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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-K

 

☒      ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2020

 

☐         TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

For the transition period from           to           

 

Commission File Number: 001-15781

BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Delaware						04-3510455
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 

60 State Street

Boston

Massachusetts

02109

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 641-9206,

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of Exchange on which registered

Common stock, par value $0.01 per share

BHLB

New York Stock Exchange

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ý

No o

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes o No ý

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ý No o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes ý No o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.  (Check one)

 

Large Accelerated Filer

o

Accelerated Filer

x

Non-Accelerated Filer

o

Smaller Reporting Company

☐

Emerging Growth Company

☐

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of

the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15

U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes ☐ No ý

 

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates was approximately $548 million, based upon the closing price of $11.02 as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

 

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of February 25, 2021 was 51,035,606.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:  Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

---

Table of Contents

INDEX

 

PART I									4
ITEM 1.						BUSINESS			4
ITEM 1A.						RISK FACTORS			28
ITEM 1B.						UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS			37
ITEM 2.						PROPERTIES			37
ITEM 3.						LEGAL PROCEEDINGS			38
ITEM 4.						MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES			38
PART II									39
ITEM 5.						MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES			39
ITEM 6.						SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA			41
ITEM 7.						MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS			47
ITEM 7A.						QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK			68
ITEM 8.						CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA			71
ITEM 9.						CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE			71
ITEM 9A.						CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES			71
ITEM 9B.						OTHER INFORMATION			71
PART III									72
ITEM 10.						DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE			73
ITEM 11.						EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION			76
ITEM 12.						SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS			76
ITEM 13.						CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE			77

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ITEM 14.						PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES			77
PART IV									78
ITEM 15.						EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES			78
ITEM 16.						FORM 10-K SUMMARY			80
SIGNATURES									81
TABLE INDEX
PART I									4
ITEM 1.									4
			ITEM 1 TABLE 1 — LOAN PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS						5
			ITEM 1 TABLE 2 — MATURITY AND SENSITIVITY OF LOAN PORTFOLIO						8
			ITEM 1 TABLE 3 — PROBLEM ASSETS						10
			ITEM 1 TABLE 4 — ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES						12
			ITEM 1 TABLE 5 — ALLOCATION OF ALLOWANCE BY LOAN CATEGORY						13
			ITEM 1 TABLE 6 — AMORTIZED COST AND FAIR VALUE OF SECURITIES						14
			ITEM 1 TABLE 7 — WEIGHTED AVERAGE YIELD ON SECURITIES						15
			ITEM 1 TABLE 8 — AVERAGE BALANCE AND WEIGHTED AVERAGE RATES FOR DEPOSITS						16
			ITEM 1 TABLE 9 — MATURITY OF DEPOSITS > $100,000						16
PART II									39
ITEM 6									41
			ITEM 6 TABLE 3 — AVERAGE BALANCES, INTEREST AND AVERAGE YIELD COSTS						44
			ITEM 6 TABLE 4 — RATE VOLUME ANALYSIS						46
ITEMS 7-7A.									47
			ITEM 7 — 7A TABLE 1 — CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS						66
			ITEM 7 — 7A TABLE 2 — QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF MARKET RISK						69

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this document that are not historical facts may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (referred to as the Securities Act), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (referred to as the Securities Exchange Act), and are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these statements from the use of the words “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “potential,” “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “target” and similar expressions.

These forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks, assumptions and uncertainties, including among other things, changes in general economic and business conditions, increased competitive pressures, changes in the interest rate environment, legislative and regulatory change, changes in the financial markets, and other risks and uncertainties disclosed from time to time in documents that Berkshire Hills Bancorp files with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Risk Factors in Item 1A of this report.

Further, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the related local and national economic disruption may result in a continued decline in demand for our products and services; increased levels of loan delinquencies, problem assets and foreclosures; an increase in our allowance for loan losses; a decline in the value of loan collateral, including real estate; a greater decline in the yield on our interest-earning assets than the decline in the cost of our interest-bearing liabilities; and increased cybersecurity risks, as employees continue to work remotely.

Because of these and other uncertainties, Berkshire’s actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. In addition, Berkshire’s past results of operations do not necessarily indicate Berkshire’s combined future results. You should not place undue reliance on any of the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the dates on which they were made. Berkshire is not undertaking an obligation to update forward-looking statements, even though its situation may change in the future, except as required under federal securities law. Berkshire qualifies all of its forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

GENERAL

Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (“Berkshire” or “the Company”) is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. Berkshire is a Delaware corporation and the holding company for Berkshire Bank (“the Bank”) and Berkshire Insurance Group, Inc.

At year-end 2020, the Bank had 130 full-service banking offices in its New England, New York, and Mid-Atlantic footprint. The Bank has an agreement to sell its 8 Mid-Atlantic branches and has announced a plan to consolidate another 16 offices in its New England/New York footprint. The actions are targeted to be completed by mid-year 2021, and the Bank has a target of 106 branches as a result of these actions. The Company offers a wide range of deposit, lending, insurance, and wealth management products to retail and commercial customers in its market areas. The Bank also operates a socially responsible platform, Reevx LabsTM , to support emerging entrepreneurs, artists, and small non-profit organizations by providing them with the resources and connections needed to power them today and far into the 21st century.

FILINGS

Information regarding the Company is available through the Investor Relations tab at berkshirebank.com. The Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge at sec.gov and at berkshirebank.com under the Investor Relations tab. Information on the website is not incorporated by reference and is not a part of this annual report on Form 10-K.

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COMPETITION

The Company is subject to strong competition from banks and other financial institutions and financial service providers. Its competition includes national and super-regional banks. Non-bank competitors include credit unions, brokerage firms, insurance providers, financial planners, and the mutual fund industry. New technology is reshaping customer interaction with financial service providers and the increase of internet-accessible financial institutions increases competition for the Company’s customers. The Company generally competes on the basis of customer service, relationship management, and the fair pricing of loan and deposit products and wealth management and insurance services. The location and convenience of branch offices is also a significant competitive factor, particularly regarding new offices. The Company does not rely on any individual, group, or entity for a material portion of its deposits.

LENDING ACTIVITIES

General. The Bank originates loans in the four basic portfolio categories discussed below. Lending activities are limited by federal and state laws and regulations. Loan interest rates and other key loan terms are affected principally by the Bank’s credit policy, asset/liability strategy, loan demand, competition, and the supply of money available for lending purposes. These factors, in turn, are affected by general and economic conditions, monetary policies of the federal government, including the Federal Reserve, legislative tax policies, and governmental budgetary matters. Most of the Bank’s loans held for investment are made in its market areas and are secured by real estate located in its market areas. Lending is therefore affected by activity in these real estate markets. The Bank does not engage in subprime lending activities. The Bank monitors and manages the amount of long-term fixed-rate lending volume. Adjustable-rate loan products generally reduce interest rate risk but may produce higher loan losses in the event of sustained rate increases. The Bank generally originates loans for investment except for residential mortgages, which are generally originated for sale on a servicing released basis. Additionally, the Bank also originates Small Business Administration ("SBA") 7A loans for sale to investors. The Bank also conducts wholesale purchases and sales of loans and loan participations generally with other banks doing business in its markets, including selected national banks. The information discussed below describes the Company’s ongoing lending activities. The COVID-19 pandemic conditions that affected the Company’s activities in 2020 are discussed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis in Item 7 of this report.

Loan Portfolio Analysis. The following table sets forth the year-end composition of the Bank’s loan portfolio in dollar amounts and as a percentage of the portfolio at the dates indicated. Further information about the composition of the loan portfolio is contained in Note 6 - Loans of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1 - Table 1 - Loan Portfolio Analysis

			2020						2019						2018						2017						2016
(In millions)			Amount			Percent of Total			Amount			Percent of Total			Amount			Percent of Total			Amount			Percent of Total			Amount			Percent of Total
Loans:
Construction			$	455		5.6		%	$	449		4.7		%	$	371		4.1		%	$	385		4.6		%	$	351		5.4		%
Commercial multifamily			483			6.0			632			6.7			552			6.1			495			6.0			349			5.3
Commercial real estate owner occupied			552			6.8			673			7.1			562			6.2			646			7.8			595			9.1
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied			2,119			26.2			2,190			23.0			1,849			20.4			1,700			20.5			1,253			19.1
Commercial and industrial			1,943			24.0			1,844			19.4			1,954			21.6			1,740			21.0			1,044			15.9
Residential real estate			1,932			23.9			2,853			30.0			2,727			30.2			2,264			27.3			2,047			31.3
Home equity			294			3.7			379			4.0			377			4.2			409			4.9			362			5.5
Consumer other			303			3.8			483			5.1			651			7.2			660			7.9			549			8.4
Total			$	8,081		100.0		%	$	9,503		100.0		%	$	9,043		100.0		%	$	8,299		100.0		%	$	6,550		100.0		%
Allowance for credit losses (1)			(127)						(64)						(61)						(52)						(44)
Net loans			$	7,954					$	9,439					$	8,982					$	8,247					$	6,506

(1)    Beginning January 1, 2020, the allowance calculation is based on current expected loss methodology. Prior to January 1, 2020, the allowance calculation was based on the incurred loss model.

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Commercial Real Estate. The Bank originates commercial real estate loans on properties used for business purposes such as small office buildings, industrial, healthcare, lodging, recreation, or retail facilities. Commercial real estate loans are provided on owner-occupied properties and on investor-owned properties. The portfolio includes commercial 1-4 family and multifamily properties. Loans may generally be made with amortizations of up to 30 years and with interest rates that adjust periodically (primarily from short-term to five years). Most commercial real estate loans are originated with final maturities of 10 years or less. As part of its business activities, the Bank also enters into commercial loan participations.

Commercial real estate loans are among the largest of the Bank’s loans, and may have higher credit risk and lending spreads. Because repayment is often dependent on the successful operation or management of the properties, repayment of commercial real estate loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. The Bank seeks to manage these risks through its underwriting disciplines and portfolio management processes. The Bank generally requires that borrowers have debt service coverage ratios (the ratio of available cash flows before debt service to debt service) of at least 1.25 times based on stabilized cash flows of leases in place, with some exceptions for national credit tenants. For variable rate loans, the Bank underwrites debt service coverage to interest rate shocks of 300 basis points or higher based on a minimum of 1.0 times coverage and it uses loan maturities to manage risk based on the lease base and interest sensitivity. Loans at origination may be made up to 80% of appraised value based on property type and risk, with sublimits of 75% or less for designated specialty property types. Generally, commercial real estate loans are supported by full or partial personal guarantees by the principals. Credit enhancements in the form of additional collateral or guarantees are normally considered for start-up businesses without a qualifying cash flow history.

The Bank offers interest rate swaps to certain larger commercial mortgage borrowers. These swaps allow the Bank to originate a mortgage based on short-term LIBOR rates and allow the borrower to swap into a longer-term fixed rate. The Bank simultaneously sells an offsetting back-to-back swap to an investment grade national bank so that it does not retain this fixed-rate risk. The Bank also records fee income on these interest rate swaps based on the terms of the offsetting swaps with the bank counterparties.

The Bank originates construction loans to developers and commercial borrowers in and around its markets. The maximum loan to value limits for construction loans follow Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") supervisory limits, up to a maximum of 85 percent. The Bank commits to provide the permanent mortgage financing on most of its construction loans on income-producing property. Advances on construction loans are made in accordance with a schedule reflecting the cost of the improvements. Construction loans include land acquisition loans up to a maximum 50 percent loan to value on raw land. Construction loans may have greater credit risk due to the dependence on completion of construction and other real estate improvements, as well as the sale or rental of the improved property. The Bank generally mitigates these risks with presale or preleasing requirements and phasing of construction.

 

Commercial and Industrial Loans ("C&I"). C&I loans are managed through the Bank’s commercial middle market banking organization. The Bank offers secured commercial term loans with repayment terms which are normally limited to the expected useful life of the asset being financed, and generally not exceeding ten years. The Bank also offers revolving loans, lines of credit, letters of credit, time notes and SBA guaranteed loans. Business lines of credit have adjustable rates of interest and can be committed or are payable on demand, subject to annual review and renewal. Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured by a variety of collateral such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, and are generally supported by personal guarantees. Loan-to-value ratios depend on the collateral type and generally do not exceed 80 percent of orderly liquidation value. Some commercial loans may also be secured by liens on real estate. The Bank generally does not make unsecured commercial loans. Commercial loans are of higher risk and are made primarily on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from the cash flows of its business. Further, any collateral securing such loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to monitor and appraise and may fluctuate in value. The Bank gives additional consideration to the borrower’s credit history and the guarantor’s capacity to help mitigate these risks. Additionally, the Bank uses loan structures including shorter terms, amortizations, and advance rate limitations to additionally mitigate credit risk. The Company considers these loans, together with its owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, as constituting the primary relationship based component of its commercial lending activities. The loans

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originated through the Company’s participation in the SBA’s Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) lending program in 2020 were classified as C&I loans. These loans were viewed as zero credit risk due to the related SBA guarantee.

Asset Based Lending. The Asset Based Lending Group serves the commercial middle market in New England, as well as the Bank’s market in northeastern New York and in the Mid-Atlantic. The group expands the Bank’s business lending offerings to include revolving lines of credit and term loans secured by accounts receivable, inventory, and other assets to manufacturers, distributors and select service companies experiencing seasonal working capital needs, rapid sales growth, a turnaround, buyout or recapitalization with credit needs generally ranging from $2 to $25 million. Asset based lending involves monitoring loan collateral so that outstanding balances are always properly secured by business assets, which reduces the risks associated with these loans.

Small Business Banking. This group is also referred to as Business Banking, and handles most business relationships which are smaller than the middle market category. Additionally, some smaller business needs are handled through the Bank’s retail branch system. Berkshire Bank also owns 44 Business Capital, a dedicated SBA 7A program lending team based in the Philadelphia area. This team originates loans in the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic and nationally. 44 Business Capital also works with business banking and small business teams to provide SBA guaranteed loans to business Banking Customers in Berkshire’s footprint. This team sells the guaranteed portions of these loans with servicing retained and the Bank retains the unguaranteed portions of the loans. The Bank is a preferred SBA lender and closely manages the servicing portfolio pursuant to SBA requirements. This team is the Bank’s largest source of commercial lending fee revenue, and it is targeting to further expand these operations. Berkshire Bank also owns Firestone Financial Corp. ("Firestone"), which is located in Needham, MA. Firestone originates loans secured by business-essential equipment through over 160 equipment distributors and manufacturers and directly via the end borrower in all 50 states. Key customer segments include the fitness, carnival, gaming, and entertainment industries.

Residential Mortgages. Through its mortgage banking operations, the Bank offers fixed-rate and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans to individuals with maturities of up to 30 years that are fully amortizing with monthly loan payments. The majority of loans are originated for sale with rate lock commitments which are recorded as derivative financial instruments. Mortgages are generally underwritten according to U.S. government sponsored enterprise guidelines designated as “A” or “A-” and referred to as “conforming loans”. The Bank also originates jumbo loans above conforming loan amounts which generally are consistent with secondary market guidelines for these loans and are often held in portfolio. The Bank does not offer subprime mortgage lending programs. The Bank buys and sells seasoned mortgages primarily with smaller financial institutions operating in its markets.

The majority of the Bank’s secondary marketing is to U.S. secondary market investors on a servicing-released basis. The Bank also sells directly to government sponsored enterprises with servicing retained. Mortgage sales generally involve customary representations and warranties and are nonrecourse in the event of borrower default. The Bank is also an approved originator of loans for sale to the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs (“VA”), state housing agency programs, and other government sponsored mortgage programs.

The Bank does not offer interest-only or negative amortization mortgage loans. Adjustable rate mortgage loan interest rates may rise as interest rates rise, thereby increasing the potential for default. The Bank also originates construction loans which generally provide 15-month construction periods followed by a permanent mortgage loan, and follow the Bank’s normal mortgage underwriting guidelines. Mortgage banking also requires flexible and scalable operations due to the volatility of mortgage demand over time. Investor management is integral to maintaining the secondary market support that is required for these operations.

Consumer Loans. The Bank’s consumer loans are centrally underwritten and processed by its experienced consumer lending team based in Syracuse, New York. The Bank’s primary consumer lending activity in recent years has been indirect auto lending. In 2019, the Company decided to end the origination of indirect auto loans. This decision reflects the Company’s heightened emphasis on community banking in its local markets. The Bank’s other major consumer lending activity is prime home equity lending, following its conforming mortgage underwriting guidelines with more streamlined verifications and documentation. Most of these outstanding loans are

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prime based home equity lines with a maximum combined loan-to-value of 85 percent. Home equity line credit risks include the risk that higher interest rates will affect repayment and possible compression of collateral coverage on second lien home equity lines.

Maturity and Sensitivity of Loan Portfolio. The following table shows contractual final maturities of loans at year-end 2020. The contractual maturities do not reflect premiums, discounts, deferred costs, or prepayments.

 

Item 1 - Table 2A - Loan Contractual Maturity - Scheduled loan amortizations are not included in the maturities presented.

Contractual Maturity						One Year						One to						More Than
(In thousands)						or Less						Five Years						Five Years						Total
Loans:
Construction						$	80,625					$	206,398					$	167,490					$	454,513
Commercial multifamily						32,296						191,876						259,178						483,350
Commercial real estate owner occupied						49,176						171,991						331,246						552,413
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						187,556						1,062,087						869,620						2,119,263
Commercial and industrial						218,898						1,404,958						319,308						1,943,164
Residential real estate						12,308						37,218						1,882,155						1,931,681
Home equity						3,207						6,077						284,697						293,981
Consumer other						10,022						229,877						63,255						303,154
Total						$	594,088					$	3,310,482					$	4,176,949					$	8,081,519

 

Item 1 - Table 2B - Total loans due after one year - fixed and variable interest rates

(In thousands)						Fixed Interest Rate						Variable Interest Rate						Total
Loans:
Construction						$	2,969					$	370,919					$	373,888
Commercial multifamily						135,881						315,173						451,054
Commercial real estate owner occupied						165,731						337,506						503,237
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						600,778						1,330,929						1,931,707
Commercial and industrial						1,042,474						681,792						1,724,266
Residential real estate						1,450,034						469,339						1,919,373
Home equity						6,100						284,674						290,774
Consumer other						288,582						4,550						293,132
Total						$	3,692,549					$	3,794,882					$	7,487,431

Loan Administration. Lending activities are governed by a loan policy approved by the Board’s Risk Management and Capital Committee. Internal staff perform and monitor post-closing loan documentation review, quality control, and commercial loan administration. The lending staff assigns a risk rating to all commercial loans, excluding point scored small business loans. Management primarily relies on internal risk management staff to review the risk ratings of the majority of commercial loan balances.

The Bank’s lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory underwriting standards and loan origination procedures established by the Risk Management and Capital Committee and Management, under the leadership of the Chief Risk Officer. The Bank’s loan underwriting is based on a review of certain factors including risk ratings, recourse, loan-to-value ratios, and material policy exceptions. The Risk Management and Capital Committee has established individual and combined loan limits and lending approval authorities. Management’s Executive Loan Committee is responsible for commercial loan approvals in accordance with these standards and procedures. Generally, pass rated secured commercial loans can be approved jointly up to $7 million by the regional lending manager and regional credit officer. Loans up to $10 million can be approved with the additional signature of the Chief Credit Officer. Loans in excess of this amount, and designated lower rated loans are approved by the

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Executive Loan Committee. The Bank tracks loan underwriting exceptions and exception reports are actively monitored by executive lending management.

The Bank’s lending activities are conducted by its salaried and commissioned loan personnel. Designated salaried branch staff originate conforming residential mortgages and receive bonuses based on overall performance. Additionally, the Bank employs commissioned residential mortgage originators. Commercial lenders receive salaries and are eligible for bonuses based on individual and overall performance. The Bank purchases whole loans and participations in loans from banks headquartered in its market and from outside of its market. These loans are underwritten according to the Bank’s underwriting criteria and procedures and are generally serviced by the originating lender under terms of the applicable agreement. The Bank routinely sells newly originated, fixed-rate residential mortgages in the secondary market. Customer rate locks are offered without charge and rate locked applications are generally committed for forward sale or hedged with derivative financial instruments to minimize interest rate risk pending delivery of the loans to the investors. The Bank also sells interest rate derivatives to larger commercial borrowers desiring to fix their interest rates, and includes these derivatives in its underwriting and administrative procedures.

The Bank also sells residential mortgages and commercial loan participations on a non-recourse basis. The Bank issues loan commitments to its prospective borrowers conditioned on the occurrence of certain events. Loan origination commitments are made in writing on specified terms and conditions and are generally honored for up to 60 days from approval; some commercial commitments are made for longer terms. The Company also monitors pipelines of loan applications and has processes for issuing letters of interest for commercial loans and pre-approvals for residential mortgages, all of which are generally conditional on completion of underwriting prior to the issuance of formal commitments.

