock may have the effect of discouraging a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring or preventing certain of our change of control transactions under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our Common Shares and Series A Preferred Stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price of such stock or that shareholders may otherwise believe is in their best interests.

The trading price of the Series A Preferred Stock could be substantially affected by various factors.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the price for our Series A Preferred Stock on the NYSE American has ranged from a high of $24.70 to a low of $15.39. We cannot assure you that the market price of the Series A Preferred Stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly. The trading price of the Series A Preferred Stock will depend on many factors, which may change from time to time, including the following:

Our certificate of incorporation, as amended, including the certificate of amendment establishing the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock, contains restrictions upon ownership and transfer of the Series A Preferred Stock, which may impair the ability of holders to convert Series A Preferred Stock into our Common Shares.

Our certificate of incorporation, as amended, including the certificate of amendment creating the Series A Preferred Stock, contains restrictions on ownership and transfer of the Series A Preferred Stock intended, among other things, to assist us in maintaining our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. For example, our charter provides that no person may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of applicable attribution provisions of the Code, more than 4.99% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our outstanding Common Shares or 4.99% by value of our outstanding shares of capital stock, subject to certain exceptions. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Series A Preferred Stock, no holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to convert such stock into our Common Shares to the extent that receipt of our Common Shares would cause the holder to exceed the ownership limitations contained in our certificate of incorporation, as amended, including the certificate of amendment creating the Series A Preferred Stock. In addition, these restrictions could have takeover defense effects and could reduce the possibility that a third party will attempt to acquire control of us, which could adversely affect the market price of the Series A Preferred Stock.

The Series A Preferred Stock shareholders has extremely limited voting rights.

Our Common Shares are the only class of our securities that carry full voting rights. Voting rights for holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock exist primarily with respect to the ability to elect, voting together as a single class with the holders of any other class or series of our preferred shares having similar voting rights, two additional directors to the Board, in the event that six quarterly dividends (whether or not consecutive) payable on the Series A Preferred Stock are in arrears, and with respect to voting on amendments to our charter, including the certificate of amendment creating the Series A Preferred Stock, that materially and adversely affect the rights of the holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock or authorize, increase or create additional classes or series of our stock that are senior to the Series A Preferred Stock. Other than the limited circumstances described in our certificate of incorporation, as amended, holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock will not have any voting rights.

Future sales of substantial amounts of Series A Preferred Stock, or the possibility that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of the Series A Preferred Stock.

We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future issuances or sales of our securities or the availability of our securities for future issuance or sale, will have on the market price of the Series A Preferred Stock. Issuances or sales of substantial amounts of our securities, including sales of shares of the Series A Preferred Stock or the perception that such issuances or sales might occur, could negatively impact the market price of the Series A Preferred Stock and the terms upon which we may obtain additional equity financing in the future.

Although the Series A Preferred Stock received a private credit rating of BBB from Egan-Jones Ratings Company at the time of issuance, the Series A Preferred Stock may be downgraded, suspended or withdrawn as a result of the offering of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock.

At the time of issuance, the Series A Preferred Stock has a private credit rating of BBB from Egan-Jones Ratings Company. An explanation of the significance of ratings may be obtained from the rating agency. Generally, rating agencies base their ratings on such material and information, and such of their own investigations, studies and assumptions, as they deem appropriate. The issuance of additional shares in the future or other factors could affect our ability to maintain the rating on the Series A Preferred Stock. The rating of the Series A Preferred Stock should be evaluated independently from similar ratings of other securities. A credit rating of a security is paid for by the issuer and is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and maybe subject to review, revision, suspension, reduction or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. We cannot assure you that the credit rating assigned to us or the Series A Preferred Stock will not be downgraded, suspended or withdrawn in the future. If it is, the liquidity or market value of the Series A Preferred Stock could be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to our Common Shares

The market price and trading volume of our securities may be volatile.

The stock markets, including the NYSE American, which is the exchange on which we list our Common Shares, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the price for our Common Shares on the NYSE American has ranged from a high of $4.54 to a low of $1.17. We cannot assure you that the market price of our Common Shares will not fluctuate or decline significantly. Some of the factors that could negatively affect our stock price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our Common Shares are the following:

We have not established a minimum dividend payment level for our Common Shares and there are no assurances of our ability to pay dividends to our common shareholders in the future.