The loan policy sets certain limits on concentrations of credit and requires periodic reporting of concentrations to the Risk Management and Capital Committee. The Bank has heightened monitoring of its 25 largest borrower relationships. Commercial real estate is generally managed within federal regulatory monitoring guidelines of 300% of risk based capital for non-owner occupied commercial real estate and 100% for construction loans. The Bank has hold limits for numerous categories of commercial specialty lending including healthcare, hospitality, designated franchises, and leasing, as well as hold limits for designated commercial loan participations purchased. In most cases, these limits are below 100% of risk based capital for all outstanding loans in each monitored category.

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Problem Assets. The Bank prefers to work with borrowers to resolve problems rather than proceeding to foreclosure. For commercial loans, this may result in a period of forbearance or restructuring of the loan, which is normally done at current market terms and does not result in a “troubled” loan designation. For residential mortgage loans, the Bank generally follows FDIC guidelines to attempt a restructuring that will enable owner-occupants to remain in their home. However, if these processes fail to result in a performing loan, then the Bank generally will initiate foreclosure or other proceedings no later than the 90th day of a delinquency, as necessary, to minimize any potential loss. Management reports delinquent loans and non-performing assets to the Board quarterly. Loans are generally removed from accruing status when they reach 90 days delinquent, except for certain loans which are well secured and in the process of collection. Loan collections are managed by a combination of the related business units and the Bank’s special assets group, which focuses on larger, riskier collections and the recovery of purchased credit deteriorated loans.

Real estate obtained by the Bank as a result of loan collections, including foreclosures, is classified as real estate owned until sold. When property is acquired it is recorded at fair market value less estimated selling costs at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Holding costs and decreases in fair value after acquisition are expensed. Interest income that would have been recorded for 2020, if non-accruing loans had been current

according to their original terms, amounted to $6.8 million. Included in the amount is $64 thousand related to

troubled debt restructurings. The amount of interest income on those loans that was recognized in net income in

2020 was $4.8 million. Included in this amount is $27 thousand related to troubled debt restructurings. Interest

income on accruing troubled debt restructurings totaled $1.1 million for 2020. The total carrying value of

troubled debt restructurings was $20.5 million at year-end.

Item 1 - Table 3 - Problem Assets

(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018						2017						2016
Non-accruing loans:
Construction						$	—					$	—					$	150					$	159					$	—
Commercial multifamily						757						811						474						263						363
Commercial real estate owner occupied						4,509						15,389						16,555						3,747						2,841
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						29,572						1,031						2,056						2,023						2,136
Commercial and industrial						12,441						11,218						6,003						7,314						7,523
Residential real estate						9,711						6,411						3,394						4,062						4,468
Home equity						2,654						1,798						1,662						3,645						3,192
Consumer other						5,304						2,982						2,131						1,686						1,717
Total non-performing loans						$	64,948					$	39,640					$	32,425					$	22,899					$	22,240
Other real estate owned						149						—						—						—						151
Repossessed assets						1,932						858						1,209						1,147						—
Total non-performing assets						$	67,029					$	40,498					$	33,634					$	24,046					$	22,391
Total non-performing loans/total loans						0.80		%				0.42		%				0.36		%				0.28		%				0.34		%
Total non-performing assets/total assets						0.52		%				0.31		%				0.28		%				0.21		%				0.24		%

Asset Classification and Delinquencies. The Bank performs an internal analysis of its commercial loan portfolio and assets to classify such loans and assets in a manner similar to that employed by federal banking regulators. There are four classifications for loans with higher than normal risk: Loss, Doubtful, Substandard, and Special Mention. Usually an asset classified as Loss is fully charged-off. Substandard assets have one or more defined weaknesses and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the insured institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful assets have the weaknesses of substandard assets with the additional characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values questionable, and there is a high possibility of loss. Assets that do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories, but possess weaknesses, are designated Special Mention. Please see the additional discussion of non-accruing and potential problem loans in Item 7 and additional information in notes to the financial statements. Impaired loans acquired in

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business combinations are normally rated Substandard or lower and the fair value assigned to such loans at acquisition includes a component for the possibility of loss if deficiencies are not corrected.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans. The Bank’s loan portfolio is regularly reviewed by management to evaluate the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. Prior to 2020, the allowance represented management’s estimate of inherent incurred losses that are probable and estimable as of the date of the financial statements. The allowance included a specific component for impaired loans (a “specific loan loss reserve”) and a general component for portfolios of all outstanding loans (a “general loan loss reserve”). At the time of acquisition, no allowance for loan losses was assigned to loans acquired in business combinations. These loans were initially recorded at fair value, including the impact of expected losses, as of the acquisition date. An allowance on such loans was established subsequent to the acquisition date through the provision for loan losses based on an analysis of factors including environmental factors.

On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the new loan loss allowance standard based on Current Expected Credit losses (“CECL”). Under this standard, management makes estimates of future economic conditions over the life of the loan portfolio and other future conditions and arrives at a reasonable estimate of expected loan losses. The basis of the allowance changed from an incurred model to an expected model based on this standard. As a result, the amount of the loan loss allowance and the loan loss provision in 2020 is not comparable to prior years. Also, since different banks may use different estimates and arrive at different expectations, comparisons between banks are more difficult. Further, since the accounting is based on future projections our estimates may change significantly from period to period, the amounts of the allowance and provision may be more volatile than under the previous model. Further information about the allowance is discussed further in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Management believes that it uses the best information available to establish the allowance. However, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary, and results of operations could be adversely affected if circumstances differ substantially from the assumptions used in making its determinations. There can be no assurance that the existing allowance for loan losses is adequate or that increases will not be necessary should the quality of any loan or loan portfolio category deteriorate. Regulatory agencies may require the Bank to make additional provisions for credit losses based upon judgments different from those of management. Any material increase in the allowance may adversely affect the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations.

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Item 1 - Table 4 - Allowance for Credit Losses

(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018						2017						2016
Balance at beginning of year						$	63,575					$	61,469					$	51,834					$	43,998					$	39,308
Impact of ASC 326						25,434						—						—						—						—
Charged-off loans:
Construction						$	834					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Commercial multifamily						100						837						32						86						50
Commercial real estate owner occupied						8,686						5,342						4,441						1,041						841
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						11,653						934						3,007						3,181						2,152
Commercial and industrial						19,328						24,370						4,795						4,219						5,714
Residential real estate						2,285						1,180						1,481						2,033						2,926
Home equity						347						742						1,103						1,112						498
Consumer other						2,562						3,149						3,152						2,912						1,845
Total charged-off loans						45,795						36,554						18,011						14,584						14,026
Recoveries on charged-off loans:
Construction						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Commercial multifamily						100						—						11						59						60
Commercial real estate owner occupied						1,053						160						68						109						211
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						307						1,094						289						52						33
Commercial and industrial						4,285						1,425						874						432						386
Residential real estate						1,359						186						191						321						306
Home equity						292						47						307						15						10
Consumer other						609						329						455						407						348
Total recoveries						8,005						3,241						2,195						1,395						1,354
Net loans charged-off						37,790						33,313						15,816						13,189						12,672
Provision for credit losses						76,083						35,419						25,451						21,025						17,362
Balance at end of year (1)						$	127,302					$	63,575					$	61,469					$	51,834					$	43,998
Ratios:
Net charge-offs/average loans						0.41		%				0.35		%				0.18		%				0.19		%				0.21		%
Recoveries/charged-off loans						17.48						8.87						12.19						9.57						9.65
Net loans charged-off/allowance for credit losses						29.69						52.40						25.73						25.44						28.80
Non-accrual loans/total loans						0.80						0.42						0.36						0.28						0.34
Allowance for credit losses/total loans						1.58						0.67						0.68						0.62						0.67
Allowance for credit losses/non-accruing loans						196.01						160.38						189.57						226.36						197.83

(1)    Beginning January 1, 2020, the allowance calculation is based on current expected loss methodology. Prior to January 1, 2020, the allowance calculation was based on the incurred loss model.

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The following tables present year-end data for the approximate allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan categories at the dates indicated (including an apportionment of any unallocated amount). The first table shows for each category the amount of the allowance allocated to that category as a percentage of the outstanding loans in that category. The second table shows the allocated allowance together with the percentage of loans in each category to total loans. Management believes that the allowance can be allocated by category only on an approximate basis. The allocation of the allowance to each category is not indicative of future losses and does not restrict the use of any of the allowance to absorb losses in any category. Due to the impact of accounting standards for acquired loans, data in the accompanying tables may not be comparable between accounting periods.

Item 1 - Table 5A - Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses by Category (as of year-end) 

						2020												2019												2018												2017												2016
(Dollars in thousands)						Amount Allocated						Percent  Allocated to Total Loans in Each Category						Amount Allocated						Percent  Allocated to Total Loans in Each Category						Amount Allocated						Percent  Allocated to Total Loans in Each Category						Amount Allocated						Percent  Allocated to Total Loans in Each Category						Amount Allocated						Percent  Allocated to Total Loans in Each Category
Construction						$	5,111					1.1		%				$	2,713					0.6		%				$	2,030					0.6		%				$	1,993					0.5		%				$	2,104					0.6		%
Commercial multifamily						5,916						1.2						4,413						0.7						4,312						0.8						3,389						0.7						2,790						0.8
Commercial real estate owner occupied						12,380						2.2						4,880						0.7						5,083						0.9						4,847						0.8						4,865						0.8
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						35,850						1.7						16,344						0.8						12,940						0.7						10,000						0.6						8,690						0.7
Commercial and industrial						25,013						1.3						20,099						1.1						17,558						0.9						14,975						0.9						10,597						1.0
Residential real estate						28,491						1.5						9,970						0.4						11,659						0.4						10,466						0.5						8,906						0.4
Home equity						6,482						2.2						1,470						0.4						1,772						0.5						1,224						0.3						1,776						0.5
Consumer other						8,059						2.7						3,686						0.8						6,115						0.9						4,940						0.8						4,270						0.8
Total (1)						$	127,302					1.6		%				$	63,575					0.7		%				$	61,469					0.7		%				$	51,834					0.6		%				$	43,998					0.7		%

(1)    Beginning January 1, 2020, the allowance calculation is based on current expected loss methodology. Prior to January 1, 2020, the allowance calculation was based on the incurred loss model.

Item 1 - Table 5B - Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses (as of year-end)

						2020												2019												2018												2017												2016
(Dollars in thousands)						Amount Allocated						Percent  of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans						Amount Allocated						Percent  of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans						Amount Allocated						Percent  of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans						Amount Allocated						Percent  of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans						Amount Allocated						Percent  of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans
Construction						$	5,111					5.6		%				$	2,713					4.7		%				$	2,030					4.1		%				$	1,993					4.6		%				$	2,104					5.4		%
Commercial multifamily						5,916						6.0						4,413						6.7						4,312						6.1						3,389						6.0						2,790						5.3
Commercial real estate owner occupied						12,380						6.8						4,880						7.1						5,083						6.2						4,847						7.8						4,865						9.1
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						35,850						26.2						16,344						23.0						12,940						20.4						10,000						20.5						8,690						19.1
Commercial and industrial						25,013						24.0						20,099						19.4						17,558						21.6						14,975						21.0						10,597						15.9
Residential real estate						28,491						23.9						9,970						30.0						11,659						30.2						10,466						27.3						8,906						31.3
Home equity						6,482						3.7						1,470						4.0						1,772						4.2						1,224						4.9						1,776						5.5
Consumer other						8,059						3.8						3,686						5.1						6,115						7.2						4,940						7.9						4,270						8.4
Total (1)						$	127,302					100.0		%				$	63,575					100.0		%				$	61,469					100.0		%				$	51,834					100.0		%				$	43,998					100.0		%

(1)    Beginning January 1, 2020, the allowance calculation is based on current expected loss methodology. Prior to January 1, 2020, the allowance calculation was based on the incurred loss model.

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INVESTMENT SECURITIES ACTIVITIES

The securities portfolio provides cash flow to protect the safety of customer deposits and as a potential source of liquidity. The portfolio is also used to manage interest rate risk and to earn a reasonable return on investment. Decisions are made in accordance with the Company’s investment policy and include consideration of risk, return, duration, and portfolio concentrations. Day-to-day oversight of the portfolio rests with the Chief Financial Officer and the Treasurer. The Enterprise Risk Management/Asset-Liability Committee meets multiple times each quarter and reviews investment strategies. The Risk Management and Capital Committee of the Board of Directors provides general oversight of the investment function.

The Company has historically maintained a high-quality portfolio of managed duration mortgage-backed securities, together with a portfolio of municipal bonds including national and local issuers and local economic development bonds issued to non-profit organizations. Nearly all of the mortgage-backed securities are issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, or Freddie Mac, consisting principally of collateralized mortgage obligations (generally consisting of planned amortization class bonds and pass-through securities). Other than securities issued by the above agencies, no other issuer concentrations exceeding 10% of stockholders’ equity existed at year-end 2020. The municipal portfolio provides tax-advantaged yield, and the local economic development bonds were originated by the Company to area borrowers. The Company invests in investment grade corporate bonds and Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities. Purchases of non-investment grade fixed-income securities have consisted primarily of capital instruments issued by local and regional financial institutions. The Company also invests in funds financing community reinvestment projects. The Bank owns restricted equity in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”) based on its operating relationship with the FHLBB. The Company owns an interest rate swap against a tax advantaged economic development bond issued to a local not-for-profit organization, and as a result this security is carried as a trading account security. The Company generally designates debt securities as available for sale, but sometimes designates longer-duration municipal and other securities as held to maturity based on its intent. This also allows the Company to more effectively manage the potential impact of longer-duration, fixed-rate securities on stockholders' equity in the event of rising interest rates.

The following tables present the year-end amortized cost and fair value of the Company's securities, by type of security, for the three years indicated.

Item 1 - Table 6A Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Securities

						2020												2019												2018
(In thousands)						Amortized Cost						Fair Value						Amortized Cost						Fair Value						Amortized Cost						Fair Value
Securities available for sale
Municipal bonds and obligations						$	90,273					$	97,803					$	104,325					$	110,138					$	109,648					$	111,207
Mortgage-backed securities						1,452,526						1,483,608						1,037,205						1,043,652						1,182,552						1,160,130
Other bonds and obligations						111,178						113,821						155,809						157,765						129,073						128,310
Total securities available for sale						$	1,653,977					$	1,695,232					$	1,297,339					$	1,311,555					$	1,421,273					$	1,399,647
Securities held to maturity
Municipal bonds and obligations						$	246,520					$	266,626					$	252,936					$	266,026					$	264,524					$	264,492
Mortgage-backed securities						214,907						221,472						86,291						89,191						89,273						88,442
Tax advantaged economic development bonds						3,369						3,462						18,456						17,764						19,718						18,042
Other bonds and obligations						295						295						296						296						248						248
Total securities held to maturity						$	465,091					$	491,855					$	357,979					$	373,277					$	373,763					$	371,224
Trading account security						$	8,655					$	9,708					$	9,390					$	10,769					$	10,090					$	11,212
Marketable equity securities						18,061						18,513						37,138						41,556						55,471						56,638
Restricted equity securities						34,873						34,873						48,019						48,019						77,344						77,344

Item 1 - Table 6B - Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Securities

						2020												2019												2018
(In thousands)						Amortized Cost						Fair Value						Amortized Cost						Fair Value						Amortized Cost						Fair Value
U.S. Treasuries, other Government agencies and corporations						$	1,685,494					$	1,723,593					$	1,160,634					$	1,174,399					$	1,327,296					$	1,305,210
Municipal bonds and obligations and tax advantaged securities						348,817						377,599						385,107						404,697						403,980						404,953
Other						146,346						148,989						204,124						206,080						206,665						205,902
Total Securities						$	2,180,657					$	2,250,181					$	1,749,865					$	1,785,176					$	1,937,941					$	1,916,065

The schedule includes available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities, as well as the trading security, marketable equity securities, and restricted equity securities.

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The following table summarizes year-end 2020 amortized cost, weighted average yields, and contractual maturities of debt securities. Yields are shown on a fully taxable equivalent basis. A significant portion of the mortgage-based securities are planned amortization class bonds. Their expected durations are 3-5 years at current interest rates, but the contractual maturities shown reflect the underlying maturities of the collateral mortgages. Additionally, the mortgage-based securities maturities shown below are based on final maturities and do not include scheduled amortization. Yields include amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts.

Item 1 - Table 7 - Weighted Average Yield

			One Year or Less												More than One Year to Five Years												More than Five Years to Ten Years												More than Ten Years												Total
(In millions)			Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Yield						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Yield						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Yield						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Yield						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Yield
Municipal bonds and obligations			$	4.1					4.0		%				$	7.0					4.0		%				$	37.6					5.0		%				$	288.1					4.0		%				$	336.8					5.0		%
Mortgage-backed securities			—						—		%				11.2						2.0		%				154.6						2.0		%				1,501.6						2.0		%				1,667.4						2.0		%
Other bonds and obligations			31.1						—		%				4.4						5.0		%				53.3						5.0		%				26.0						3.0		%				114.8						3.0		%
Total			$	35.2					0.6		%				$	22.6					3.5		%				$	245.5					3.3		%				$	1,815.7					2.2		%				$	2,119.0					2.3		%

DEPOSIT ACTIVITIES AND OTHER SOURCES OF FUNDS

Deposits are the major source of funds for the Bank’s lending and investment activities. Deposit accounts are the primary product and service interaction with the Bank’s customers. The Bank serves personal, commercial, non-profit, and municipal deposit customers. Most of the Bank’s deposits are generated from the areas surrounding its branch offices. The Bank offers a wide variety of deposit accounts with a range of interest rates and terms. The Bank also periodically offers promotional interest rates and terms for limited periods of time. The Bank’s deposit accounts consist of demand deposits (non-interest-bearing checking), NOW (interest-bearing checking), regular savings, money market savings, and time certificates of deposit. The Bank emphasizes its transaction deposits – checking and NOW accounts – for personal accounts and checking accounts promoted to businesses. These accounts have the lowest marginal cost to the Bank and are also often a core account for a customer relationship. The Bank offers a courtesy overdraft program to improve customer service, and also provides debit cards and other electronic fee producing payment services to transaction account customers. The Bank offers targeted online and mobile deposit account opening capabilities for personal accounts. The Bank promotes remote deposit capture devices so that commercial accounts can make deposits from their place of business. Additionally, the Bank offers a variety of retirement deposit accounts to personal and business customers. Deposit related fees are a significant source of fee income to the Bank, including overdraft and interchange fees related to debit card usage. Deposit service fee income also includes other miscellaneous transactions and convenience services sold to customers through the branch system as part of an overall service relationship. The Bank offers compensating balance arrangements for larger business customers as an alternative to fees charged for checking account services. Berkshire’s Business Connection is a personal financial services benefit package designed for the employees of its business customers. In addition to providing service through its branches, Berkshire provides services to deposit customers through its private bankers, MyBankers, commercial/small business relationship managers, and call center representatives. Commercial cash management services are an important commercial service offered to commercial and governmental depositors and a fee income source to the bank. The Bank also operates a commercial payment processing business that serves regional and national payroll service bureau customers. Online banking and mobile banking functionality is increasingly important as a component of deposit account access and service delivery. The Bank is also gradually deploying its MyTeller video tellers to complement and extend its service capabilities in its branches.

The Company also is monitoring the development of payment services which are growing in their importance in the personal and commercial deposit markets.

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The following table presents information concerning average balances and weighted average interest rates on the Bank’s interest-bearing deposit accounts for the years indicated.

Item 1 - Table 8 - Average Balance and Weighted Average Rates for Deposits

						2020																		2019																		2018
(In millions)						Average Balance						Percent of Total Average Deposits						Weighted Average Rate						Average Balance						Percent of Total Average Deposits						Weighted Average Rate						Average Balance						Percent of Total Average Deposits						Weighted Average Rate
Demand						$	2,324.6					23		%				—		%				$	1,745.2					18		%				—		%				$	1,622.4					19		%				—		%
NOW and other						1,216.6						12						0.3						1,053.9						11						0.6						824.7						9						0.5
Money market						2,713.6						26						0.6						2,542.6						26						1.2						2,432.2						28						0.9
Savings						914.1						9						0.1						798.2						8						0.2						740.8						9						0.2
Time						3,102.9						30						1.7						3,754.2						37						2.0						3,075.5						35						1.7
Total						$	10,271.8					100		%				0.7		%				$	9,894.1					100		%				1.2		%				$	8,695.6					100		%				0.9		%

At year-end 2020, the Bank had time deposit accounts in amounts of $100 thousand or more maturing as follows:

 

Item 1 - Table 9 - Maturity of Deposits >$100,000

Maturity Period						Amount						Weighted Average Rate
(In thousands)
Three months or less						$	458,997					1.46		%
Over 3 months through 6 months						337,721						1.14
Over 6 months through 12 months						359,777						1.13
Over 12 months						565,266						1.26
Total						$	1,721,761					1.26		%

 

The Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank utilizes brokered time deposits to broaden its funding base, augment its interest rate risk management vehicles, and to support loan growth. The Bank also offers brokered reciprocal money market arrangements to provide additional deposit protection to certain large commercial and institutional accounts. These balances are viewed as part of overall relationship balances with regional customers. Brokered deposits are sourced through selected Board approved brokers; these deposits are viewed as potentially more volatile than other deposits and are managed as a component of the Bank's liquidity policies.

The Company also uses borrowings from the FHLBB as an additional source of funding, particularly for daily cash management and for funding longer duration assets. FHLBB advances also provide more pricing and option alternatives for particular asset/liability needs. The FHLBB functions as a central reserve bank providing credit for member institutions. As an FHLBB member, the Company is required to own capital stock of the organization. Borrowings from this institution are secured by a blanket lien on most of the Bank’s mortgage loans and mortgage-related securities, as well as certain other assets. Advances are made under several different credit programs with different lending standards, interest rates, and range of maturities.

The Company had a $15 million trust preferred obligation and a $7 million trust preferred obligation outstanding, as well as $74 million in senior subordinated notes at year-end 2020. The Company’s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Subject to certain limitations, the Company can also choose to issue common stock, preferred stock, subordinated debt, or senior debt in public stock offerings or private placements. In 2020, the Company renewed its universal securities shelf registration with the SEC to facilitate potential future capital issuances. The Company has maintained a shelf registration as part of its routine capital management for many years.

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DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company offers interest rate swaps to commercial loan customers who wish to fix the interest rates on their loans, and the Company backs these swaps with offsetting swaps with national bank counterparties. With other lending institutions, the Company engages in risk participation agreements. These arrangements are structured similarly to its swaps with commercial borrowers, but a different bank is the lead underwriter. The Company gets paid a fee to take on the risk associated with having to make the lead bank whole on Berkshire’s portion of the pro-rated swap should the borrower default. These swaps are designated as economic hedges. Interest rate swaps that meet certain criteria to be viewed as conforming are required to be cleared through exchanges. The Bank has designated a national financial institution as its clearing agent.

The Company’s mortgage banking activities result in derivatives. Commitments to lend are provided on applications for residential mortgages intended for resale and are accounted for as non-hedging derivatives. The Company arranges offsetting forward sales commitments for most of these rate-locks with national bank counterparties, which are designated as economic hedges. Commitments on applications intended to be held for investment are not accounted for as derivative financial instruments. The Company has a policy for managing its derivative financial instruments, and the policy and program activity are overseen by the Risk Management and Capital Committee. Derivative financial instruments with counterparties which are not customers are limited to a select number of national financial institutions. Collateral may be required based on financial condition tests. The Company works with third-party firms which assist in marketing derivative transactions, executing transactions, and providing information for bookkeeping and accounting purposes.

The Company sometimes uses interest rate swap instruments for its own account to fix the interest rate on some of its borrowings, all of which have been designated as cash flow hedges. The Company also has begun offering forward foreign exchange derivatives to its commercial markets as part of its expanded international banking services. The Company expects to back these forwards with offsetting forwards with national bank counterparties. This activity would be targeted to support routine commercial needs of customers engaged in international trading activities and would only be offered for bank approved currencies and durations.

LIBOR BASED INSTRUMENTS

The Company’s floating-rate funding, certain hedging transactions and certain of the Company’s products, such as floating-rate loans and mortgages, determine the applicable interest rate or payment amount by reference to a benchmark rate, such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), or to an index, currency, basket or other financial metric. LIBOR and certain other benchmark rates are the subject of recent national, international, and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. In July 2017, the Chief Executive of the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) announced that the FCA intends to stop persuading or compelling its panel banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021.

The Company has approximately 950 commercial loans with a total balance of $2.6 billion with the contract interest rate tied to LIBOR. Additionally, the Company has approximately 500 interest rate swap contracts with a notional value of approximately $3.8 billion, including customer, dealer, and risk participation agreements. Many of these interest rate swap contracts are associated with the LIBOR based commercial loans.

The Company established an enterprise-wide LIBOR transition committee in 2019. The committee has assessed the on and off-balance sheet products that will be impacted with the LIBOR transition. The areas with the most impact are LIBOR based interest rate swaps and commercial loans that utilize LIBOR as the indexed rate. During 2019 revised LIBOR fallback language was added to all new Commercial loan contracts that contemplated the use of LIBOR as an index rate. An impact assessment has been completed to identify further exposures, such as systems, processes, and models affected by the discontinuation of LIBOR. The Company continues to develop and execute plans to transition products associated with LIBOR to alternative reference rates.

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WEALTH MANAGEMENT SERVICES

The Company’s Wealth Management Group provides consultative investment management, trust administration, and financial planning to individuals, businesses, and institutions, with an emphasis on personal investment management. The Wealth Management Group has built a track record over more than a decade with its dedicated in-house investment management team. The Bank also provides a full line of investment products, financial planning, and brokerage services through BerkshireBanc Investment Services utilizing Commonwealth Financial Network as the broker/dealer. The Bank is integrating with its growing private banking and MyBanker teams to further develop wealth management account generation.

INSURANCE

As an independent insurance agent, the Berkshire Insurance Group represents a carefully selected group of financially sound, reputable insurance companies offering attractive coverage at competitive prices. The Insurance Group offers a full line of personal and commercial property and casualty insurance. It also offers employee benefits insurance and a full line of personal life, health, and financial services insurance products. Berkshire Insurance Group operates a focused cross-sell program of insurance and banking products through all offices and branches of the Bank with some of the Group’s offices located within the Bank’s branches. The Group’s principal operations are in Western New England, and also provides its services in the Company’s other regions. The Group focuses on the Bank’s distribution channels in order to broaden its retail and commercial customer base.

HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

Berkshire’s people are the core of its ability to deliver on its strategic objectives, just as they have been for 175 years. The Company’s approach to human capital management is grounded in its Be FIRST values. It focuses on strong oversight, talent acquisition, development, engagement, retention, and offering a competitive benefits package. The Board of Directors has ultimate responsibility for the strategy of the Company. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors oversees executive compensation matters and the Corporate Responsibility & Culture committee oversees company culture, diversity, and employee engagement. The Company further enhanced this oversight in 2020 by appointing an experienced human resources leader to Executive Vice President Chief Human Resources & Culture Officer.

Talent acquisition is the first step to ensuring Berkshire has employees with the right mix of skills and experiences. The Company leverages internship placements, affinity group relationships, and the use of experienced recruiters for key management and specialized positions. After hiring, employees’ undergo an onboarding journey including attending a virtual new hire orientation. Throughout an employees’ career Berkshire focus on development as the Company believes it’s a critical factor to long-term retention. In 2020, the Company launched a new mentoring program to pair high potential junior employees with senior staff to build on existing development opportunities. The Company reskilled and upskilled employees from across the bank to assist in government relief programs such as the SBA’s Paycheck Protection Program (“ PPP") and for employees looking to expand their professional experience in the classroom, the Company offers an education assistance program.

Berkshire continually evaluates its strategies and looks at best practices to provide competitive pay and benefits packages. All of Berkshire’s benefits are available to married same-sex or different-sex couples as well as domestic partners. In 2020, the Company completed a salary survey to ensure pay and performance measures aligned with the markets it serves and a pay equity analysis to ensure that all employees, regardless of gender and ethnicity, in comparable roles are compensated equitably. Berkshire was listed in the Bloomberg Gender-Equality Index for the second consecutive year in recognition of its work and achieved a perfect score on the Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index for the first time.

Berkshire employees' health, safety, and economic stability has and continues to be a priority as the Company continues to navigate the global COVID-19 pandemic. Berkshire suspended non-essential business travel and accelerated its ongoing Work from Home initiative to swiftly, safely and securely move 86% of non-branch staff to a fully remote environment. The Company provided protective equipment to front-line employees, including masks and gloves, and offered all additional paid sick time, paid quarantine/isolation leave, job protected personal leave, flexible work schedules for remote employees, premium pay for onsite employees and maintained full pay for employees with reduced schedules, as a result of the pandemic. Berkshire enhanced support through its Employee

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Assistance Program and launched the You FIRST Fund to help employees impacted by personal financial hardships. As a result of Berkshire’s collective actions, there were no bank related pandemic layoffs in 2020 and the Company instituted a special compensation program for employees assisting with government relief programs.

Human Capital*			Total Full Time Equivalent			1,505
			Voluntary Retention Rate			85		%

*All metrics reported are as of or for the year-ended December 31, 2020.

DIVERSITY, EQUITY, AND INCLUSION

Berkshire’s journey to build a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive company is grounded in its Be FIRST values. The Company’s goal is to build a workplace that reflects its communities' unique diversity and creates wealth in underrepresented neighborhoods across its footprint. The Company focuses on its governance practices, employee education, talent acquisition & workplace culture, supplier diversity, and product and service offerings. A collection of governance practices serve as the foundation, ensuring the appropriate oversight. The Corporate Responsibility & Culture Committee of the Board of Directors has ultimate responsibility for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Program performance and ensuring Management creates a workplace culture consistent with its Be FIRST values. The Company’s Diversity & Inclusion Employee Committee, which reports up to the Corporate Responsibility & Culture Committee, focuses on the diversity and inclusion strategy. The committee consists of employees from throughout the business and works to develop and execute goals, strategies, and tactics and monitor progress.

The Company offers seven Employee Resource Groups each of whom play an integral role for employees and the culture of the company. Each Employee Resource Group provides a safe space for dialogue, education, and collective action on topics relevant to their mission. These groups continue to help the company facilitate important cultural shifts, update policies, host important cultural heritage events, and attend affinity group job fairs. In 2020, the Company rolled out a new suite of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion trainings. In addition, it continues to develop deeper partnerships with colleges, affinity groups and non-profit organizations to expand its networks beyond those traditionally touched by the banking industry. The Company leverages internal expertise and experienced external recruitment professionals to ensure it receives candidate pools that reflect the rural and urban communities where it operates. In addition, the Company regularly reviews the gender and ethnic diversity of its workforce at the employee, manager and executive management level.

Diversity & Inclusion*			Percent of women in workforce			68		%
			Percent of ethnic minorities in workforce			14		%
			Percent disabled in workforce			2		%

*All metrics reported are as of December 31, 2020.

Additional information on Berkshire’s Culture, Human Capital and Diversity, Equity & Inclusion practices can be found in the Company’s annual Corporate Responsibility Report at www.berkshirebank.com/csr, which details the company's environmental, social, governance, and cultural programs.

SUBSIDIARY ACTIVITIES

The Company wholly-owns two active consolidated subsidiaries: the Bank and Berkshire Insurance Group, Inc. The Bank operates as a commercial bank under a Massachusetts trust company charter. Berkshire Insurance Group is incorporated in Massachusetts. Berkshire Bank owns Firestone Financial, LLC which is a Massachusetts limited liability company, as well as consolidated subsidiaries operated as Massachusetts securities corporations and other subsidiary entities. The Company also owns all of the common stock of Delaware statutory business trusts, Berkshire Hills Capital Trust I and SI Capital Trust II. The capital trusts are unconsolidated and their only material assets are trust preferred securities related to the junior subordinated debentures reported in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Additional information about the subsidiaries is contained in Exhibit 21 to this report.

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REGULATION AND SUPERVISION

The Company is a Delaware corporation and a bank holding company that has elected financial holding company status within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. As such, it is registered with, supervised by and required to comply with the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Board requires the Company to file various reports and also conducts examinations of the Company. The Company must receive the approval of the Federal Reserve Board to engage in certain transactions, such as acquisitions of additional banks and savings associations.

The Bank is a Massachusetts-chartered trust company and its deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC. The Bank was previously a Massachusetts-chartered savings bank and converted to a Massachusetts-chartered trust company in July 2014. The Bank is subject to extensive regulation by the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks (the “Commissioner”), as its chartering agency, and by the FDIC, as its deposit insurer. The Bank is required to file reports with the Commissioner and the FDIC concerning its activities and financial condition in addition to obtaining regulatory approvals prior to entering into certain transactions such as mergers with, or acquisitions of, other depository institutions or branches of other institutions. The Commissioner and the FDIC conduct periodic examinations to test the Bank’s safety and soundness and compliance with various regulatory requirements. The regulatory structure gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. Any change in such regulatory requirements and policies, whether by the Commissioner, the Massachusetts legislature, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve Board, or Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the Company, the Bank, and their operations.

Certain regulatory requirements applicable to the Company are referred to below. The description of statutory provisions and regulations applicable to financial institutions and their holding companies set forth in this Form 10-K does not purport to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on the Company and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the actual laws and regulations.A summary of the regulatory requirements referred to below is as follows:

•Massachusetts Banking Laws and Supervision

•Federal Regulations

•Enforcement

•Holding Company Regulation

•Mergers and Acquisitions

•Other Regulations

•Taxation

Massachusetts Banking Laws and Supervision

General. As a Massachusetts-chartered depository institution, the Bank is subject to various Massachusetts statutes and regulations which govern, among other things, investment powers, lending and deposit-taking activities, borrowings, maintenance of surplus and reserve accounts, distribution of earnings and payment of dividends. In addition, the Bank is subject to Massachusetts consumer protection and civil rights laws and regulations. The approval of the Commissioner is required for a Massachusetts-chartered institution to establish or close branches, merge with other financial institutions, issue stock, and undertake certain other activities.

Massachusetts law and regulations generally allow Massachusetts institutions to engage in activities permissible for federally chartered banks or banks chartered by another state. There is a 30-day notice procedure to the Commissioner in order to engage in such activities. Massachusetts law also authorized Massachusetts institutions to engage in activities determined to be “financial in nature,” or incidental or complementary to such a financial activity, subject to a 30-day notice to the Commissioner.

Dividends. Under Massachusetts law, the Bank may declare cash dividends from net profits not more frequently than quarterly and non-cash dividends at any time. No dividends may be declared, credited, or paid if the institution’s capital stock is impaired. An institution with outstanding preferred stock may not, without the prior approval of the Commissioner, declare dividends to the common stock without also declaring dividends to the

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preferred stock. The approval of the Commissioner is generally required if the total of all dividends declared in any calendar year exceeds the total of its net profits for that year combined with its retained “net profits,” as defined, of the preceding two years. The approval of both the Commissioner and the FDIC is required for the Bank to pay a dividend from its surplus account, which would currently be the case as to any Bank dividend to the Company.

Loans to One Borrower Limitations. Massachusetts banking law grants broad lending authority. However, with certain limited exceptions, total obligations of one borrower to an institution may not exceed 20.0% of the total of the institution’s capital, which is defined under Massachusetts law as the sum of the institution’s capital stock, surplus account and undivided profits.

Investment Activities. In general, Massachusetts-chartered institutions may invest in preferred and common stock of any corporation organized under the laws of the United States or any state provided such investments do not involve control of any corporation and do not, in the aggregate, exceed 4.0% of the bank’s deposits. Massachusetts-chartered institutions may also invest an amount equal to 1.0% of their deposits in stocks of Massachusetts corporations or companies with substantial employment in Massachusetts which have pledged to the Commissioner that such monies will be used for further development within the Commonwealth. However, these powers are constrained by federal law, which generally limit the activities and equity investments of state banks to those permitted for national banks.

Regulatory Enforcement Authority. Any Massachusetts-chartered institution that does not operate in accordance with the regulations, policies, and directives of the Commissioner may be sanctioned for non-compliance, including seizure of the property and business of the institution and suspension or revocation of its charter. The Commissioner may, under certain circumstances, suspend or remove officers or directors who have violated the law, conducted the institution’s business in a manner which is unsafe, unsound or contrary to the depositors’ interests, or been negligent in the performance of their duties. In addition, upon finding that an institution has engaged in an unfair or deceptive act or practice, the Commissioner may issue an order to cease and desist and impose a fine on the institution concerned. Finally, Massachusetts consumer protection and civil rights statutes applicable to the Bank permit private individual and class action lawsuits and provide for the rescission of consumer transactions, including loans, and the recovery of statutory and punitive damage and attorney’s fees in the case of certain violations of those statutes.

Massachusetts has other statutes or regulations that are similar to the federal provisions discussed below.

Federal Regulations

Capital Requirements. Federal regulations require FDIC insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-based assets of 8.0%, and a 4.0% Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. The existing capital requirements were effective January 1, 2015 and are the result of a final rule implementing regulatory amendments based on recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act.

Common equity Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common stockholders’ equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common equity Tier 1 and additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is comprised of capital instruments and related surplus, meeting specified requirements, and may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for loan and lease losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets and, for institutions that have exercised an opt-out election regarding the treatment of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), up to 45% of net unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities with readily determinable fair market values. The Bank chose the opt-out election. Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations, including adjustments for goodwill and other intangible assets.

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In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for purposes of calculating risk-based capital ratios, all assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (e.g., recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes, residual interests) are multiplied by a risk weight factor assigned by the regulations based on the risks believed inherent in the type of asset. Higher levels of capital are required for asset categories believed to present greater risk. For example, a risk weight of 0% is assigned to cash and U.S. government securities, a risk weight of 50% is generally assigned to prudently underwritten first lien one to four-family residential mortgages, a risk weight of 100% is assigned to commercial and consumer loans, a risk weight of 150% is assigned to certain past due loans and a risk weight of between 0% and 600% is assigned to permissible equity interests, depending on certain specified factors. In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted asset above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The capital conservation buffer was phased in beginning January 1, 2016 at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets and increasing each year until fully implemented at 2.5% on January 1, 2019.

In assessing an institution’s capital adequacy, the FDIC takes into consideration not only these numeric factors, but qualitative factors as well, and has the authority to establish higher capital requirements for individual institutions where deemed necessary. As a bank holding company, the Company is also subject to regulatory capital requirements, as described in a subsequent section.

Interstate Banking and Branching. Federal law permits an institution, such as the Bank, to acquire another institution by merger in a state other than Massachusetts unless the other state has opted out. Federal law, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act, authorizes de novo branching into another state to the extent that the target state allows its state chartered banks to establish branches within its borders. As of December 31, 2020, the Bank operated branches in New York, Vermont, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania as well as Massachusetts. At its interstate branches, the Bank may conduct any activity authorized under Massachusetts law that is permissible either for an institution chartered in that state (subject to applicable federal restrictions) or a branch in that state of an out-of-state national bank. The New York State Superintendent of Banks, the Vermont Commissioner of Banking and Insurance, the Connecticut Commissioner of Banking, the New Jersey Commissioner of Banking and Insurance, the Pennsylvania Secretary of Banking and Securities, and the Director of the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation may exercise certain regulatory authority over the Bank’s branches in their respective states.

Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action. Federal law requires that federal bank regulatory authorities take “prompt corrective action” with respect to banks that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For this purpose, the law establishes three categories of capital deficient institutions: undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. The FDIC regulations implementing the prompt corrective action law were amended to incorporate the previously discussed increased regulatory capital standards that were effective January 1, 2015. An institution is deemed to be “well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater, and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater. An institution is “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater, and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 4.5% or greater. An institution is “undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 4.0%, or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 4.5%. An institution is deemed to be “significantly undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 3.0%, or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 3.0%. An institution is considered to be “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%.

“Undercapitalized” banks must adhere to growth, capital distribution (including dividend), and other limitations and are required to submit a capital restoration plan. A bank’s compliance with such plans must be guaranteed by its holding company in an amount equal to the lesser of 5% of the institution’s total assets when deemed “undercapitalized” or the amount needed to comply with regulatory capital requirements. If an “undercapitalized” bank fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” “Significantly undercapitalized” banks must comply with one or more of a number of additional restrictions, including but not limited to an order by the FDIC to sell sufficient voting stock to become “adequately capitalized,” requirements to

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reduce assets and cease receipt of deposits from correspondent banks or dismiss directors or officers, and restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, compensation of executive officers, and capital distributions by the holding company. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions must comply with additional sanctions including, subject to a narrow exception, the appointment of a receiver or conservator within 270 days after it obtains such status.

At December 31, 2020, the Bank met the criteria for being considered “well capitalized” as defined in the prompt corrective action regulations.

Transactions with Affiliates and Loans to Insiders. Transactions between depository institutions and their affiliates are governed by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act. In a holding company context, at a minimum, the parent holding company of an institution and any companies which are controlled by the holding company are affiliates of the institution. Generally, Section 23A limits the extent to which the institution or its subsidiaries may engage in “covered transactions,” such as loans, with any one affiliate to 10% of such institution’s capital stock and surplus. There is also an aggregate limit on all such transactions with all affiliates to 20% of capital stock and surplus. Loans to affiliates and certain other specified transactions must comply with specified collateralization requirements. Section 23B requires that transactions with affiliates be on terms that are no less favorable to the institution or its subsidiary as similar transactions with non-affiliates.