We intend to pay quarterly dividends and to make distributions to our common shareholders in amounts such that all or substantially all our taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments, is distributed. This, along with other factors, should enable us to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT under the Code. We have not established a minimum dividend payment level for our common shareholders and our ability to pay dividends may be harmed by the risk factors described herein. All distributions to our common shareholders will be made at the discretion of the Board and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT status and such other factors as the Board may deem relevant from time to time. We cannot assure you of our ability to pay dividends to our common shareholders in the future at the current rate or at all. If our ability to pay dividends is compromised, whether as a result of the risks described in this Report or for any other reason, the market price of our Common Shares could decline.

Future offerings of preferred shares or debt securities would rank senior to our Common Shares upon liquidation and for dividend purposes, would dilute the interests of our common shareholders and may adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares.

In the future, we may seek to increase our capital resources by making offerings of debt, including short- and medium-term notes, senior or subordinated or convertible notes, or additional offerings of preferred shares. Issuance of debt securities or preferred equity would reduce the amount available for distribution to common shareholders on account of the interest payable to the holders of the debt securities and the dividends payable to the holders of the preferred equity. Similarly, upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and lenders with respect to other borrowings as well as holders of preferred shares will receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our Common Shares. Finally, issuances of preferred shares or debt securities with equity features, such as convertible notes, may dilute the holdings of our existing shareholders or reduce the market price of our Common Shares or both. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our Common Shares bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our Common Shares and diluting their interest in us.

An increase in interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Shares and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.

One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our Common Shares is our dividend rate (or expected future dividend rates) as a percentage of our share price, relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may demand a higher dividend rate on our Common Shares or seek alternative investments paying higher dividends or interest. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions can affect the market price of our Common Shares independent of the effects such conditions may have on our loan portfolio.

Your investment in and resulting interest in us may be diluted or lose value if we issue additional shares.

Sales of substantial amounts of our Common Shares in the public market may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Shares. Sales of substantial amounts of our Common Shares, including by any selling shareholders, adoption and utilization of an at the market issuance program, or the availability of such Common Shares for sale, whether or not actually sold, could adversely affect the prevailing market prices for our Common Shares. If this occurs and continues, it could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities.

Our current shareholders do not have preemptive rights to any Common Shares issued by us in the future. Therefore, our current common shareholders may experience dilution of their equity investment if we sell additional Common Shares in the future, sell securities that are convertible into Common Shares or issue Common Shares or options exercisable for Common Shares. In addition, we could sell securities at a price less than our then-current book value per share.

If we fail to comply with the continued listing standards of the NYSE American, all or some of our securities that currently are listed on the NYSE American could be delisted. This would have a material adverse impact on the holders of that security and as us.

The continued listing of our common stock on the NYSE American is contingent on our continued compliance with the listing standards of the exchange. The NYSE American retains substantial discretion to, at any time and without notice, suspend dealings in or remove from any security from listing. To maintain this listing, we must maintain certain share prices, financial and share distribution targets, including maintaining a minimum amount of shareholders’ equity and a minimum number of public shareholders. In addition to these objective standards, the NYSE American may delist the securities of any issuer: (i) if, in its opinion, the issuer’s financial condition and/or operating results appear unsatisfactory; (ii) if it appears that the extent of public distribution or the aggregate market value of the security has become so reduced as to make continued listing on the NYSE American inadvisable; (iii) if the issuer sells or disposes of principal operating assets or ceases to be an operating company; (iv) if an issuer fails to comply with the NYSE American’s listing requirements; (v) if the trading price of a listed security falls below what the NYSE American considers a “low selling price” and the issuer fails to correct this situation within a reasonable period following receipt of notification from the NYSE American; or (vi) if any other event occurs or any condition exists which makes continued listing on the NYSE American, in its opinion, inadvisable. There is no assurance that we will remain in compliance with these standards.