Federal law also restricts an institution with respect to loans to directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders (“insiders”). Loans to insiders and their related interests may not exceed, together with all other outstanding loans to such persons and affiliated entities, the institution’s total capital and surplus. Loans to insiders above specified amounts must receive the prior approval of the Board of Directors. Further, loans to insiders must be made on terms substantially the same as offered in comparable transactions to other persons, except that such insiders may receive preferential loans made under a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to the institution’s employees and does not give preference to the insider over the employees. Federal law places additional limitations on loans to executive officers. Massachusetts law previously had a separate law regarding insider transactions but that law was amended in 2015 to generally incorporate the federal restrictions.

Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Bank’s deposit accounts are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC up to applicable limits. The FDIC insures deposits up to the standard maximum deposit insurance amount (“SMDIA”) of $250,000.

The FDIC charges insured depository institutions premiums to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund. The Dodd-Frank Act required the FDIC to revise its procedures to base its assessments upon each insured institution’s total assets less tangible equity instead of deposits.

Under the FDIC’s risk-based assessment system, insured institutions are assessed based on perceived risk to the Deposit Insurance Fund with institutions deemed less risky pay lower FDIC assessments. Assessments for institutions with $10 billion or more of assets are primarily based on a scorecard approach by the FDIC, including factors such as examination ratings and modeling measuring the institution’s ability to withstand asset-related and funding-related stress and potential loss to the Deposit Insurance Fund should the bank fail. The assessment range (inclusive of possible adjustments specified by the regulations) for institutions with greater than $10 billion of total assets is 1.5 to 40 basis points. The Dodd-Frank Act required that banks of greater than $10 billion of assets bear the burden of raising the Deposit Insurance Fund reserve ratio from 1.15% to 1.35%. Such institutions were subject to an annual surcharge of 4.5 basis points of total assets exceeding $10 billion, effective July 1, 2016. The FDIC announced in November 2018 that the 1.35% reserve ratio had been reached so that the surcharges would cease. In 2019, the FDIC distributed premium rebates to the Company and other bank peers as a result of having collected excess premiums in earlier periods. The Deposit Insurance Fund ratio fell to 1.30% as of June 30, 2020 due to extraordinary deposit growth resulting from economic conditions and government initiatives related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The FDIC had adopted a restoration plan for the fund to again achieve a 1.35% ratio within eight years. The current plan does not involve increased assessments or surcharges on insured institutions.

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Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by a regulator. Management does not know of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of FDIC deposit insurance.

The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. A significant increase in insurance premiums would likely have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank. Management cannot predict what insurance assessment rates will be in the future.

Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank system, which consists of 12 regional Federal Home Loan Banks that provide a central credit facility primarily for member institutions. The Bank, as a member, is required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the FHLBB.

The Federal Home Loan Banks are required to provide funds for certain purposes including contributing funds for affordable housing programs. These requirements, and general financial results, could reduce the amount of dividends that the Federal Home Loan Banks pay to their members and result in the Federal Home Loan Banks imposing a higher rate of interest on advances to their members. Historically, the FHLBB has paid dividends to member banks based on money market rates.

Enforcement

The FDIC has primary federal enforcement responsibility over state chartered banks that are not members of Federal Reserve System, which includes the Bank. The FDIC has authority to bring enforcement actions against such institutions and their “institution-related parties,” including officers, directors, certain shareholders, and attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful action likely to have an adverse effect on an insured institution. Formal enforcement action may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers and/or directors of the institution or receivership or conservatorship in certain circumstances. Potential civil money penalties cover a wide range of violations and actions, and range up to $25 thousand per day or, in extreme cases, as high as $1.0 million per day.

Holding Company Regulation

General. The Company is subject to examination, regulation, and periodic reporting as a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The Company is required to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board to acquire all, or substantially all, of the assets of any other bank or bank holding company. Prior Federal Reserve Board approval would be required for the Company to acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting securities of any bank or bank holding company if, after such acquisition, it would, directly or indirectly, own or control more than five percent of any class of voting shares of the bank or bank holding company.

A bank holding company is generally prohibited from engaging in non-banking activities, or acquiring direct or indirect control of more than five percent of the voting securities of any company engaged in non-banking activities. The Federal Reserve Board has allowed by regulation some exceptions based on activities closely related to banking including: (i) making or servicing loans; (ii) performing certain data processing services; (iii) providing discount brokerage services; (iv) acting as fiduciary, investment or financial advisor; and (v) acquiring a savings and loan association whose direct and indirect activities are limited to those permitted for bank holding companies.

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 authorized a bank holding company that meets specified conditions, including being “well capitalized” and “well managed” as defined in the regulations, to opt to become a “financial holding company” and thereby engage in a broader array of financial activities. Such activities can include insurance and investment banking. The Company has elected to become a financial holding company.

The Company is subject to the Federal Reserve Board’s capital adequacy requirements for bank holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act required the Federal Reserve Board to promulgate consolidated capital requirements for depository institution holding companies that are no less stringent, both quantitatively and in terms of components of capital, than those applicable to institutions themselves. The previously discussed final rule regarding regulatory

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capital requirements implemented the Dodd-Frank Act as to bank holding company capital standards. Consolidated regulatory capital requirements identical to those applicable to the Bank applied to the Company, effective January 1, 2015. As is the case with institutions themselves, the capital conservation buffer was phased in beginning in 2016 and was fully effective on January 1, 2019.

Federal Reserve Board policy requires that a bank holding company serve as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary banks by standing ready to use available resources to provide adequate capital funds to those banks during periods of financial stress or adversity and by maintaining the financial flexibility and capital-raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary banks where necessary. The Dodd-Frank Act codified the source of strength doctrine.

The Federal Reserve Board has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends and the repurchase of shares of common stock by bank holding companies. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Regulatory guidance provides for prior consultation with and nonobjection of the Federal Reserve Board with respect to dividends in certain circumstances, such as where the company’s net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the company’s overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company’s capital needs and overall financial condition. Such Federal Reserve Board consultation and nonobjection was required for certain dividends paid by the Company during 2020. The ability of a holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized.

Federal regulations require a bank holding company to give the Federal Reserve Board prior written notice of any repurchase or redemption of then outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for the repurchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such repurchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, is equal to 10% or more of the company’s consolidated net worth. The Federal Reserve Board may disapprove such a purchase or redemption under certain circumstances. There is an exception to this approval requirement for well-capitalized bank holding companies that meet certain other conditions. Federal Reserve policy provides for regulatory consultation prior to a holding company redeeming or repurchasing regulatory capital instruments under specified circumstances regardless of the applicability of the previously referenced notification requirement.

These regulatory policies could affect the ability of the Company to pay dividends, repurchase shares of its stock, or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

The status of the Company as a registered bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act does not exempt it from certain federal and state laws and regulations applicable to corporations generally, including, without limitation, certain provisions of the federal securities laws.

Acquisition of the Company. Under the Change in Bank Control Act, no person may acquire control of a bank holding company such as the Company unless the Federal Reserve Board has been given 60 days’ prior written notice and has not issued a notice disapproving the proposed acquisition, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the competitive effects of the acquisition. Control, as defined for this purpose, means ownership, control of or holding irrevocable proxies representing more than 25% of any class of voting stock, control in any manner of the election of a majority of the company’s directors, or a determination by the regulator that the acquirer has the power to direct, or directly or indirectly to exercise a controlling influence over, the management or policies of the institution. Acquisition of more than 10% of any class of a bank holding company’s voting stock constitutes a rebuttable presumption of control under the regulations under certain circumstances including where, is the case with the Company, the issuer has registered securities under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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Massachusetts Holding Company Regulation. In addition to the federal holding company regulations, a bank holding company organized or doing business in Massachusetts must comply with requirements under Massachusetts law. Approval of the Massachusetts regulatory authorities is generally required for the Company to acquire 25 percent or more of the voting stock of another depository institution. Similarly, prior regulatory approval would be necessary for any person or company to acquire 25 percent or more of the voting stock of the Company.

Mergers and Acquisitions

The Company and the Bank have authority to engage, and have engaged, in acquisitions of other depository institutions. Such transactions are subject to a variety of conditions including, but not limited to, required stockholder approvals and the receipt of all necessary regulatory approvals. Necessary regulatory approvals include those required by the federal Bank Holding Company Act and/or Bank Merger Act, Massachusetts law and, if the target institution is located in a state other than Massachusetts, the law of that state. When considering merger applications, the federal regulators must evaluate such factors as the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the parties, the convenience and needs of the communities to be served (including performance of the parties under the Community Reinvestment Act), competitive factors, any risk to the stability of the United States banking or financial system and the effectiveness of the institutions involved in combating money laundering activities. Both the Bank Holding Company Act and the Bank Merger Act provide for a waiting period of 15 to 30 days following approval by the federal banking regulator within which the United States Department of Justice may file objections to the merger under the federal antitrust laws. Massachusetts law requires the Commissioner (or Board of Bank Incorporation in certain cases) to consider such factors as whether competition among banking institutions will be unreasonably affected and whether public convenience and advantage will be promoted (including whether the merger will result in net new benefits).

Other Regulations

Consumer Protection Laws. The Bank is subject to federal and state consumer protection statutes and regulations applicable to depository institutions. These include the Truth-In-Lending Act, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers; Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, requiring financial institutions to provide certain information about home mortgage and refinance loans; the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit; the Fair Credit Reporting Act, governing the provision of consumer information to credit reporting agencies and the use of consumer information; the Fair Debt Collection Act, governing the manner in which consumer debts may be collected by collection agencies; and the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, governing automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers’ rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services. Since the Bank has exceeded $10 billion of consolidated assets, compliance with such federal consumer protection statutes and regulations is examined for and enforced by the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau rather than the FDIC.

The Bank also is subject to Massachusetts and federal laws protecting the confidentiality of consumer financial records, and limiting the ability of the institution to share non-public personal information with third parties.

The Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) establishes a requirement for federal banking agencies that, in connection with examinations of depository institutions within their jurisdiction, the agencies evaluate the record of the depository institutions in meeting the credit needs of their local communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of those institutions. These factors are also considered in evaluating mergers, acquisitions and applications to open a branch or new facility. Under the CRA, institutions are assigned a rating of “outstanding,” “satisfactory,” “needs to improve,” or “substantial non-compliance.” A less than “satisfactory” rating would result in the suspension of any growth of the Bank through acquisitions or opening de novo branches until the rating is improved. As of the most recent CRA examination by the FDIC, the Bank’s CRA rating was “satisfactory.”

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Anti-Money Laundering Laws. The Bank is subject to extensive anti-money laundering provisions and requirements, which require the institution to have in place a comprehensive customer identification program and an anti-money laundering program and procedures. These laws and regulations also prohibit depository institutions from engaging in business with foreign shell banks; require depository institutions to have due diligence procedures and, in some cases, enhanced due diligence procedures for foreign correspondent and private banking accounts; and improve information sharing between depository institutions and the U.S. government. The Bank has established policies and procedures intended to comply with these provisions.

Taxation

The Company reports its income on a calendar year basis using the accrual method of accounting. This discussion of tax matters is only a summary and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries. Further discussion of income taxation is contained in a note to the financial statements. The federal income tax laws apply to the Company in the same manner as to other corporations with some exceptions. The Company may exclude from income 100 percent of dividends received from the Bank and from Berkshire Insurance Group as members of the same affiliated group of corporations. The Company reports income on a calendar year basis to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Massachusetts tax law generally permits special tax treatment for a qualifying limited purpose “securities corporation.” The Bank’s securities corporations all qualify for this treatment, and are taxed at a 1.3% rate on their gross income.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The risks set forth below, in addition to the other risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, may adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, strategic objectives, and operating results. In addition to the risks set forth below and the other risks described in this annual report, there may be additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to the Company or that the Company currently deems to be immaterial that could materially and adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, strategic objectives, or operating results. As a result, past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. Further, to the extent that any of the information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitutes forward-looking statements, the risk factors set forth below also are cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of the Company.

The COVID-19 global pandemic affected all aspects of the company’s business in 2020. The event of the pandemic is discussed in the Operating risk factor below, but it should be understood as affecting the overall risk environment and risk factors of the Company.

Risk Factors Summary

Lending Risks

•Deterioration in the Housing Sector, Commercial Real Estate, and Related Markets May Adversely Affect Business and Financial Results.

•The Company’s Emphasis on Commercial Lending May Expose the Company to Increased Lending Risks, Which Could Hurt Profits.

•As a Participating Lender in the Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program, the Company is Subject to Additional Risks of Litigation from Its Customers or Other Parties Regarding Its Processing of Loans for the Paycheck Protection Program, Which Could Have a Significant Adverse Impact On Its Business, Financial Position, Results of Operations, and Prospects.

•The Company is Subject to a Variety of Risks in Connection With Any Sale of Loans it May Conduct.

•The Company is Exposed to Risk of Environmental Liability When It Takes Title to Property.

Operating Risks

•The COVID-19 Pandemic is Adversely Affecting, and Will Likely Continue to Adversely Affect, the Company’s Business, Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Results of Operations.

•The Company is Subject to Security and Operational Risks Relating to the Use of Technology that Could Damage the Company's Reputation and Business.

•The Company Faces Cybersecurity Risks, Including Denial of Service Attacks, Hacking and Identity Theft that Could Result in the Disclosure of Confidential Information or the Creation of Unauthorized Transactions, Which Could Adversely Affect the Company’s Business or Reputation and Create Significant Legal and Financial Exposure.

•Counterparties and Correspondents Expose the Company to Risks.

•The Company’s Business is Reliant on Outside Vendors.

•Development of New Products and Services May Impose Additional Costs on the Company and May Expose It to Increased Operational Risk.

•The Discontinuation of LIBOR and the Emergence of One or More Alternative Benchmark Indices to Replace LIBOR Could Adversely Impact the Company’s Business and Results of Operations.

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Liquidity Risks

•The Company's Wholesale Funding Sources May Prove Insufficient to Replace Deposits at Maturity and Support Operations and Future Growth.

•The Company's Ability to Service Our Debt, Pay Dividends, and Otherwise Pay Obligations as They Come Due Is Substantially Dependent on Capital Distributions from the Bank, and These Distributions Are Subject to Regulatory Limits and Other Restrictions. The Company’s Stock Repurchase Program is also Dependent on These Distributions.

•The Loss Recorded in 2020 May Have an Adverse Effect on Future Dividend Payments to Common Shareholders.

•Secondary Mortgage Market Conditions Could Have a Material Impact on the Company’s Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Interest Rates

•Market Interest Rate Conditions Could Adversely Affect Results of Operations and Financial Condition.

Securities Market Value Risks

•Declines in the Value of Certain Investment Securities Could Require Write-Downs, Which Would Reduce Earnings.

Regulatory Matters Risks

•Legislative and Regulatory Initiatives May Affect Business Activities and Increase Operating Costs.

•Provisions of the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Delaware Law, as Well as State and Federal Banking Regulations, Could Delay or Prevent a Takeover of Us by a Third Party.

Significant Accounting Estimates Risks

•If the Company Determines Intangible Assets to be Impaired, the Company’s Financial Condition and Results Would Be Negatively Affected.

•Various Factors May Cause Our Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans to Increase.

Trading of the Company's Common Stock

•The Trading History of the Company’s Common Stock is Characterized By Low Trading Volume. The Value of Shareholder Investments May be Subject to Sudden Decreases Due to the Volatility of the Price of the Common Stock.

Lending

Deterioration in the Housing Sector, Commercial Real Estate, and Related Markets May Adversely Affect Business and Financial Results.

Real estate lending is a major business activity for the Company. Real estate market conditions affect the value and marketability of real estate collateral, and they also affect the cash flows, liquidity, and net worth of many borrowers whose operations and finances depend on real estate market conditions. Adverse conditions in the Company's market areas could reduce growth rates, affect the ability of our customers to repay their loans, and generally affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations. Potential increases in interest rates could increase capitalization rates which could adversely affect commercial property appraisals and collateral value.

The Company’s Emphasis on Commercial Lending May Expose the Company to Increased Lending Risks, Which Could Hurt Profits.

The Company emphasizes commercial lending, which generally exposes the Company to a greater risk of nonpayment and loss because repayment of such loans often depends on the successful operations and income stream of the borrowers. Commercial loans are historically more susceptible to delinquency, default, and loss during economic downturns. Commercial lending involves larger loan sizes and larger relationship exposures, with greater potential impact on profits in the event of adverse loan performance. The majority of the Company’s commercial loans are secured by real estate and subject to the previously discussed real estate risk factors, as well as risks specific to individual properties and property types. Geographic expansion may result in risks not previously

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experienced by the Company or which it is unfamiliar with monitoring or resolving. Recent expansion has been focused on the Greater Boston market, where the Bank may be financing projects with larger loan amounts and where the Bank has less experience than in its traditional market areas and where competition may result in different lending structures.

Commercial lending activities pose higher risk of fraud. In 2019, the Company wrote-off the $16 million balance of a secured commercial loan in circumstances involving alleged borrower fraud. This asset was a participating interest in a commercial loan managed by another financial institution. Such participating interests involve risks related to counterparty performance, as further described in a later risk factor. In the case of this loan, the Company has filed legal claims against the agent bank in pursuit of the recovery of some of the loss recorded by the Company. The outcome of such legal proceedings is subject to uncertainty, and the Company has not recognized any such potential recoveries in its financial records.

As a Participating Lender in the Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program, the Company is Subject to Additional Risks of Litigation from Its Customers or Other Parties Regarding Its Processing of Loans for the Paycheck Protection Program, Which Could Have a Significant Adverse Impact On Its Business, Financial Position, Results of Operations, and Prospects.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the economy have led to actions including the enactment of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, which established the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) administered by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). Under the PPP, small businesses and other entities and individuals can apply for loans from existing SBA lenders and other approved lenders that participate in the program, subject to numerous limitations and eligibility criteria. The Company is participating as a lender in the PPP and may be exposed to the risk of litigation. Since the initiation of the PPP, several banks have been subject to litigation or threatened litigation regarding the process and procedures that such lenders used in processing applications for the PPP. If any such litigation is filed or threatened and is not resolved in a manner favorable to the Company, it may result in significant cost or adversely affect our reputation. Any financial liability, litigation costs, or reputational damage caused by PPP-related litigation could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and prospects.

The Company is Subject to a Variety of Risks in Connection With Any Sale of Loans it May Conduct.

In connection with the Company’s sale of one or more loans or loan portfolios, it may make certain representations and warranties to the purchaser concerning the loans sold and the procedures under which those loans have been originated and serviced. If any of these representations and warranties are invalid, the Company may be required to refund premiums, indemnify the purchaser for any related costs or losses, or it may be required to repurchase part or all of the affected loans, which may be impaired. The Company may also be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or in the event of early payment default by the borrower on a loan it has sold. The Company’s ability to maintain seller/servicer relationships with government agencies and government backed entities may be jeopardized in the event of the emergence of one or more of the above risks. Demand for the Company’s loans in the secondary markets could also be affected by these risks, which could lead to a reduction in related business activities.

The Company may be required to reduce the value of any loans it marks as held for sale, which could adversely affect its results of operations. As a result of the Company’s strategic initiatives, the Company sold certain loans which were previously held for investment and conducted sales with buyers who it had not previously transacted with.

The Company is Exposed to Risk of Environmental Liability When It Takes Title to Property.

In the course of its business, the Company may foreclose on and take title to real estate. As a result, the Company could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. The Company may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property.

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Operating

The COVID-19 Pandemic is Adversely Affecting, and Will Likely Continue to Adversely Affect, the Company’s Business, Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Results of Operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the U.S. and global economy; disrupted U.S. and global supply chains; lowered equity market valuations; created significant volatility and disruption in financial markets; contributed to a decrease in the rates and yields on U.S. Treasury securities; resulted in ratings downgrades, credit deterioration, and defaults in many industries; increased demands on capital and liquidity; and dramatically increased unemployment levels and decreased consumer confidence. In addition, the pandemic has resulted in temporary closures of many businesses and the institution of social distancing and sheltering in place requirements in many states and communities, including those in our footprint. The pandemic has caused us, and could continue to cause us, increases in the Company's allowance for credit losses and subsequent increases in credit losses in our loan portfolios. Some of the risks the Company faces from the pandemic include, but are not limited to: the health and availability of our colleagues, the financial condition of our clients and the demand for our products and services, falling interest rates, recognition of credit losses and increases in the allowance for credit losses, especially if businesses remain closed or restricted, unemployment continues to rise and clients and customers draw on their lines of credit or seek additional loans to help finance their businesses, and a significant deterioration of business conditions in our markets. Furthermore, the pandemic has caused us to recognize impairment of our goodwill and there could be impairment of our financial assets. Sustained adverse effects may also increase our cost of capital, prevent us from satisfying our minimum regulatory capital ratios and other supervisory requirements, or result in downgrades in our credit rating. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic, the continued effectiveness of our business continuity plan, the direct and indirect impact of the pandemic on our customers, colleagues, counterparties and service providers, and actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic.

Governmental authorities have taken significant measures to provide economic assistance to individual households and businesses, stabilize the markets, and support economic growth. The success of these measures is unknown, and they may not be sufficient to mitigate the negative impact of the pandemic. Additionally, some measures, such as a deferment of loan payments and the significant reduction in interest rates to near zero, will have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations. We also face an increased risk of litigation and governmental and regulatory scrutiny as a result of the effects of the pandemic on market and economic conditions and actions governmental authorities take in response to those conditions.

The length of the pandemic and the effectiveness of the measures being put in place to address it are unknown. Until the effects of the pandemic subside, we expect continued impacts on liquidity, reduced revenues in our businesses, and increased customer defaults. Furthermore, the U.S. economy experienced a recession as a result of the pandemic, and it is probable that our business would be materially and adversely affected if current conditions do not improve sufficiently. To the extent the pandemic adversely affects our business, financial condition, liquidity, or results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company is Subject to Security and Operational Risks Relating to the Use of Technology that Could Damage the Company's Reputation and Business.

Security breaches of confidential information in our technology platforms could expose the Company to possible liability and damage its reputation. Any compromise of data security could also deter customers from using the Company's services. The Company relies on industry standard internet security and authentication systems to effect secure transmission of data. These precautions may not protect the Company's security systems from compromises or breaches and could result in damage to its reputation and business. The Company utilizes third party core banking software, in addition to other outsourced data processing. If third party providers encounter difficulties or if the Company has difficulty in communicating and/or transmitting with such third parties, it could significantly affect its ability to adequately process and account for customer transactions, which could significantly affect its business operations. The Company interfaces with electronic payments systems which are subject to security and operational risks. The Company utilizes file encryption in designated internal systems and networks and is subject to certain state and federal regulations regarding how the Company manages data security. The Company's enterprise governance risk and compliance function includes a framework of controls, policies and technologies to

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monitor and protect information from cyberattacks, mishandling, and loss, together with safeguards related to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. Natural disasters and disaster recovery risks could affect its operating systems, which could affect its reputation. The Company's business continuity program addresses crisis management, business impact, and data and systems recovery. Potential problems with the management of technology security and operational risks may affect regulatory compliance, which could affect operating costs and expansion plans.

The Company Faces Cybersecurity Risks, Including Denial of Service Attacks, Hacking and Identity Theft that Could Result in the Disclosure of Confidential Information or the Creation of Unauthorized Transactions, Which Could Adversely Affect the Company’s Business or Reputation and Create Significant Legal and Financial Exposure.

Banking institutions face increased cybersecurity risks due to the number of employees that are working remotely in regions impacted by stay-at-home orders. Increased levels of remote access create additional opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities, and employees may be more susceptible to phishing and social engineering attempts due to work responsibilities at home. In addition, technological resources may be strained due to the number of remote users. Banking institutions should evaluate their cybersecurity risks in light of these issues and update their existing risk factors for any material changes or developments

The Company’s computer systems and network infrastructure are subject to security risks and could be susceptible to cyber-attacks, such as denial of service attacks, hacking, terrorist activities or identity theft. Financial services institutions and companies engaged in data processing have reported breaches in the security of their websites or other systems, some of which have involved sophisticated and targeted attacks intended to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information, destroy data, steal financial assets, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems, often through the introduction of computer viruses or malware, cyber-attacks and other means. Denial of service attacks have been launched against a number of large financial services institutions. As a growing regional bank, the Company may be subject to similar attacks in the future. Hacking and identity theft risks could cause serious reputational harm and possible financial loss to the Company. Cyber threats are rapidly evolving and the Company may not be able to anticipate or prevent all such attacks.

The Company may incur increasing costs in an effort to minimize these risks and could be held liable for any security breach or loss. Despite efforts to ensure the integrity of its systems, the Company will not be able to anticipate all security breaches of these types, and the Company may not be able to implement effective preventive measures against such security breaches. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including outside groups such as external service providers, organized crime affiliates, terrorist organizations or hostile foreign governments. Those parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees, customers or other users of the Company’s systems to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to its data or that of its clients or to conduct unauthorized financial transactions.

These risks may increase in the future as the Company continues to increase its mobile-payment and other internet-based product offerings and expands its internal usage of web-based products and applications. A successful penetration or circumvention of system security could cause serious negative consequences to the Company, including significant disruption of operations, misappropriation of confidential information of the Company or that of its customers, or damage to computers or systems of the Company or those of its customers and counterparties. A security breach could result in violations of applicable privacy and other laws, financial loss to the Company or to its customers, loss of confidence in the Company’s security measures, significant litigation exposure, and harm to the Company’s reputation, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Counterparties and Correspondents Expose the Company to Risks.

The Company's use of derivative financial instruments exposes us to financial and contractual risks with counterparties. The Company maintains correspondent bank relationships, manage certain loan participations, engage in securities and funding transactions, and undergo other activities with financial counterparties that are customary to its industry. The Company also utilizes services from major vendors of technology, telecommunications, and other essential operating services. There is financial, reputational, and operational risk in these relationships, which the Company seeks to manage through internal controls and procedures, but there are no assurances that the Company will not experience loss or interruption of its business as a result of unforeseen events

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with these providers. The Company's mortgage banking operations have exposed us to counterparty transactions including the use of third parties to participate in the management of interest rate risk and mortgage sales and hedging. Financial, reputational, and operational risks are inherent in these counterparty and correspondent relationships. The Company could experience losses if there are failures in the controls or accounting, including those related to derivatives activities or if there are performance failures by any counterparties. The risk of loss is increased when interest rates change suddenly and if the intended hedging objectives are not achieved as a result of market or counterparty behaviors.

The Company’s Business is Reliant on Outside Vendors.

The Company’s business is highly dependent on the use of certain outside vendors for its day-to-day operations. The Company’s operations and reputation are exposed to risk that a vendor may not perform in accordance with established performance standards required in its agreements for any number of reasons including a change in their senior management, their financial condition, their product line or mix and how they support existing customers, or a simple change in their strategic focus. While the Company has comprehensive programs, policies and procedures in place to mitigate risk at all phases of vendor management from selection, to performance monitoring and renewals, the failure of a vendor to perform in accordance with contractual agreements could be disruptive to its business, which could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, strategic objectives, and results of operations.

Development of New Products and Services May Impose Additional Costs on the Company and May Expose It to Increased Operational Risk.

The Company’s financial performance depends, in part, on its ability to develop and market new and innovative services and to adopt or develop new technologies that differentiate its products or provide cost efficiencies, while avoiding increased related expenses. This dependency is exacerbated in the current “FinTech” environment, where financial institutions are investing significantly in evaluating new technologies, such as “Blockchain,” and developing potentially industry-changing new products, services and industry standards. The introduction of new products and services can entail significant time and resources, including regulatory approvals. Substantial risks and uncertainties are associated with the introduction of new products and services, including technical and control requirements that may need to be developed and implemented, rapid technological change in the industry, the Company’s ability to access technical and other information from its clients, the significant and ongoing investments required to bring new products and services to market in a timely manner at competitive prices and the preparation of marketing, sales and other materials that fully and accurately describe the product or service and its underlying risks. The Company’s failure to manage these risks and uncertainties also exposes it to enhanced risk of operational lapses which may result in the recognition of financial statement liabilities. Regulatory and internal control requirements, capital requirements, competitive alternatives, vendor relationships and shifting market preferences may also determine if such initiatives can be brought to market in a manner that is timely and attractive to the Company’s clients. Products and services relying on internet and mobile technologies may expose the Company to fraud and cybersecurity risks. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new products or services could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and reputation, as well as on its consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

The Discontinuation of LIBOR and the Emergence of One or More Alternative Benchmark Indices to Replace LIBOR Could Adversely Impact the Company’s Business and Results of Operations.

The Company’s floating-rate funding, certain hedging transactions and certain of the Company’s products, such as floating-rate loans and mortgages, determine the applicable interest rate or payment amount by reference to a benchmark rate, such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), or to an index, currency, basket or other financial metric. LIBOR and certain other benchmark rates are the subject of recent national, international, and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. LIBOR may be discontinued as early as December 31, 2021.

Regulators and various financial industry groups have sponsored or formed committees (e.g., the Federal Reserve-sponsored Alternative Reference Rates Committee) to, among other things, facilitate the identification of an alternative benchmark index to replace LIBOR, and publish consultations on recommended practices for transitioning away from LIBOR, including (i) the utilization of recommended fallback language for LIBOR-linked financial instruments, and (ii) development of alternative pricing methodologies for recommended alternative benchmarks such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). SOFR is a measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight, collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities, and is based on directly observable U.S. Treasury-based

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repurchase transactions. At this time, it is still not possible to predict whether these recommendations and proposals will be broadly accepted in the market, whether they will continue to evolve, and what the effect of their implementation may be on the markets for floating-rate financial instruments.

The discontinuation of LIBOR could result in changes to the Company’s risk exposures (for example, if the anticipated discontinuation of LIBOR adversely affects the availability or cost of floating-rate funding and, therefore, the Company’s exposure to fluctuations in interest rates) or otherwise result in losses on a product or having to pay more or receive less on securities that the Company has issued or owns. A substantial portion of the Company’s on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments are indexed to LIBOR, including interest rate swap agreements and other contracts used for hedging and trading account purposes, loans to commercial customers and consumers (including mortgage loans and other loans), and long-term borrowings. In addition, such uncertainty could result in pricing volatility and increased capital requirements, loss of market share in certain products, adverse tax or accounting impacts, and compliance, legal and operational costs and risks.

Liquidity

The Company's Wholesale Funding Sources May Prove Insufficient to Replace Deposits at Maturity and Support Operations and Future Growth.

The Company must maintain sufficient funds to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers. As a part of its liquidity management, the Company uses a number of funding sources in addition to deposit growth and cash flows from loans and investments. These sources include Federal Home Loan Bank advances, proceeds from the sale of loans, and liquidity resources at the holding company. The Company uses brokered deposits both to support ongoing growth and to provide enhanced deposit insurance to support large dollar commercial relationships. The Company's financial flexibility will be severely constrained if the Company is unable to maintain access to wholesale funding or if adequate financing is not available to accommodate future growth at acceptable costs. Turbulence in the capital and credit markets may adversely affect liquidity and financial condition and the willingness of certain counterparties and customers to do business with the Company.

The Company's Ability to Service Our Debt, Pay Dividends, and Otherwise Pay Obligations as They Come Due Is Substantially Dependent on Capital Distributions from the Bank, and These Distributions Are Subject to Regulatory Limits and Other Restrictions.

A substantial source of holding company income is the receipt of dividends from the Bank, from which the Company services debt, pay obligations, and pay shareholder dividends. The availability of dividends from the Bank is limited by various statutes and regulations. It is possible, depending upon the financial condition of the Bank and other factors, that the applicable regulatory authorities could assert that payment of dividends or other types of payments are an unsafe or unsound practice. If the Bank is unable to pay dividends, the Company may not be able to service debt, pay debt obligations, or pay dividends on its common stock.

The Loss Recorded in 2020 May Have an Adverse Effect on Future Dividend Payments to Common Shareholders.

Due to the loss in the first half of 2020 and its impact on retained earnings, the Bank will require the approval from the Massachusetts Division of Banks in order to continue to be a source of dividend income to the Company. Over the long term, these dividends are a source of funds to the parent to support dividend payments to Company shareholders. Also due to the loss, the Company requires nonobjection from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston for future shareholder dividend payments. Future payments of dividends will also depend on the Board’s holistic assessment of the Company’s operating, risk, and financial situations and current circumstances, as well as regulatory assessments of these factors.

Secondary Mortgage Market Conditions Could Have a Material Impact on the Company’s Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

In addition to being affected by interest rates, the secondary mortgage markets are also subject to investor demand for residential mortgage loans and increased investor yield requirements for these loans. These conditions may fluctuate or worsen in the future. As a result, a prolonged period of secondary market illiquidity may reduce the Company’s loan production volumes and operating results.

Secondary markets are significantly affected by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae (collectively, the “Agencies”) for loan purchases that meet their conforming loan requirements. These agencies could limit purchases

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of conforming loans due to capital constraints, a change in the criteria for conforming loans or other factors. Proposals to reform mortgage finance could affect the role of the Agencies and the market for conforming loans which comprise the majority of the Company’s mortgage lending and related originations income.

Interest Rates

Market Interest Rate Conditions Could Adversely Affect Results of Operations and Financial Condition.

Net interest income is the Company's largest source of income. Changes in interest rates can affect the level of net interest income and other elements of net income. The Company’s interest rate sensitivity is discussed in more detail in Item 7A of this report and is the primary market risk to its condition and operations. Changes in interest rates can also affect the demand for the Company’s products and services, and the supply conditions in the U.S. financial and capital markets. Changes in the level of interest rates may negatively affect the Company’s ability to originate real estate loans, the value of its assets and its ability to realize gains from the sale of assets, all of which ultimately affect earnings.

Securities Market Values

Declines in the Value of Certain Investment Securities Could Require Write-Downs, Which Would Reduce Earnings.

Declines in the value of investment securities due to market conditions and/or issuer impairment could result in losses that can reduce capital and earnings. The Company’s investment in equity securities and non-investment grade debt securities present heightened credit and price risks. Under new accounting standards, equity gains and losses are recorded to current period operating results. The Company has an investment in the stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston ("FHLBB") which could result in write-down in the event of impairment.

Regulatory Matters

Legislative and Regulatory Initiatives May Affect Business Activities and Increase Operating Costs.

New federal or state laws and regulations could affect lending, funding practices, capital, and liquidity standards. New laws, regulations, and other regulatory changes may also increase compliance costs and affect business and operations. Moreover, the FDIC sets the cost of FDIC insurance premiums, which can affect profitability.

Regulatory capital requirements and their impact on the Company may change. The Company may need to raise additional capital in the future to support operations and continued growth. The Company's ability to raise capital, if needed, will depend on its condition and performance, and on market conditions.

New laws, regulations, and other regulatory changes, along with negative developments in the financial industry and the domestic and international credit markets, may significantly affect the markets in which the Company does business, the markets for and value of its loans and investments, and ongoing operations, costs and profitability. For more information, see “Regulation and Supervision” in Item 1 of this report.

In 2017, the Company crossed the $10 billion asset threshold established by the Dodd-Frank Act. The Company and the Bank are now subject to closer supervision by their primary regulators and, as to compliance with consumer protection laws and regulations, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The Company and the Bank are subject to capital stress testing expectations which require significant resources and infrastructure. If the Company’s compliance with the enhanced supervision and requirements is insufficient, there can be significant negative consequences for its operations, profitability, and ability to further pursue its strategic growth plan.

Provisions of the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Delaware Law, as Well as State and Federal Banking Regulations, Could Delay or Prevent a Takeover of Us by a Third Party.

Provisions in the Company's certificate of incorporation and bylaws, the corporate law of the State of Delaware, and state and federal regulations could delay, defer or prevent a third party from acquiring us, despite the possible benefit stockholders, or otherwise adversely affect the price of its common stock. These provisions include: limitations on voting rights of beneficial owners of more than 10 percent of common stock; supermajority voting requirements for certain business combinations; the election of directors to terms of one year; and advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the Company's Board of Directors and for proposing matters that stockholders may act on at stockholder meetings. In addition, the Company is subject to Delaware laws, including one that prohibits engaging in a business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years from the date the person became an interested stockholder unless certain conditions are met. These provisions may

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discourage potential takeover attempts, discourage bids for the Company's common stock at a premium over market price or adversely affect the market price of, and the voting and other rights of the holders of, its common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors other than the candidates nominated by the Board.

Significant Accounting Estimates

If the Company Determines Intangible Assets to be Impaired, the Company’s Financial Condition and Results Would Be Negatively Affected.

When the Company completes a business combination, a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to identifiable intangible assets. If the Company determines that the fair value of the intangible assets is less than the carrying value, the Company will be required to write down these assets. Any write-down would have a negative effect on the financial statements.

Various Factors May Cause our Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans to Increase.

The Company has an allowance for current expected credit losses on loans maintained through a provision for credit losses charged to expense. This represents our estimate of current expected credit losses based on an evaluation of risks within the portfolio of loans. The level of the allowance represents management’s estimate of current expected credit losses over the contractual life of the existing loan portfolio. The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance inherently involves a degree of subjectivity and requires that we make significant estimates of current credit risks and current trends and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, all of which may undergo frequent and material changes. Changes in economic and other conditions affecting borrowers, along with new information regarding existing loans other factors, may indicate the need for a future increase in the allowance.

Trading of the Company's Common Stock

The Trading History of the Company’s Common Stock is Characterized By Low Trading Volume. The Value of Shareholder Investments May be Subject to Sudden Decreases Due to the Volatility of the Price of the Common Stock.

The level of interest and trading in the Company’s stock depends on many factors beyond the Company's control. The market price of the Company's common stock may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors, including, but not limited to, the factors discussed in other risk factors and the following: actual or anticipated fluctuations in operating results; changes in interest rates; changes in the legal or regulatory environment; press releases, announcements or publicity relating to the Company or its competitors or relating to trends in its industry; changes in expectations as to future financial performance, including financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts and investors; future sales of its common stock; changes in economic conditions in the marketplace, general conditions in the U.S. economy, financial markets or the banking industry; and other developments. These factors may adversely affect the trading price of the Company's common stock, regardless of actual operating performance, and could prevent stockholders from selling their common stock at a desirable price.

In the past, stockholders have brought securities class action litigation against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. The Company could be the target of similar litigation in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

 

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The Company's headquarters are located at 60 State Street in leased property in Boston, MA. The Bank's headquarters are located in owned and leased facilities located in Pittsfield, MA. The Company also owns or leases other facilities within its primary market areas: Greater Boston (including Worcester, MA); Berkshire County, Massachusetts; Pioneer Valley (Springfield area), Massachusetts; Southern Vermont; the Capital Region (Albany area), New York; Central New York; Central and Eastern Connecticut; Southern Rhode Island; and Princeton area, New Jersey. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had 130 full-service branches in Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Vermont, Central New Jersey, and Eastern Pennsylvania. Based on its branch optimization plan, the Bank is targeting to sell its eight New Jersey and Pennsylvania branches and to consolidate 16 branches in its New England/New York footprint, reducing total branches to a target of 106 offices by midyear 2021. The Company opened a commercial banking office in Providence, Rhode Island in the beginning of 2021.

The Company also has regional locations which are full-service commercial offices located in Boston, MA.; Pittsfield, MA.; Springfield, MA.; Albany, N.Y.; East Syracuse, N.Y.; Hartford, CT.; Willimantic, CT. Worcester, MA.; Burlington, MA.; and Lawrenceville, N.J. In addition, the Company has eight lending locations in Central/Eastern, Massachusetts. The Bank's wholly-owned subsidiary, Firestone Financial, LLC, is headquartered in the Boston metro area. Berkshire Insurance Group Inc. operates from 12 locations in Western Massachusetts and East Syracuse, N.Y. in both stand-alone premises as well as in rented space located in the Bank’s premises.

Berkshire continues to enhance its new retail branch design which eliminates traditional teller counters and provides an interactive customer service environment through “pod” stations which include automated cash handling technology. In many cases, this branch design also includes a multimedia community room which is offered for use by nonprofit community groups. The Company has begun introducing MyTeller automated remote teller stations at new offices and targeted existing offices.

The Bank has made its workplace more flexible as certain designated functions are approved for telecommuting arrangements. As a result of its merger and efficiency initiatives, the Bank has excess facilities space in various locations which is some cases is owned or subject to lease. The Bank is considering alternative uses or dispositions of excess office space, including uses in support of providing community benefit. The Bank opened a Reevx Labs community workspace in 2020 to increase its presence and service to underbanked urban communities.

Access to most Company properties was restricted during periods of 2020 due to the pandemic, and special cleaning and safety protocols were instituted. Drive-up teller facilities, automated teller machines, and interactive teller machines were relied on to maintain ongoing customer access, in addition to the Bank’s internet, telephone, and mobile banking channels. Most back-office staff used home environments and telecommunications capacities to accommodate the shift out of the office due to the pandemic.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As of December 31, 2020, neither the Company nor the Bank was involved in any pending legal proceedings believed by management to be material to the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits involving the Bank, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which the Bank holds security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans, and other issues incident to the Bank’s business. A summary of certain legal matters involving unsettled litigation or pertaining to pending transactions are as follows:

On February 4, 2020, the Bank filed a complaint in the New York State Supreme Court for the County of Albany against Pioneer Bank (“Pioneer”) seeking damages of approximately $16.0 million. The complaint alleges that Pioneer is liable to the Bank for a credit loss of approximately $16.0 million suffered by the Bank in the third quarter of 2019 as a result of Pioneer’s breach of loan participation agreements in which it served as the lead bank, as well as constructive fraud, fraudulent concealment and/or negligent misrepresentation. Pioneer has filed a motion to dismiss aspects of the Bank’s complaint, to which the Bank is in the process of responding. The Company wrote down the underlying credit loss in its entirety in the third quarter of 2019, but recognized a partial recovery of $1.7 million early in the second quarter of 2020. The Company has not accrued for any additional anticipated recovery at this time.