Delisting from the NYSE American would adversely affect our ability to raise additional financing through the public or private sale of equity securities, significantly affect the ability of investors to trade our securities and negatively affect the value and liquidity of our common stock. Delisting also could limit our strategic alternatives and attractiveness to potential counterparties and have other negative results, including the potential loss of employee confidence, decreased analyst coverage of our securities, the loss of institutional investors or interest in business development opportunities. Moreover, we committed in connection with the sale of securities to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the listing of our common stock during such time that certain warrants are outstanding.

Risks Related to Regulatory Matters

Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations.

We have conducted and intend to continue to conduct our operations so as not to become regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. We believe that there are several exclusions under the Investment Company Act that are applicable to us. To maintain the exclusion, the assets that we acquire are limited by the provisions of the Investment Company Act and the rules and regulations promulgated under the Investment Company Act. If we fail to qualify for, our exclusion, we could, among other things, be required either (a) to change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company or (b) to register as an investment company, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and the market price of our Common Shares.

Tax Risks Related to Our Structure

Failure to qualify as a REIT would adversely affect our operations and ability to make distributions.

We believe that we were organized and, since the IPO, have operated and we plan to continue to operate in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. We elected to be taxed as a REIT, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2017. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our ability to meet, on an ongoing basis, various complex requirements concerning, among other things, the ownership of our outstanding stock, the nature of our assets, the sources of our income, and the amount of our distributions to our shareholders. To satisfy these requirements, we might have to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our operational performance. Moreover, while we intend to continue to operate so to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, there can be no assurance that we will so qualify in any taxable year.

We have not requested and do not plan to request a ruling from the IRS that we qualify as a REIT and the statements in this Report are not binding on the IRS, or any court. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, all our taxable income would be subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes at the prevailing corporate income tax rates, we would no longer be allowed to deduct the distributions to our shareholders and we generally would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we lost our REIT status.

Qualifying as a REIT involves highly technical and complex provisions of the Code and therefore, in certain circumstances, may be subject to uncertainty.

To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy several requirements, including requirements regarding the composition of our assets, the sources of our income and the diversity of our share ownership. Also, we must make distributions to stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our “REIT taxable income” (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain). Compliance with these requirements and all other requirements for qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. Even a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. In addition, the determination of various factual matters and circumstances relevant to REIT qualification is not entirely within our control and may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that our organization and operation will enable us to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

Even if we qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to some taxes that will reduce our cash flow.

Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, property and transfer taxes. Moreover, if we have net income from “prohibited transactions,” that income will be subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. The determination as to whether a sale is a prohibited transaction depends on the facts and circumstances related to that sale. The need to avoid prohibited transactions could cause us to forgo or defer sales of assets that we otherwise would have sold or that might otherwise be in our best interest to sell. In addition, we could, in certain circumstances, be required to pay an excise or penalty tax (which could be significant in amount) to utilize one or more relief provisions under the Code to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Any of these taxes would reduce our cash flow and could decrease cash available for distribution to shareholders and decrease cash available to service our indebtedness.

The REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to grow our business and may force us to seek third-party capital during unfavorable market conditions.

To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our shareholders at least 90% of our “REIT taxable income” (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain) each year, and we will be subject to regular corporate income taxes to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our “REIT taxable income” each year. We are also subject to a 4% non-deductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions paid by us in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. To maintain our REIT status and avoid the payment of income and excise taxes, we may be forced to seek third-party capital to meet the distribution requirements even if the then- prevailing market conditions are not favorable. These capital needs could result from differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash or the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required debt or amortization payments. If we do not have other funds available in these situations, we may have to borrow funds on unfavorable terms or sell assets at disadvantageous prices. In addition, we may be forced to distribute amounts that would otherwise have been invested in future acquisitions to make distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the excise tax in a particular year.

​

Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends, which could depress the market price of our Common Shares if it is perceived as a less attractive investment.