On September 11, 2020, the Company received notice of a demand letter served on the Company and the Bank by a former mortgagee of the Bank pursuant to the Massachusetts Consumer Protection Act, M.G.L Ch. 93A (“Chapter 93A). The demand letter alleges that a mortgage payoff statement tendered by the Bank to the mortgagee included a mortgage discharge preparation fee that is purportedly impermissible under Massachusetts law. The demand letter also claims that the Bank failed to provide a copy of the recorded mortgage discharge to the mortgagee in a timely manner. The demand letter further purports to state claims on behalf of a putative class of similarly situated Massachusetts mortgage customers of the Bank, who allegedly may have suffered similar violations of Massachusetts law. The demand letter seeks monetary damages for the original mortgagee claimant and the putative class, plus double or treble damages and reasonable attorneys’ fees, as may be allowed under Chapter 93A. The Company and the Bank have retained outside litigation counsel, who has responded to the demand letter and denied all claims on behalf of the Company and the Bank. No class action or other lawsuit has been served on the Company or the Bank as of the date of this filing.

On or about August 10, 2020, a former employee of the Bank’s subsidiary First Choice Loan Services Inc. (“FCLS”) filed a complaint in the Court of Common Pleas, Bucks County Pennsylvania against FCLS and two of its former senior corporate officers generally alleging wrongful termination as a result of purported whistleblower retaliation and other violations of New Jersey state employment law. The complaint also purports to name the Bank and the Company as additional defendants, even though neither entity ever employed, paid wages to or contracted with the plaintiff. On November 16, 2020, the plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint reiterating the same claims against the same defendants. The Company's liability insurer has provided outside litigation counsel to defend the Company and the Bank in this matter, as well as FCLS and its former senior corporate officers. On December 7, 2020, defense counsel filed Preliminary Objections on behalf of the Company, the Bank, FCLS and FCLS’s former senior corporate officers denying the plaintiff’s claims and seeking dismissal of the case and an order that the plaintiff’s claims must proceed through arbitration in accordance with contractual obligations set forth in plaintiff’s previous employment agreement with FCLS.

ITEM 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable.

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PART II 

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

The common shares of the Company trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BHLB”. The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low sales price information and dividends declared per share of common stock in 2020 and 2019.

2020						High						Low						Dividends Declared
First quarter						$	33.04					$	11.43					$	0.24
Second quarter						18.79						9.15						0.24
Third quarter						11.26						8.55						0.12
Fourth quarter						19.24						9.80						0.12

2019
First quarter						$	31.81					$	26.02					$	0.23
Second quarter						31.60						27.35						0.23
Third quarter						33.33						28.20						0.23
Fourth quarter						33.72						27.99						0.23

 

The Company had approximately 4,107 holders of record of common stock at February 25, 2021.

Dividends

The Company intends to pay regular cash dividends to common shareholders; however, there is no assurance as to future dividends because they are dependent on the Company’s future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and regulatory environment. Dividends from the Bank have been a source of cash used by the Company to pay its dividends, and these dividends from the Bank are dependent on the Bank’s future earnings, capital requirements, and financial condition. Dividends from the Bank are currently subject to approval by the Massachusetts Division of Banks. Further information about dividend restrictions is disclosed in Note 18 - Shareholders’ Equity and Earnings per Common Share of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

The Company occasionally issues unregistered shares of common stock to vendors or as consideration in contracts for the purchase of assets, services, or operations. During 2020, there were no shares transferred. During 2019, the Company transferred 1,936 shares.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchases

In the first quarter of 2020, stock repurchases were suspended as the pandemic emerged. The stock repurchase program in effect on December 31, 2019 expired on March 31, 2020 and was not replaced.

Period

Total number of shares purchased

Average price paid per share

Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs

Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs

October 1-31, 2020

—

$

—

—

—

November 1-30, 2020

—

—

—

—

December 1-31, 2020

—

—

—

—

Total

—

$

—

—

—

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Common Stock Performance Graph

The performance graph compares the Company’s cumulative shareholder return on its common stock over the last five years to the cumulative return of the NYSE Composite Index and the KBW NASAQ Regional Banking Index. Total shareholder return is measured by dividing total dividends (assuming dividend reinvestment) for the measurement period plus share price change for a period by the share price at the beginning of the measurement period. The Company’s cumulative shareholder return over a five-year period is based on an initial investment of $100 on December 31, 2015.

Information used on the graph and table was obtained from a third party provider, a source believed to be reliable, but the Company is not responsible for any errors or omissions in such information.

						Period Ending
Index						12/31/15						12/31/16						12/31/17						12/31/18						12/31/19						12/31/20
Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc.						100.00						130.39						132.53						99.95						125.63						68.83
NYSE Composite Index						100.00						111.94						132.90						121.01						151.87						162.49
PHLX KBW Regional Banking Index						100.00						139.02						141.45						116.70						144.49						131.91

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

 

The following summary data is based in part on the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes, and other schedules appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Historical data is also based in part on, and should be read in conjunction with, prior filings with the SEC.

						At or For the Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data)						2020						2019						2018						2017						2016
Per Common Share Data:
Net (loss)/earnings, diluted - continuing operations						$	(10.21)					$	2.05					$	2.36					$	1.24					$	1.88
Net (loss)/earnings, diluted - discontinued operations						(0.39)						(0.08)						(0.07)						0.15						—
Net (loss)/earnings, diluted						$	(10.60)					$	1.97					$	2.29					$	1.39					$	1.88
Total book value per common share						23.37						34.65						33.30						32.14						30.65
Dividends						0.72						0.92						0.88						0.84						0.80
Common stock price:
High						33.04						33.72						44.25						40.00						37.35
Low						8.55						26.02						25.77						32.85						24.71
Close						17.12						32.88						26.97						36.60						36.85
Performance Ratios: (1)
Return on assets						(4.15)		%				0.75		%				0.90		%				0.56		%				0.74		%
Return on equity						(37.50)						5.75						6.84						4.45						6.44
Net interest margin, fully taxable equivalent (FTE) (2)						2.72						3.17						3.40						3.40						3.31
Fee income/Net interest and fee income						18.10						23.86						23.36						29.41						22.80
Growth Ratios:
Total commercial loans						(4.58)		%				9.19		%				6.17		%				37.79		%				18.39		%
Total loans						(14.95)						5.08						8.96						26.71						14.41
Total deposits						(1.16)						15.07						2.66						32.13						18.48
Total net revenues, (compared to prior year)						(14.73)						4.53						11.59						41.05						11.18
Earnings per share, (compared to prior year)						(638.07)						(13.97)						64.75						(26.06)						8.62
Selected Financial Data:
Total assets						$	12,838,013					$	13,215,970					$	12,212,231					$	11,570,751					$	9,162,542
Total earning assets						12,089,939						11,916,007						11,140,307						10,509,163						8,340,287
Securities						2,223,417						1,769,878						1,918,604						1,898,564						1,628,246
Total loans						8,081,519						9,502,428						9,043,253						8,299,338						6,549,787
Allowance for credit losses						(127,302)						(63,575)						(61,469)						(51,834)						(43,998)
Total intangible assets						34,819						599,377						551,743						557,583						422,551
Total deposits						10,215,808						10,335,977						8,982,381						8,749,530						6,622,092
Total borrowings						571,637						827,550						1,517,816						1,137,075						1,313,997
Total shareholders’ equity						1,187,773						1,758,564						1,552,918						1,496,264						1,093,298

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						At or For the Years Ended December 31,
						2020						2019						2018						2017						2016
Selected Operating Data:
Total interest and dividend income						$	409,782					$	509,513					$	465,894					$	355,076					$	280,439
Total interest expense						93,000						144,255						109,694						64,113						48,172
Net interest income						316,782						365,258						356,200						290,963						232,267
Fee income						69,990						76,824						74,026						71,356						68,606
All other non-interest (loss)/income						(3,683)						7,178						298						2,888						(2,755)
Total net revenue						383,089						449,260						430,524						365,207						298,118
Provision for credit losses						75,878						35,419						25,451						21,025						17,362
Total non-interest expense						840,239						289,857						266,893						252,978						203,302
(Loss)/income from continuing operations before income taxes						(533,028)						123,984						138,180						91,204						77,454
Income tax (benefit)/expense from continuing operations						(19,853)						22,463						28,961						42,088						18,784
Net (loss)/income from continuing operations						(513,175)						101,521						109,219						49,116						58,670
(Loss)/income from discontinued operations before income taxes						(26,855)						(5,539)						(4,767)						8,545						—
Income tax (benefit)/expense from discontinued operations						(7,013)						(1,468)						(1,313)						2,414						—
Net (loss)/income from discontinued operations						(19,842)						(4,071)						(3,454)						6,131						—
Net (loss)/income						$	(533,017)					$	97,450					$	105,765					$	55,247					$	58,670
Basic (loss)/earnings per common share:
Continuing operations						$	(10.21)					$	2.06					$	2.38					$	1.24					$	1.89
Discontinued operations						(0.39)						(0.08)						(0.08)						0.16						—
Total basic (loss)/earnings per share						$	(10.60)					$	1.98					$	2.30					$	1.40					$	1.89
Diluted (loss)/earnings per common share:
Continuing operations						$	(10.21)					$	2.05					$	2.36					$	1.24					$	1.88
Discontinued operations						(0.39)						(0.08)						(0.07)						0.15						—
Total diluted (loss)/earnings per share						$	(10.60)					$	1.97					$	2.29					$	1.39					$	1.88
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic						50,270						49,263						46,024						39,456						30,988
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted						50,270						49,421						46,231						39,695						31,167
Dividends per preferred share						$	1.20					$	1.84					$	1.76					$	0.42					$	—
Dividends per common share						$	0.72					$	0.92					$	0.88					$	0.84					$	0.80
Asset Quality and Condition Ratios: (3)
Net loans charged-off/average loans						0.41		%				0.35		%				0.18		%				0.19		%				0.21		%
Allowance for credit losses/total loans						1.58						0.67						0.68						0.62						0.67
Loans/deposits						79						92						101						95						99
Capital Ratios:
Tier 1 capital to average assets - Company						9.38		%				9.33		%				9.04		%				9.01		%				7.88		%
Total capital to risk-weighted assets - Company						16.10						13.73						12.99						12.43						11.87
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets - Company						14.06						12.30						11.57						11.15						10.07
Shareholders’ equity/total assets						9.25						13.31						12.73						12.93						11.93

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___________________________________

(1)  All performance ratios are annualized and are based on average balance sheet amounts, where applicable.

(2) Fully taxable equivalent considers the impact of tax advantaged investment securities and loans.

(3)  For periods prior to 2020, generally accepted accounting principles require that loans acquired in a business combination be recorded at fair value, whereas loans from business activities are recorded at cost. The fair value of loans acquired in a business combination includes expected loan losses, and there is no loan loss allowance recorded for these loans at the time of acquisition. Accordingly, the ratio of the loan loss allowance to total loans is reduced as a result of the existence of such loans, and this measure is not directly comparable to prior periods. Similarly, net loan charge-offs are normally reduced for loans acquired in a business combination since these loans are recorded net of expected loan losses. Therefore, the ratio of net loan charge-offs to average loans is reduced as a result of the existence of such loans, and this measure is not directly comparable to prior periods. Other institutions may have loans acquired in a business combination, and therefore there may be no direct comparability of these ratios between and among other institutions.

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Average Balances, Interest and Average Yields/Cost

 

The following table presents an analysis of average rates and yields on a fully taxable equivalent basis for the years presented. Tax exempt interest revenue is shown on a tax-equivalent basis for proper comparison.

 

Item 6 - Table 3 - Average Balance, Interest and Average Yields / Costs

						2020																		2019																		2018
(Dollars in millions)						Average Balance						Interest						Average Yield/ Rate						Average Balance						Interest						Average Yield/ Rate						Average Balance						Interest						Average Yield/ Rate
Assets
Loans: (1)
Commercial real estate						$	3,958.6					$	151.5					3.83		%				$	3,789.5					$	188.6					4.98		%				$	3,283.6					$	167.7					5.11		%
Commercial and industrial loans						2,049.4						87.7						4.28						1,983.9						111.2						5.60						1,867.9						107.6						5.76
Residential loans						2,324.3						87.8						3.78						2,719.8						100.7						3.70						2,353.1						86.3						3.67
Consumer loans						828.1						31.3						3.78						1,038.4						46.5						4.48						1,115.3						47.2						4.23
Total loans						9,160.4						358.3						3.91						9,531.6						447.0						4.69						8,619.9						408.8						4.74
Investment securities (2)						1,845.2						54.6						2.96						1,846.9						62.6						3.39						1,931.7						64.4						3.33
Short-term investments and loans held for sale (3)						767.2						4.8						0.64						335.3						13.4						4.01						146.3						5.4						3.72
Total interest-earning assets						11,772.8						417.7						3.55						11,713.8						523.0						4.47						10,697.9						478.6						4.47
Intangible assets						316.1																		578.1																		554.6
Other non-interest earning assets (3)						772.3																		669.1																		516.9
Total assets						$	12,861.2																	$	12,961.0																	$	11,769.4
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Deposits:
NOW and other						$	1,216.6					$	3.5					0.29		%				$	1,053.9					$	6.5					0.62		%				$	824.7					$	4.0					0.49		%
Money market						2,713.6						15.3						0.56						2,542.6						31.4						1.23						2,432.2						21.9						0.90
Savings						914.1						0.9						0.10						798.2						1.2						0.15						740.8						1.1						0.15
Certificates of deposit						3,102.9						52.6						1.69						3,754.2						76.1						2.03						3,075.5						51.3						1.67
Total interest-bearing deposits						7,947.2						72.3						0.91						8,148.9						115.2						1.41						7,073.2						78.3						1.11
Borrowings and notes (4)						841.6						20.7						2.46						1,115.5						32.4						2.91						1,409.0						33.4						2.37
Total interest-bearing liabilities						8,788.8						93.0						1.06						9,264.4						147.6						1.59						8,482.2						111.7						1.32
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits						2,324.6																		1,745.2																		1,622.4
Other non-interest-bearing liabilities (3)						326.4																		257.1																		119.3
Total liabilities						11,439.8																		11,266.7																		10,223.9
Total shareholders' equity						1,421.4																		1,694.3																		1,545.5
Total liabilities and equity						$	12,861.2																	$	12,961.0																	$	11,769.4
Net interest income												$	324.7																	$	375.4																	$	366.9

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						2020																		2019																		2018
(Dollars in millions)						Average Balance						Interest						Average Yield/ Rate						Average Balance						Interest						Average Yield/ Rate						Average Balance						Interest						Average Yield/ Rate
Net interest spread																		2.49		%																2.88		%																3.16		%
Net interest margin (5)																		2.72																		3.17																		3.40
Cost of funds																		0.84																		1.34																		1.11
Cost of deposits																		0.71																		1.16																		0.90
Interest-earning assets/interest-bearing liabilities																		133.95																		126.44																		126.12
Supplementary data
Total non-maturity deposits						$	7,168.9																	$	6,139.9																	$	5,620.1
Total deposits						10,271.8																		9,894.1																		8,695.6
Fully taxable equivalent adjustment						6.4																		7.5																		7.4

____________________________________

Notes:

(1) The average balances of loans include nonaccrual loans, and deferred fees and costs.

(2) The average balance of investment securities is based on amortized cost.

(3) Includes discontinued operations.

(4) The average balances of borrowings and notes include the capital lease obligation presented under other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

(5) Purchase accounting accretion totaled $9.9 million, $14.5 million, and $23.1 million for the years-ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The effect of purchase accounting accretion on the net interest margin was an increase in all years, which is shown sequentially as follows beginning with the most recent year and ending with the earliest year: 0.09%, 0.12%, and 0.22%.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents the effects of rate and volume changes on the fully taxable equivalent net interest income. Tax exempt interest revenue is shown on a tax-equivalent basis for proper comparison. For each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided with respect to changes attributable to (1) changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by prior year volume), (2) changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by prior year rate), and (3) changes in volume/rate (change in rate multiplied by change in volume) have been allocated proportionately based on the absolute value of the change due to the rate and the change due to volume.

Item 6 - Table 4 - Rate Volume Analysis

						2020 Compared with 2019																		2019 Compared with 2018
						(Decrease) Increase Due to																		(Decrease) Increase Due to
(In thousands)						Rate						Volume						Net						Rate						Volume						Net
Interest income:
Commercial real estate						$	(45,193)					$	8,096					$	(37,097)					$	(4,367)					$	25,271					$	20,904
Commercial and industrial loans						(27,008)						3,561						(23,447)						(2,978)						6,558						3,580
Residential loans						2,017						(14,907)						(12,890)						901						13,571						14,472
Consumer loans						(6,575)						(8,592)						(15,167)						2,630						(3,357)						(727)
Total loans						(76,759)						(11,842)						(88,601)						(3,814)						42,043						38,229
Investment securities						(7,945)						(57)						(8,002)						1,098						(2,863)						(1,765)
Short-term investments and loans held for sale (1)						(16,924)						8,297						(8,627)						455						7,544						7,999
Total interest income						$	(101,628)					$	(3,602)					$	(105,230)					$	(2,261)					$	46,724					$	44,463
Interest expense:
NOW accounts						$	(3,835)					$	882					$	(2,953)					$	1,217					$	1,265					$	2,482
Money market accounts						(18,043)						1,985						(16,058)						8,411						1,036						9,447
Savings accounts						(409)						156						(253)						5						86						91
Certificates of deposit						(11,486)						(12,093)						(23,579)						12,250						12,562						24,812
Total deposits						(33,773)						(9,070)						(42,843)						21,883						14,949						36,832
Borrowings						(4,553)						(7,206)						(11,759)						6,695						(7,722)						(1,027)
Total interest expense						$	(38,326)					$	(16,276)					$	(54,602)					$	28,578					$	7,227					$	35,805
Change in net interest income						$	(63,302)					$	12,674					$	(50,628)					$	(30,839)					$	39,497					$	8,658

(1) Includes discontinued operations.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

This document contains certain non-GAAP financial measures in addition to results presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). These non-GAAP measures are intended to provide the reader with additional supplemental perspectives on operating results, performance trends, and financial condition. Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for GAAP measures; they should be read and used in conjunction with the Company’s GAAP financial information. A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP measures is provided below. In all cases, it should be understood that non-GAAP measures do not depict amounts that accrue directly to the benefit of shareholders. An item which management excludes when computing non-GAAP adjusted earnings can be of substantial importance to the Company’s results for any particular quarter or year. The Company’s non-GAAP adjusted earnings information set forth is not necessarily comparable to non-GAAP information which may be presented by other companies. Each non-GAAP measure used by the Company in this report as supplemental financial data should be considered in conjunction with the Company’s GAAP financial information.

The Company utilizes the non-GAAP measure of adjusted earnings in evaluating operating trends, including components for operating revenue and expense. These measures exclude amounts which the Company views as unrelated to its normalized operations. These items primarily include securities gains/losses, merger costs, restructuring costs, goodwill impairment, and discontinued operations. Discontinued operations are the Company’s national mortgage banking operations for which the Company completed the wind down of operations in 2020. Merger costs consist primarily of severance/benefit related expenses, contract termination costs, systems conversion costs, variable compensation expenses, and professional fees. There were no merger costs in 2020 and merger costs in 2019 are primarily related to the acquisition of SI Financial Group, Inc. in May 2019. Restructuring costs generally consist of costs and losses associated with the disposition of assets and liabilities and lease terminations, including costs related to branch sales. Restructuring costs also include severance and consulting expenses related to the Company’s strategic review. They also include costs related to the consolidation of branches. Restructuring expense and other for 2020 primarily related to executive separation expense as a result of the CEO transition. Restructuring expense and other for 2019 primarily related to branch consolidations. Restructuring expense and other for 2018 primarily related to a core systems contract restructuring charge and executive separation expense as a result of the CEO transition.

The Company calculates certain profitability measures based on its adjusted revenue, expenses, and earnings. The Company also calculates adjusted earnings per share based on its measure of adjusted earnings. The Company views these amounts as important to understanding its operating trends, particularly due to the impact of accounting standards related to merger and acquisition activity. Analysts also rely on these measures in estimating and evaluating the Company’s performance. Management also believes that the computation of non-GAAP adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per share may facilitate the comparison of the Company to other companies in the financial services industry.

Due to the anticipated earnings volatility resulting from loan loss provisions reflecting changes in estimates of uncertain future economic conditions under the new CECL accounting standard, many users of bank financial statements are focusing on Pre-Provision Net Revenue (“PPNR”). This is a measure of revenue less expenses, and is calculated before the loan loss provision and income tax expense. This measure gives clearer visibility of the operations of the company during the periods presented in the income statements, without the impact of period-end estimates of future uncertain events. This measure also enhances comparisons of operations across different banks, which might have significantly different period-end estimates of uncertain future economic conditions that affect the loan loss provision. Consistent with its previous practices measuring results on an adjusted basis before the impacts of acquisitions, divestitures, and other designated items, the Company has introduced the measure of Adjusted Pre-Provision Net Revenue (“Adjusted PPNR”) which measures PPNR excluding adjustments for items not viewed as related to ongoing operations. This measure is now integral to the Company’s analysis of its operations, and is not viewed as a substitute for GAAP measures of net income. Analysts also use this measure in assessing the Company’s operations and in making comparisons across banks. The Company and analysts also measure Adjusted PPNR/Assets in order to utilize the PPNR measure in assessing its comparative operating profitability. This measure primarily relies on the measures of adjusted revenue and adjusted expense already used in the Company’s calculation of its efficiency ratio.

The Company also adjusts certain equity related measures to exclude intangible assets due to the importance of these measures to the investment community.

The following table summarizes the reconciliation of non-GAAP items recorded for the time periods indicated:

												At or For the Years Ended
(Dollars in thousands)																		December 31, 2020						December 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
GAAP Net (loss)/income																		$	(533,017)					$	97,450					$	105,765
Non-GAAP measures
Adj: Loss/(gain) on securities, net																		7,520						(4,389)						3,719
Adj: Goodwill impairment																		553,762						—						—
Adj: Net gains on sale of business operations																		(1,240)						—						(460)
Adj: Acquisition, restructuring, conversion, and other related expenses (1)																		5,839						28,046						10,752
Adj: Legal settlements																		—						—						3,000
Adj: Systems vendor restructuring costs																		—						—						8,379
Adj: Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes																		26,855						5,539						4,767
Adj: Income taxes																		(29,342)						(7,799)						(7,102)
Net non-operating charges																		563,394						21,397						23,055
Total adjusted net income (non-GAAP)																		$	30,377					$	118,847					$	128,820
GAAP Total revenue from continuing operations																		$	383,089					$	449,260					$	430,524
Adj: Loss/(gain) on securities, net																		7,520						(4,389)						3,719
Adj: Net gains on sale of business operations																		(1,240)						—						(460)
Total adjusted operating revenue (non-GAAP)																		$	389,369					$	444,871					$	433,783
GAAP Total non-interest expense from continuing operations																		$	840,239					$	289,857					$	266,893
Less: Total non-operating expense (see above)																		(5,839)						(28,046)						(10,752)
Less: Goodwill impairment																		(553,762)						—						—
Less: Legal settlements																		—						—						(3,000)
Less: Systems vendor restructuring costs																		—						—						(8,379)
Adjusted operating non-interest expense (non-GAAP)																		$	280,638					$	261,811					$	244,762
(in millions, except per share data)
Total average assets																		$	12,861					$	12,961					$	11,769
Total average shareholders' equity																		1,421						1,694						1,546
Total average tangible shareholders equity																		1,105						1,116						991
Total average tangible common shareholders equity																		1,088						1,076						950
Total tangible shareholders’ equity, period-end																		1,153						1,159						1,001
Total tangible common shareholders’ equity, period-end																		1,153						1,119						961
Total tangible assets, period-end																		12,803						12,613						11,660
Total common shares outstanding, period-end (thousands)																		50,833						49,585						45,417
Average diluted shares outstanding (thousands)																		50,308						49,421						46,231
(Loss)/earnings per share, diluted																		$	(10.60)					$	1.97					$	2.29
Plus: Net adjustments per share, diluted																		11.20						0.43						0.50
Adjusted earnings per share, diluted																		0.60						2.40						2.79
Book value per common share, period-end																		23.37						34.65						33.30
Tangible book value per common share, period-end																		22.68						22.56						21.15
Total shareholders' equity/total assets																		9.25						13.31						12.72
Total tangible shareholders' equity/total tangible assets																		9.01						9.19						8.59
												At or For the Years Ended
(Dollars in thousands)																		December 31, 2020						December 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
Performance Ratios
GAAP return on assets																		(4.15)		%				0.75		%				0.90		%
Adjusted return on assets																		0.24						0.93						1.12
GAAP return on equity																		(37.50)						5.75						6.84
Adjusted return on equity																		2.14						7.01						8.33
Adjusted return on tangible common equity																		3.18						11.35						13.48
Efficiency ratio (2)																		68.53						55.63						53.64
Supplementary Data (in thousands)
Tax benefit on tax-credit investments																		$	4,699					$	7,950					$	5,876
Non-interest income charge on tax-credit investments																		(3,645)						(6,455)						(4,822)
Net income on tax-credit investments																		1,054						1,495						1,054
Intangible amortization																		6,181						5,783						4,934
Fully taxable equivalent income adjustment																		6,402						7,451						7,423

____________________________________

(1)Acquisition, restructuring, conversion, and other related expenses included no merger and acquisition expenses for the year-ended December 31, 2020. For the year-ended 2019, these expenses included $18.7 million in merger and acquisition expenses and $9.3 million of restructuring expenses. For the year-ended 2018, these expenses included $8.9 million in merger and acquisition expenses and $1.8 million of restructuring, conversion, and other expenses.

(2)Efficiency ratio is computed by dividing total core tangible non-interest expense by the sum of total net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis and total core non-interest income adjusted to include tax credit benefit of tax shelter investments. The Company uses this non-GAAP measure to provide important information regarding its operational efficiency.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

GENERAL

This discussion is intended to assist readers in understanding the financial condition and results of operations Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (“Berkshire” or the “Company"), the changes in key items in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements (“financial statements”) from year to year and the primary reasons for those changes.

The objectives of this section are:

•To provide a narrative explanation of the Company’s financial statements that enables investors to see the company through the eyes of management;

•To enhance the financial disclosure and provide the context within which financial information should be analyzed; and

•To provide information about the quality of, and potential future variability of, the Company’s earnings and cash flow.

This discussion includes the following sections:

•Summary of recent events and strategic initiatives

•Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2020 and 2019

•Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

•Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

•Liquidity and Cash Flows

•Capital Resources

•Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

•Discussion of accounting policies and pronouncements

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s financial statements and the notes thereto appearing in Item 8 of this document. In the following discussion, income statement comparisons are against the previous year and balance sheet comparisons are against the previous fiscal year-end, unless otherwise noted. Operating results discussed herein are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year 2021 or any future period. In management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, certain reclassifications have been made to make prior periods comparable. Tax-equivalent adjustments are the result of increasing income from tax-advantaged loans and securities by an amount equal to the taxes that would be paid if the income were fully taxable based on a 26% marginal rate (including state income taxes net of federal benefit). In the discussion, unless otherwise specified, references to earnings per share and "EPS" refer to diluted earnings per common share, including the dilutive impact of the convertible preferred shares.

Berkshire is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Boston and the holding company for Berkshire Bank (“the Bank”) and Berkshire Insurance Group, Inc. Established in 1846, the Bank operates as a commercial bank under a Massachusetts trust company charter.

BE FIRST CULTURE & CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY

Berkshire Bank is a purpose and values-driven community bank. We believe that everyone, from every neighborhood, should be able to bank with dignity. We're committed to providing an ecosystem of socially responsible financial solutions to meet our customers’ needs, engaging with communities to ensure access and upward economic mobility, addressing racial equity and fostering a workplace culture where everyone belongs. Our Be FIRST values of Belonging, Focusing, Inclusion, Respect, Service, and Teamwork guide us as we evolve and navigate our environment to create long-term sustainable value for our stakeholders.

The spirit and work ethic that began 175 years ago when Berkshire Bank first opened its doors to meet the working class and entrepreneurs’ financial needs is still at the core of our company today. As the COVID-19 pandemic ravaged communities and shuttered businesses, we answered the call to assist our neighbors. We ensured our employees, customers, and communities' health, safety, and economic resiliency was the priority. We created the You FIRST employee assistance fund to help employees impacted by unexpected financial hardships. We assisted small businesses and consumers with loan forbearances and government assistance programs and we launched a

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fund to assist black and brown owned businesses most impacted by the pandemic. We also faced the stark reality that systematic racism continues to exist throughout the country. While many companies that had been on the sidelines stepped-up, Berkshire leaned in and responded with continued focus, commitment, and intentionality.

We continue to build on our Be FIRST Commitment, our roadmap for purpose-driven, socially responsible community banking. Our strong foundation of governance systems, including our Corporate Responsibility & Culture Committee of our Board of Directors, Diversity & Inclusion Employee Committee, Responsible & Sustainable Business Policy, and Social & Environmental Responsibility Risk Management practices collectively integrate social, environmental, cultural, and reputational considerations through all aspects of the company. Berkshire Bank continues to offer services to the underbanked through the Reevx Labs™ platform at reevxlabs.com.

We engage directly with our stakeholders and populate several communications channels with strategic content including our Corporate Responsibility website www.berkshirebank.com/csr, annual report, and proxy statement to highlight our commitment to disclosure, transparency and socially responsible performance. Our annual Corporate Responsibility Report, which is aligned with Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (“SASB”) commercial bank disclosure topics, details the company's environmental, social, governance, and cultural programs as well as our progress on The Be FIRST Commitment. We are also incredibly proud to be recognized for our leadership and performance, including local, regional, national, and international awards. Among these honors The North American Inspiring Workplaces Award, Communitas Award for Leadership in Corporate Social Responsibility, Listing in the Bloomberg Gender-Equality Index and achieving a perfect score in the Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index.

SUMMARY

The emergence of the COVID-19 global pandemic dominated the Company’s activities and results in 2020. Berkshire adjusted its business model to manage pandemic related impacts to its operations, its customers, and its operating profitability. The Company’s markets became a national and global disease hotspot early in the pandemic, in the second quarter. Government authorities shut down much societal and economic activity in March. Conditions improved in the third quarter, but another wave of disease incidence slowed further improvement, and economic conditions remained stressed through year-end. During the year, unprecedented federal fiscal and monetary stimulus was deployed nationally. The Federal Reserve Board of Governors lowered short-term interest rates by approximately 1.50% in the first quarter, and further actions by the Federal Reserve resulted in rates coming down across all maturities, resulting in a parallel downward rate shock of approximately 1.50%. Following an unprecedented economic contraction in the second quarter, the economy had partially recovered by the end of 2020.

The rollout of vaccinations and further federal and monetary support were expected to gradually further normalize conditions in 2021.

The Bank initially closed its branches except for drive-through tellers, and most back-office staff moved to work from home status. The Bank was able to resume most branch activities in the third quarter, while back-office staff continue to telecommute. Business activities shifted during this period to provide expedited support for supporting stimulus programs and servicing the needs of customers and communities arising from the emergency conditions. Numerous programs were developed to provide support and assistance to the Bank’s staff and communities, including granting of loan payment modifications pursuant to government guidelines and the origination of commercial Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) SBA guaranteed loans to support employment during the shutdown. Branch access restrictions were reintroduced in the fourth quarter and some government restrictions were resumed due to worsening public health.

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Changes in the Company’s financial condition and results were primarily due to the pandemic and the related changes in financial market conditions and economic expectations. Due to these downturns, the Company recorded large non-cash charges for goodwill impairment and the current expected credit loss provision during the year. These charges resulted in losses for the first and second quarters, but did not materially affect most regulatory capital measures, cash flows, or liquidity. Among the most significant financial impacts from the pandemic were the following:

•Goodwill impairment: In the second quarter, the Company recorded a $554 million noncash expense representing the full impairment and write-off of the carrying value of goodwill due to the impact of the COVID-19 disease on economic and financial market conditions resulting in a lower fair value of the Company’s equity.

•Credit Loss Provision: A $65 million noncash credit loss provision expense was recorded in the first half of 2020 primarily representing projected pandemic related current expected credit losses in future periods under the new Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) accounting standard. The full year provision was $76 million.

•Reduced Revenue: Net revenue from continuing operations decreased year-over-year by 15% due primarily to compression of the net interest margin resulting from the near zero interest rate policy implemented by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, and reflecting the Company’s asset sensitive interest rate risk profile. The margin change also reflected a change in asset mix from loans and into lower yielding short-term investments and investment securities.

•Loan Modifications: Short-term loan payment deferrals were granted in accordance with terms established by bank regulators to lessen borrower hardship. Initial payment deferrals totaled $1.6 billion. The balance of active and in-process deferrals declined to $350 million at year-end.

•Balance Sheet Changes: A pandemic related deposit surge was primarily invested in short-term investment reserves held at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. The Company originated $708 million in PPP loans to support employment, and these loans partially offset reductions in other loan categories due to reduced economic activity, liquidity from government stimulus, and accelerated prepayments. Demand deposits increased as borrowers stored liquidity resulting from government stimulus and reduced economic activity. Total equity decreased but most regulatory capital ratios improved, and measures of liquidity improved due to reduced usage of wholesale funding and due to higher short-term investment balances.

Reflecting the above activity, the Company recorded a loss of $569 million, or $11.33 per share for the first six months of 2020. This loss was a result of noncash charges for goodwill impairment and the provision for current expected credit losses on loans. Results returned to profitability in the second half of the year, with second half earnings totaling $36 million, or $0.73 per share. Full year results were a loss of $533 million, or $10.60 per share.

In conformance with the industry guidelines issued by the Federal Reserve at the outset of the pandemic, the Company ceased repurchases of common stock in the first quarter, and let its outstanding repurchase authorization expire at the end of the first quarter. Also, the Company reduced its shareholder dividend by 50% in the third quarter of 2020. This reduction was made to better align the dividend payout and dividend yield with the reduced level of operating earnings in the current environment.

In October 2020, the Company announced the launch of best-in-class digital account opening technology. This platform provides benefits to the customer experience, to revenue generation, and to the Company’s operating efficiency. The company also enhanced its customer experience by upgrading its call center and rolling out its e-signature platform. These enhanced capabilities are significantly more valuable in today’s environment as a result of the customer needs and accelerated digital transformation resulting from the pandemic.

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Also in October 2020, the Company announced a strategic goal to pursue expense management initiatives, due in part to the long-term revenue impacts of the near zero interest rate environment. Expense management also recognizes long-term changes in customer behaviors and the Bank’s operating model based on the accelerated transition to the digital economy resulting from the pandemic. In December 2020, as part of these initiatives, the Company announced a branch optimization plan. The Company announced that it had entered into an agreement for the sale of its 8 Mid-Atlantic branches, including the transfer of more than $600 million in deposits and $300 million in loans. Additionally, the Company announced a plan to consolidate 16 branches in its New England/New York footprint. Both of these initiatives are targeted for completion in the first half of 2021. The Company expects to recognize a net gain on the sale of the Mid-Atlantic branches, as well as charges in conjunction with the branch consolidations.

In addition to reshaping the branch office network, the Company is pursuing possibilities for identifying and releasing surplus corporate real estate, and making other operational adjustments to its business model. The Company also plans to formalize cost save opportunities arising from work from home as well as changes in procurement processes in the current environment. The Company’s goal is to streamline its business model in its core markets and leverage organic growth around that foundation. Two critical enablers are the technology that the Company has invested in and its personalized banking services program, MyBanker. Berkshire has been successfully deploying these mobile personal bankers for a number of years to bring service to customers where and when they need it and they remain integral to the distinctive customer experience that the Bank is developing as a 21st century community bank.

On August 10, 2020, the Company announced that, pursuant to a separation agreement, Richard M. Marotta had stepped down from his position as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and CEO of the Bank, as well as from his role as a Director to pursue new opportunities. Working within its leadership succession planning process, the Board appointed Sean A. Gray, to serve as Acting President and CEO for the Company. The Board initiated a CEO search process to consider a national search for candidates inside and outside of Berkshire. The Board established a working committee to oversee the search process and retained the firm of Spencer Stuart as its executive search consulting firm. On January 25, 2021 the Board announced the appointment of Nitin J. Mhatre as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and the Bank effective January 29, 2021. With the appointment of Mr. Mhatre, Mr. Gray resumed his ongoing duties as President and Chief Operating Officer of Berkshire Bank and Senior Executive Vice President of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc.

Mr. Mhatre is a senior banking executive with 25 years of community and global banking experience. Most recently, as Executive Vice President, Community Banking at Webster Bank, Mr. Mhatre was a member of Webster Bank's executive team and led its consumer and business banking businesses. In this role, he was responsible for profitable growth of the Community Banking segment at the $31 billion bank and led a diverse team of more than 1,500 employees. Previously, he spent more than 13 years at Citi Group in various leadership roles across consumer-related businesses globally. Mr. Mhatre served on the Board of the Consumer Bankers Association headquartered in Washington D.C. since 2014 and was Chairman of the Board from 2019 to 2020. He also serves on the Board of Junior Achievement of Southwest New England headquartered in Hartford, CT.

The Board and management team are fully aligned on the Company's long-term strategic direction. That strategy focuses on improving core operating performance with a relationship banking model that serves Berkshire’s communities and clients in its footprint. Berkshire’s brand name and franchise in its markets, its differentiated customer service and culture, and its purpose-based values are all targeted to support meaningful improvement in shareholder returns. The Company has five current key initiatives:

•Optimizing Berkshire’s branch footprint through the announced branch sales and consolidations

•Rationalizing the balance sheet to maintain strong liquidity and capital metrics and support improved profitability and shareholder return

•Further implementing digitization and automation to improve customer engagement and operational efficiencies

•Focusing on core products and services to enhance customer relationships and the customer experience while exiting non-strategic products & business lines

•Continuing proactive management of asset quality through the pandemic cycle

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Berkshire continues to pursue its ongoing transformation into an innovative 21st century community bank, which has gained heightened relevance to stakeholders and the Company’s long-term opportunity as a result of this year’s events. Guided by its Be FIRST principles, the Company continues to foster a more inclusive, innovative and supportive culture, which is positioning Berkshire to deliver a differentiated and compelling community banking experience to everyone in its communities, including those who have been traditionally underbanked. Following its principles, the Company’s COVID-19 response included:

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COMPARISON OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AT DECEMBER 31, 2020 AND DECEMBER 31, 2019

Summary: The major balance sheet changes were the result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on the economy and federal fiscal and monetary policy. Total loans decreased and demand deposits increased due to the slowdown in economic activity, resulting in less credit demand and the accumulation of customer liquidity – both of which benefited from federal stimulus. The funds from loan payoffs were primarily invested into short and long-term investments and demand deposit growth was primarily used to reduce wholesale funding sources and for short-term investments. The Company’s operating focus was on meeting customer needs and further strengthening its capital and liquidity in the face of unknown pandemic impacts on its markets.

Anticipated higher credit losses from the economic impacts of the pandemic resulted in higher loan loss provisions in the first half of the year, although traditional metrics of loan performance did not begin to significantly worsen until the fourth quarter. Loan performance was aided by loan modifications and SBA guaranteed PPP loans which were implemented pursuant to federal bank supervisory guidelines in an unprecedented response to supporting the economy and financial system.

The long-term impacts of the pandemic drove bank stock prices sharply lower, and in the second quarter the Company wrote-off the full $554 million balance of goodwill which had been accumulated over the past decade principally from bank acquisitions when stock prices were higher. This was the principal reason for the $378 million, or 3%, decrease in total assets to $12.8 billion in 2020. Excluding this write-off, total assets increased by $176 million, or 1%, due to demand deposit growth invested into short-term investments. Largely due to this impairment charge, shareholders’ equity decreased by $571 million, or 32%, to $1.19 billion. The goodwill impairment charge was non-cash and had no material impact on the Company’s tangible equity or regulatory capital metrics, which improved continuously through the year due to the reduction in risk weighted assets resulting from the proportional shift from loans to investments. Book value per common share measured $23.37 at period-end and the non-GAAP measure of tangible book value per share measured $22.68 per share.

The Company's goal is to provide a strong foundation for supporting growth in its customer accounts and revenue drivers across its major markets and business lines based on improvement in forecasted public health and market conditions. The majority of the $633 million of year-end PPP loans is expected to be forgiven by the SBA in 2021, contributing to a potential decrease in total loans during the year 2021. The sale of the Mid-Atlantic branches is also expected to result in a decrease in interest bearing assets and liabilities.

Investments: Due to loan runoff and deposit growth, total short-term investments increased by $992 million in 2020, and total investment securities increased by $454 million. Most short-term investments were held at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. The increase in investment securities was concentrated in Available for Sale ("AFS") agency mortgage-backed securities and agency commercial mortgage-backed securities. There have been accelerated prepayments of mortgage related securities as a result of the low interest rate environment. The Company purchased $894 million in AFS securities in 2020, accepting lower yields in order to maintain and increase the size of the portfolio. In the current environment of low interest rates, a generally flat yield curve, and low credit spreads, the Company has been judicious about redeploying short-term investments into longer term structures while also maintaining balance sheet flexibility due to the general uncertainties of the current environment. The fourth quarter securities portfolio yield decreased year-over-year by 0.62% to 2.69%, reflecting ongoing rolldown of asset yields due to low rates.