The maximum tax rate applicable to income from “qualified dividends” payable by non-REIT “C” corporations to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates generally is 20% (excluding the 3.8% net investment income tax). Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the current reduced rate, except to the extent that certain holding requirements have been met and a REIT’s dividends are attributable to dividends received by a REIT from taxable corporations (such as a “taxable REIT subsidiary”), to income that was subject to tax at the REIT/corporate level, or to dividends properly designated by the REIT as “capital gains dividends.” Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026, those U.S. stockholders may deduct 20% of their dividends from REITs (excluding qualified dividend income and capital gains dividends). For those U.S. stockholders in the top marginal tax bracket of 37%, the deduction for REIT dividends yields an effective income tax rate of 29.6% on REIT dividends, which is higher than the 20% tax rate on qualified dividend income paid by non- REIT “C” corporations. Although the reduced rates applicable to dividend income from non-REIT “C” corporations do not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, it could cause investors who are non-corporate taxpayers to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stock of non-REIT “C” corporations that pay dividends, which could depress the market price of the stock of REITs, including our Common Shares.

We may in the future choose to pay dividends in the form of Common Shares, in which case shareholders may be required to pay income taxes in the absence of cash dividends.

We may seek in the future to distribute taxable dividends that are payable in cash and Common Shares. Taxable shareholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes. As a result, shareholders may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. If a U.S. shareholder sells Common Shares that it receives as a dividend to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of Common Shares at the time of the sale. In addition, in such case, a U.S. shareholder could have a capital loss with respect to Common Shares sold that could not be used to offset such dividend income. Furthermore, with respect to certain non-U.S. shareholders, we may be required to withhold federal income tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in Common Shares. In addition, such a taxable share dividend could be viewed as equivalent to a reduction in our cash distributions, and that factor, as well as the possibility that a significant number of our shareholders could determine to sell Common Shares to pay taxes owed on dividends, may put downward pressure on the market price of Common Shares.

Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to liquidate or forgo otherwise attractive investment opportunities.

To qualify as a REIT, we must ensure that, at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and “real estate assets” (as defined in the Code), including certain mortgage loans and securities (the “75% asset test”). The remainder of our investments (other than securities includable in the 75% asset test) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our total assets (other than securities includable in the 75% asset test) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of one or more “taxable REIT subsidiaries” (of which we have none), and debt instruments issued by publicly offered REITs, to the extent not secured by real property or interests in real property, cannot exceed 25% of the value of our total assets. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate or forgo otherwise attractive investment opportunities. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our shareholders and our income and amounts available to service our indebtedness.

In addition to the asset tests set forth above, to qualify as a REIT, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. We may be unable to pursue investment opportunities that would be otherwise advantageous to us in order to satisfy the source-of-income or asset-diversification requirements for us to qualify as a REIT. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to make certain attractive investments and, thus, reduce our income and amounts available to service our indebtedness.

We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our Common Shares.

At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our shareholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations. In the case of individuals, the tax brackets have been adjusted, the top federal income rate has been reduced to 37%, special rules reduce taxation of certain income earned through pass-through entities and reduce the top effective rate applicable to ordinary dividends from REITs to 29.6% (through a 20% deduction for ordinary REIT dividends received) and various deductions have been eliminated or limited, including limiting the deduction for state and local taxes to $10,000 per year. Most of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. The top corporate income tax rate has been reduced to 21%. There were only minor changes to the REIT rules (other than the 20% deduction applicable to individuals for ordinary REIT dividends received). The TCJA made numerous other large and small changes to the tax rules that do not affect REITs directly but may affect our shareholders and may indirectly affect us. For example, the TCJA amends the rules for accrual of income so that income is taken into account no later than when it is taken into account on applicable financial statements, even if financial statements take such income into account before it would accrue under the original issue discount rules, market discount rules or other Code rules. Such rule may cause us to recognize income before receiving any corresponding receipt of cash. In addition, the TCJA reduces the limit for individuals’ mortgage interest expense to interest on $750,000 of mortgages and does not permit deduction of interest on home equity loans (after grandfathering all existing mortgages). Such change, and the reduction in deductions for state and local taxes (including property taxes), may adversely affect the residential mortgage markets in which we invest.

Prospective shareholders are urged to consult with their tax advisors with respect to the status of the TCJA and any other regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on investment in our Common Shares.

​

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

​

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Governance

We have implemented third-party risk management processes to manage the risks associated with reliance on vendors, critical service providers, and other third-parties that may lead to a service disruption or an adverse cyber; incident. This includes a review of vendors during the selection/onboarding process, inclusion of formal service level agreements (SLAs) including requirements for uptime where applicable, and a periodic review of contracts.

We face risk from cybersecurity threats that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or reputation. We acknowledge that the risk of a cyber incident is prevalent in the current threat landscape and that a future cyber incident may occur in the normal course of our business. However, cyber incidents have not been identified to date, therefore having no material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. We understand potential vulnerabilities to known or unknown threats remain and have implemented the cyber risk management program described above to stay up to date on attacks against our IT assets, data, and services, and to prevent their occurrence and recurrence where practicable. Further, there is increasing regulation regarding responses to cyber incidents, including reporting to regulators, investors, and additional stakeholders, which could subject us to additional liability and reputational harm in the event of the occurrence of a reportable cyber incident. In response to such risks, we have implemented the aforementioned initiatives. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for more information on our cybersecurity risks.

​

Item 2. Properties

Our principal office is located at 568 East Main Street, Branford, Connecticut. We use this space for all our operations. We believe this facility is adequate to meet our requirements at our current level of business activity and employee headcount.

We also own a commercial property located at 1 Glendinning Place, Westport, Connecticut. This property serves as an investment in rental real estate property.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings not in the ordinary course of business.

​

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.Market for Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Small Business Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

On February 10, 2017, our Common Shares listed on the NYSE American LLC and began trading under the symbol “SACH”. Prior to its listing on the NYSE American LLC, our Common Shares were not publicly traded.

On March 28, 2025, the last reported sale price of our Common Shares on the NYSE American was $1.12 per share.

Holders

As of March 28, 2025, we had 71 shareholders of record of our Common Shares. The number of holders does not include individuals or entities who beneficially own shares but whose shares, which are held of record by a broker or clearing agency but does include each such broker or clearing agency as one record holder. Computershare Trust Company, N.A. serves as transfer agent for our Common Shares.

Dividends and Distribution Policy

U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its taxable income. To the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its taxable income, the undistributed amount is taxed at regular corporate rates.

We intend to pay regular quarterly dividends in an amount necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Any distributions we make to our shareholders, the amount of such dividend and whether such dividend is payable in cash, our Common Shares or other property, or a combination thereof, is at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, our actual results of operations and liquidity. These results and our ability to pay distributions will be affected by various factors, including the net interest and other income from our portfolio, our operating expenses and other expenditures and the restrictions and limitations imposed by the New York Business Corporation Law, referred to as the BCL, and any restrictions and/or limitations imposed on us by our creditors.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

For an overview of our stock repurchase program and shares repurchased during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, see Note 16 – Equity.

​

Item 6. [Reserved]

​

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Certain statements in this discussion and elsewhere in this Report constitute forward-looking statements, within the meaning of section 21E of the Exchange Act, that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

Company Overview

Sachem Capital Corp., a New York corporation, established in 2010 and completing an initial public offering in 2017 is a self-managed REIT that specializes in originating, underwriting, funding, servicing and managing a portfolio of first mortgage loans. The Company operates its business as one segment. The Company offers short-term (i.e., one to three years), secured, non-bank loans (sometimes referred to as “hard money” loans) to real estate owners and investors to fund their acquisition, renovation, development, rehabilitation or improvement of properties located primarily in the northeastern and southeastern sections of the United States. The properties securing the Company’s loans are generally classified as residential or commercial real estate and, typically, are held for resale or investment. Each loan is secured by a first mortgage lien on real estate and may also be secured with additional collateral, such as other real estate owned by the borrower or its principals, a pledge of the ownership interests in the borrower by the principals thereof, and/or personal guarantees by the principals of the borrower. The Company does not lend to owner occupants of residential real estate. The Company’s primary underwriting criteria is a conservative loan to value ratio. In addition, the Company may make opportunistic real estate purchases apart from its lending activities.

2024 Year in Review

Total revenue decreased 11.2%; net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders decreased 462.5%; and earnings per common share decreased $1.20 per share.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management will base the use of estimates on (a) various assumptions that consider prior reporting results, (b) projections regarding future operations and (c) general financial market and local and general economic conditions. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates. See Note 2 – Significant Accounting Policies for further details.

Revenue Recognition

Interest income from commercial loans is recognized, as earned, over the loan period, whereas origination and modification fee revenue on commercial loans are amortized over the term of the respective notes.

​

CECL Allowance

We record an allowance for credit losses (“CECL”) in accordance with the CECL standard on our loan portfolio, including unfunded construction commitments, on a collective basis by assets with similar risk characteristics. This methodology replaces the probable incurred loss impairment methodology. In addition, interest and fees receivable and amounts included in due from borrowers, other than reimbursements, which include origination, modification and other fees receivable are also analyzed for credit losses in accordance with the CECL standard, as they represent a financial asset that is subject to credit risk. Further, CECL requires credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available-for-sale debt securities if management does not intend to sell and does not believe that it is more likely than not, they will be required to sell. As allowed under the CECL standard that we have adopted, as a practical expedient, the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date is compared to the net carrying amount of the loan when determining the allowance for credit losses for loans in pending/pre-foreclosure status, as defined. Fair value of collateral is reduced by estimated cost to sell if the collateral is expected to be sold. The CECL standard requires an entity to consider historical loss experience, current conditions, and a reasonable and supportable forecast of the economic environment. We utilize a loss-rate method for estimating current expected credit losses. The loss rate method involves applying a loss rate to a pool of loans with similar risk characteristics to estimate the expected credit losses on that pool of loans. In determining the CECL allowance, we consider various factors including (1) historical loss experience in its portfolio, (2) loan specific losses for loans deemed collateral dependent based on excess amortized cost over the fair value of the underlying collateral, and (3) its current and future view of the macroeconomic environment. We also utilize a reasonable and supportable forecast period equal to the contractual term of the loan plus any applicable short-term extensions that are reasonably expected for construction loans. Loans, interest receivable, due from borrowers, unfunded commitments, and (available-for-sale debt) investment securities are all presented net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with expanded disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. The change in the balances during the reporting period are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations under the provision for credit losses.

Results of Operations

Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Total revenue

Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $57.5 million compared to $64.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $7.2 million, or 11.2%. The decrease in revenue was primarily due to a reduction in the number of loan originations and a decline in net loans held for investment over the year. For 2024, interest income was $43.2 million compared to $49.3 million for 2023, representing a decrease of $6.1 million or 12.4%. Fee income from loans decreased to $8.6 million for 2024 compared to $10.7 million for 2023, a decrease of $2.1 million, or 19.7% due to lower origination volume as compared to 2023. Income from limited liability company investments increased to $5.2 million for 2024 compared to $3.5 million for 2023, an increase of $1.7 million, or 48.8%. Other investment income was $0.4 million for 2024 compared to $1.2 million for 2023, a decrease of $0.8 million, or 67.7%.

Operating costs and expenses

Total operating costs and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024, were $75.3 million compared to $49.7 million for 2023, an increase of $25.6 million, or 51.5%. This net increase was attributable to (i) a $21.3 million increase in provision for credit losses related to loans and (ii) a $1.9 million increase in general and administrative expenses as a result of increased legal and professional fees during the second and third quarters of the year related to matters outside of our ordinary course of business; all of which was offset by a $1.4 million decrease in interest and amortization expense.

Other (loss) income

Total other loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $21.8 million compared to other income of $0.9 million the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $22.7 million. This decrease was driven by the $22.0 million loss on the sale of loans, and a decrease in gain on equity securities of $0.7 million.

Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders and net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders per share

Net loss attributable to common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $43.9 million compared to net income attributable to common shareholders of $12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Accordingly, net loss per weighted average Common Share outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $0.93 compared to net income per weighted average Common Share outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $0.27.

Comprehensive (loss) income

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we reported a reclass of realized losses on certain equity securities of $0.3 million reflecting the recognition of unrealized losses on securities sold, as well as a reversal of losses on debt securities from unrealized to realized following the sale of such securities. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we reported a reclassification of unrealized losses to provision for credit losses of $0.8 million reflecting the recognition of unrealized losses on securities held for over one year, which were not considered temporary losses, as well as an unrealized gain on investment securities of $0.1 million.

Book value per common share

The following table sets forth the calculation of our book value per common share (in thousands, except share and per share data):