The Company managed down the size of the corporate bond portfolio and has carefully monitored its exposure to credit risk in corporate and municipal obligations during the pandemic induced recession. At period-end, there were no delinquent or non-accruing debt securities. The Company liquidated most of its portfolio of corporate equity securities during the fourth quarter. These securities were a component of its capital gains management strategy related to tax credit investments; this strategy was no longer operative in 2020. The remaining equity securities at year-end were primarily bond mutual funds targeted toward Community Reinvestment Act eligible investments. The Company recorded $8 million in net securities losses during 2020 primarily due to the decline in the value of bank stocks which were a significant component of its equities portfolio. The portfolio of investment securities had

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an unrealized gain of $68 million, or 3.2%, at period-end due to the gain in debt security fair values resulting from the decrease in interest rates.

Loans: Total loans decreased by $1.42 billion, or 15%, to $8.08 billion in 2020. During the year, the Company originated $708 million in commercial PPP loans, of which $633 million remained outstanding at year-end. The Company also reclassified $301 million in loans to assets held for sale, due to the pending agreement for the sale of the Mid-Atlantic branches. Excluding these loans and the PPP loans, total loans decreased by $1.80 billion, or 18%. This included a 5% reduction in commercial real estate, a 39% reduction C&I loans, a 30% reduction in residential mortgages, and a 26% reduction in consumer balances. In the commercial markets, borrower demand decreased significantly due to the pandemic and the Company adjusted its business solicitation during the height of the economic shutdowns, while focusing its resources on the operational demands of supporting the PPP program and managing requests for loan modifications pursuant to government guidelines in support of its markets. Slower business activity led many borrowers to reduce C&I borrowings and to instead build liquidity. The Company curtailed business solicitation in certain COVID-19 sensitive industries, and trimmed its exposure to commercial wholesale and participation balances, while also allowing non-relationship exposures to runoff. The Company continued to see activity in its commercial lending channels and it remained disciplined in its selection, pricing, and underwriting processes. Based on market activity and forecast market conditions, the Company is targeting to grow its middle market commercial business, with a focus on asset based lending and small business banking, and selected opportunities in commercial real estate. The Company expects overall commercial borrowing demand to improve as pandemic conditions subside and forecast economic growth emerges.

The decrease in residential mortgages reflected heightened loan prepayments and refinancings due to the drop in interest rates. Additionally, the Company focused on completing the disposition of discontinued national mortgage banking operations, and also the supply of secondary market mortgages from area correspondent banks decreased as all banks coped with higher runoff. Home equity loans outstanding decreased due to reduced borrowing demand and the portfolio of indirect auto loans continued to runoff in accordance with the Company’s strategy. The fourth quarter yield on the loan portfolio decreased year-over-year by 0.90% to 3.62% in 2020 from 4.52% in 2019. This decrease reflected pandemic related impacts, including the decrease in market interest rates, higher prepayments of higher yielding loans, and the effect of the lower yielding PPP loans. Loans repricing within one year totaled $3.8 billion, or 46% of total loans at year-end 2020.

The majority of PPP loans were originated in the second quarter to existing borrowers to provide payroll support during the pandemic shutdown. These loans bear interest at 1% and most were primarily written with two year maturities. They are guaranteed by the SBA and most are expected to be repaid by the SBA as loans are forgiven. The PPP fees received from the SBA approximated 3% of the loan amounts. At year-end, the Company had a balance of $13 million in net deferred PPP loan fees paid by the SBA which is being amortized into net interest income based on the approximate two year expected lives of the loans. The unamortized deferred balance is recognized in net interest income at the time each loan is forgiven. The Company originated $708 million of PPP loans in 2020, of which $633 million remained outstanding at year-end. With the issuance of additional forgiveness guidelines around year-end, the Company expects that the majority of PPP loans will be forgiven in the first half of 2021.

Based on its experience with borrowers during the pandemic, the Company has thoroughly assessed its commercial loan portfolio to determine the most significant sensitive industries based on exposure, risk rating, and use of federally supported lending and loan modification programs. The Company has focused on hospitality, Firestone (specialty equipment lending), restaurants, and nursing/assisted living facilities, which collectively totaled $868 million at year-end. The Company has evaluated the loans in these industries and has expanded its review of other commercial loans to broaden the scope and frequency of risk assessments. The Company initially identified a larger group of borrowers as potentially COVID-19 sensitive, including retail, arts and entertainment, medical, and construction. Based on its experience during the year, the Company has narrowed its focus of COVID-19 sensitivity to the four groups mentioned above. The Company views these COVID-19 sensitive loans as generally conforming to its longstanding financial disciplines for loan/value, debt service coverage, and recourse in conformity with customary industry practices. Based on its longstanding disciplines, the Company believes its exposures within these industries are reasonably diversified and structured to accomplish overall risk management objectives. The

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Company also monitors its outstanding loans to small business borrowers. Loans with balances of $1 million or less totaled $773 million at year-end. Some smaller balance commercial loans are monitored primarily based on payment status, with less availability of current borrower financial information. Small businesses and SBA borrowers have benefited from various government support programs and may be more vulnerable in future periods if government support programs are not continued.

Asset Quality: Most asset performance measures remained within risk ranges viewed by the Company as moderate during the first nine months of 2020, including charge-offs, delinquencies, non-accruals, and troubled debt restructurings. Some measures moved adversely in the fourth quarter as pandemic impacts on loan performance emerged more clearly, particularly in COVID sensitive commercial industries. It is anticipated that some measures will remain elevated in 2021 as some borrowers experience impairment of their liquidity and capital resulting from accumulating economic impacts of the pandemic. Due to loan payment modifications granted pursuant to government guidelines, many borrowers did not make a full year of scheduled loan payments during 2020 but continued to accrue interest and were not reported as delinquent at year-end.

Asset quality benefited in 2020 from the PPP loans, which are intended to support payrolls and therefore support business operations and employment despite the contraction in the economy. Other federal stimulus measures included one-time payments issued to most taxpayers and supplemental unemployment insurance. Monetary actions drove interest rates to near zero, reducing debt service costs and supporting asset values in the public equities and credit markets. Under year-end legislation approved by Congress, further fiscal economic support was approved for disbursement in 2021.

Additionally, federal bank regulatory authorities encouraged banks to work with affected borrowers to provide loan payment modifications to protect liquidity and support solvency. Forbearances made before year-end in accordance with CARES Act guidelines are not reported as delinquencies and are not required to be analyzed as troubled debt restructurings. In 2020, loans with conforming loan modifications totaled $1.6 billion, with the majority of modifications consisting of payment deferrals to commercial customers. The Bank was initially proactive in reaching out to commercial customers to offer conforming modifications within regulatory guidelines. Most initial deferrals were 90 day deferrals of principal and interest payments, with deferred payments often added to the end of the loan term. While the majority of customers returned to scheduled payments during the year, some customers were provided additional deferrals during the year. In the fourth quarter, the majority of commercial loans receiving additional deferrals beyond 2020 agreed to pay current period interest during the deferral period. In most cases, commercial customers requesting further deferrals were individually underwritten, negotiated, and approved. Many in the hospitality segment and the Firestone segment were provided with fourth quarter deferrals beyond 90 days to reflect seasonal and specialty operations. Many hospitality modifications included interest reserves established by project sponsors. At year-end, loans with payment deferrals (including in-process deferrals) totaled $350 million, of which $331 million were commercial loans. Year-end deferrals measured 4.7% of total loans excluding PPP loans.

In part because of the loan deferral program, accruing delinquent loans did not increase during the year, reaching a quarterly low of 0.34% of total loans at year-end 2020, compared to 0.54% at year-end 2019. The deferral periods for the majority of deferred loans were scheduled to expire in the first four months of 2021. Under revised legislation passed by Congress at year-end 2020, banks can continue to provide qualifying loan modifications including payment deferrals throughout 2021 without reporting these loans as delinquent or as troubled debt restructurings. Under accounting principles, loans cannot be maintained as accruing interest if the bank does not expect to collect the full contractual amount of principal and interest from a borrower. Non-accruing loans remained little changed during the first nine months of the year, but increased to 0.80% of total loans as of year-end 2021, compared to 0.42% at the start of the year. This increase was largely due to two commercial relationships which were identified as substandard prior to the pandemic. One of these was a purchased credit deteriorated credit to a nursing/assisted living facility acquired in the 2019 bank merger, and one was a hospitality relationship in a market that became overbuilt. During the fourth quarter, the Company sold $22 million in hospitality loans which deteriorated during the pandemic.The Company continues to evaluate potential opportunities to sell deteriorated loans. Net loan charge-offs totaled $38 million in 2020 and $33 million in 2019. Charge-offs in 2020 included $12 million in hospitality loans written down in the fourth quarter due to pandemic related weaknesses. Charge-offs in 2019 included a $16 million charge in the third quarter for one commercial relationship with alleged fraud.

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During 2020, the Company identified certain commercial segments which were determined to be COVID-19 sensitive. The Company refined this group during the year. The two primary segments deemed COVID-19 sensitive were hospitality loans and loans in the Company’s Firestone Financial specialty equipment lending group. Borrowers in both of these segments were more at risk of significant revenue declines due to mandated reductions in travel and social activity. Hospitality loans totaled $301 million and Firestone loans totaled $246 million at year-end. These two segments accounted for $225 million of the $331 million in total commercial active and in process deferrals at year-end 2020. They accounted for $158 million of the $338 million in year-end commercial criticized assets. For the hospitality loans, 91% of the year-end deferrals were scheduled for current interest payments and many of these were supported by interest reserve accounts. For the Firestone loans, the business lines with the most demonstrated COVID-19 risk were fitness ($71 million year-end balance) and location based entertainment such as bowling alleys and family oriented arcades ($44 million year-end balance). Together, these business lines comprised 68% of the Firestone deferrals and 58% of the Firestone criticized loans. Most of the borrowers in the hospitality and Firestone segments were expected to be able to resume operations and scheduled debt service if public health and social conditions allowed more normal revenue production to resume in the first half of 2021. Non-accruing loans to these segments totaled $18 million at year-end.

Year-end criticized loans increased in 2020 to $359 million, or 2.8% of total assets, compared to $237 million or 1.8% at year-end 2019. This increase was mainly due to the impact of the pandemic on the commercial loan portfolio. Approximately half of the $331 million in commercial deferred loans was rated criticized at year-end, and the pandemic impacts on these loans were the main driver of the growth in total criticized loans. For similar reasons, classified loans (which are those criticized loans rated substandard or lower) increased to $250 million from $162 million, including growth in non-accruing loans to $65 million from $40 million. Loans rated as criticized before the pandemic remained criticized despite any deferrals they may have been granted. The Company has traditionally viewed its potential problem loans as those loans from business activities which are rated as classified and continue to accrue interest. These loans have a possibility of loss if weaknesses are not corrected. Accruing classified loans totaled $185 million at year-end 2020. Due to the circumstances of the pandemic, the Company also views deferred special mention loans as having elevated risk of becoming substandard due to uncertainties related to public health. These loans totaled $49 million at year-end 2020.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans: The Company implemented the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) accounting standard on January 1, 2020. The standard changed the basis of loss recognition from incurred to expected, and expanded the covered financial instruments. The allowance for credit losses on loans replaces the previous allowance for loan losses. The allowance balance increased by $63 million from $64 million at year-end 2019 to $127 million at year-end in 2020.

The allowance increased by $25 million to $89 million on January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of CECL. The Company established a $15 million reserve related to loan credit marks, and the amortized cost basis of purchased credit deteriorated loans was increased by this same $15 million amount. The remaining implementation increase was due to the recognition of additional expected losses over the life of the loan portfolio compared to those already incurred under the previous method. The allowance measured 0.94% of total loans at the adoption of CECL.

Excluding the impact of purchased credit deteriorated loans, the allowance measured 0.78% of total loans. The Company viewed this as its reasonable supportable estimate of expected credit losses over the expected future life of the portfolio. The estimate is based on a methodology which considers historic loss rates for loans by collateral type and includes components for the impact of forecast economic conditions on loss rates, as well as an evaluation of qualitative factors including current period loan performance metrics and consideration of the benefit of expected future government support in reducing possible loss rates. The economic forecast utilizes third party base case projections and estimates credit loss impacts for the next seven quarters. The allowance does not include reserves for interest receivable. An allowance for losses on credit commitments is included in other liabilities, and measured $8 million at year-end 2020.

The allowance increased by $38 million from January 1, 2020 to $127 million at December 31, 2020. The allowance at year-end measured 1.58% of total loans and 1.71% of total loans excluding the PPP and mid-Atlantic loans. The 0.77% increase from 0.94% at the date of CECL adoption primarily reflected the projected economic

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impacts of the pandemic on estimated future loan losses and was driven both by the changed economic outlook and by the qualitative impact of the emergence of higher non-accruing loans. At year-end, the economic baseline expected confirmed COVID-19 cases to reach 47 million in 2021, with the daily case rate peaking in December 2020 and abating by September 2021. GDP was projected to increase by 4.1% in 2021 after declining by 3.5% in 2020. Unemployment was expected improve to 6.9% in 2021, supported by a $2.8 trillion federal deficit spending projection. The 0.77% increase in the allowance from the CECL adoption date is equivalent to approximately $60 million in net loan losses as the Company’s general estimate of future pandemic related loan losses in addition to the annual net loan loss rate when the economy is healthy. If conditions were to remain unchanged, the Company would anticipate that charge-offs would reduce the balance of the allowance as they emerge, and that the ratio of the allowance to total loans would move towards the level before the emergence of the pandemic. Future loan loss provisions could result from adverse changes in conditions or from loan portfolio growth. No allowance is provided for PPP loans which are guaranteed by the SBA. Additionally, no allowance is provided on the loans held for sale as part of the pending mid-Atlantic branch sale.

Goodwill and Other Assets: The sustained decrease in the price of the Company’s stock in the first half of 2020 was a basis for triggering an analysis of goodwill for impairment. Additionally, the annual impairment analysis was scheduled for the second quarter. Berkshire’s stock price was $11.02 at midyear, compared to $32.88 at year-end 2019. A goodwill impairment analysis was completed according to Accounting Standards Codification Section 350. Based on this analysis, the Company recorded a $554 million impairment charge during the second quarter to fully write-off the carrying balance of goodwill. This analysis was based on an estimate of the fair value of the company’s equity as one reporting unit. Fair value was estimated based on an income approach and a market approach, which were equally weighted in the analysis. Both valuation approaches supported a conclusion of full impairment. The goodwill balance had resulted primarily from a series of bank acquisitions which consisted primarily of an exchange of shares recorded based on stock market valuations at the time of acquisition. Over this time, bank stocks were generally valued at a premium to the net fair value of assets, resulting in the recording of goodwill for these premiums. Due to the pandemic recession and federal monetary actions reducing interest rates, the outlook for banking industry earnings contracted in 2020, and a number of bank stocks were trading at a discount to book value at midyear. The impairment analysis concluded that the fair value of the Company’s equity was lower than its carrying value, indicating a goodwill impairment.

The assets held for sale at year-end 2020 consisted mainly of the loans and fixed assets tied to the pending agreement for the sale of the Mid-Atlantic branches. This sale is targeted to be completed in the first half of 2021. The carrying amount of Other Assets increased by $98 million primarily due to the increased net fair value of commercial loan interest rate swaps and related economic hedges, reflecting the market value changes resulting from the pandemic impact on market interest rates.

Deposits: Total deposits decreased by $120 million, or 1%, to $10.2 billion in 2020. Due to the pending agreement for the sale of the Mid-Atlantic branches, the Company reclassified $617 million in deposits as liabilities held for sale. Adjusting for this reclassification, total deposits increased by $497 million, or 5%. This included a $302 million increase in the year-end balance of payroll deposits, which fluctuate daily. Total brokered deposit balances decreased by $597 million to $611 million in 2020 as the Company continued to reduce wholesale funding with proceeds from loan runoff and demand deposit growth. There was growth in demand deposits, as customers maintained higher liquidity during the pandemic, including the impacts of federal support and lower spending. Additionally, some funds shifted from higher rate maturing time deposits into money market balances as customers focused on shorter maturities due to the low and relatively flat yield curve. The cost of deposits decreased to 0.47% in the fourth quarter of 2020 from 1.11% in the fourth quarter of 2019. This reflected the pronounced decrease in short-term market interest rates, together with the unusual growth in demand deposit balances and the reduction in higher cost brokered time deposits.

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Borrowings and Other Liabilities: Total borrowings decreased by $256 million, or 31%, in 2020 as part of the Company’s strategy to deleverage and reduce reliance on higher cost wholesale funding sources. Including brokered deposits, total wholesale funding sources decreased by $854 million, or 43%, to $1.18 billion during 2020. The fourth quarter cost of borrowings decreased to 2.50% from 2.77%, while the fourth quarter cost of all funds decreased to 0.60% from 1.23%. As previously noted, the Mid-Atlantic deposits were reclassified as held for sale, and total liabilities held for sale related to this pending transaction measured $630 million at year-end 2020. The Company expects to settle this sale with loans and cash from short-term investments.

Derivative Financial Instruments: The $3.9 billion period-end notional balance of derivative financial instruments was down slightly from $4.1 billion at the start of the year. This notional balance includes $1.7 billion in interest rate swaps with commercial loan customers and an equal balance of offsetting back to back swaps with national financial counterparties. The Company also has $0.3 billion in risk participations with dealer banks related to interest rate swaps where another bank is the lead. The estimated net fair value of the derivative financial instruments increased from approximately zero to $94 million due to the higher value of fixed rate customer swaps as a result of the decrease in interest rates. This asset is included in other assets on the balance sheet. The Company delivered cash to the clearing house as a result of its increased obligation to national swap counterparties which is reported as a use of cash from financing activities in the cash flow statement.

Shareholders' Equity: Total shareholders’ equity decreased by $571 million, or 32%, to $1.19 billion in 2020 due to the income impact of the noncash charges of $554 million for goodwill impairment and $76 million for credit loss provision expense recorded during that time. The balance of retained earnings decreased from $361 million to ($233) million. The $41 million year-end 2019 balance of preferred stock was converted to common equity in accordance with the terms these securities, resulting in the issuance of 522 thousand common shares from treasury stock, which decreased to $31 million from $70 million.

The ratio of equity to assets stood at 9.3% at period-end, and the non-GAAP measure of tangible equity to tangible assets stood at 9.0%. The Company uses the non-GAAP measure of tangible equity which excludes goodwill and intangible assets and which is an important focus for the investment community. Tangible equity decreased by $6 million, or 1%, to $1.15 billion for the year.

All of the Company's measures of regulatory capital in relation to risk weighted assets improved during the year due to the runoff of non-PPP related loans and the zero risk weighting assigned to PPP loans because of the SBA guarantee, as well as due to the lower risk ratings of investments. The Company conducts equity stress analyses, including severe adverse pandemic loan loss scenarios based on forecasts provided by third parties. The Company believes that its capital is well cushioned above the Well Capitalized metrics in all of the adverse modeling scenarios based on the assumptions utilized. The Company’s total risk based capital ratio measured 16.1% at year-end 2020, compared to the 10% Well Capitalized standard for banks. The Company’s Tier 1 capital ratio stood at 14.1% at that date, compared to the 8% Well Capitalized standard for banks.

The Company repurchased $53 million of common stock in 2019. The Company’s plan had been to continue repurchasing shares to return capital to shareholders which was released by the balance sheet restructuring. The repurchase plan was suspended in the first quarter of 2020 as the pandemic emerged, and the existing authorization for share repurchases was allowed to expire at its March 31, 2020 maturity. During the first quarter, the Company filed a universal securities shelf registration for the routine purpose of renewing the shelf registration that expired in November 2019. The Company increased its quarterly dividend by $0.01 to $0.24 per share in the first quarter before the pandemic, in line with previous annual dividend increases. The Company decreased its dividend to $0.12 per share in the third quarter, to better align the dividend payout and dividend yield with its operating earnings as a result of the pandemic. Due to the loss recorded in 2020, any dividends intended by the Bank’s board of directors are presently subject to regulatory approval by the Massachusetts Banking Department and any shareholder dividends intended by the Company’s board of directors are subject to non-objection by the Federal Reserve.

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The change in retained earnings due to the operating loss and the common dividend accounted for most of the net change in equity. The Company recorded a $19 million benefit to equity from other comprehensive income which mostly offset a $24 million reduction in equity due to the adoption of CECL. The other comprehensive income benefit was due to after-tax unrealized gains in the bond portfolio due to lower interest rates. The CECL adoption impact on equity was principally due to the increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans on the date of adoption due to the recognition of expected future losses in addition to incurred losses, as well as the increase in the allowance to offset the increase in the gross carrying value of purchased credit deteriorated loans.

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COMPARISON OF OPERATING RESULTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020 AND 2019

Summary: Revenue and expense included the SI Financial operations acquired on May 17, 2019. Additionally, due to the COVID-19 pandemic Berkshire reported losses in the first half of 2020 due to non-cash charges of $554 million for goodwill impairment and $65 million for the provision for credit losses. As a result, many categories of revenue and expense are not directly comparable year-over-year for the first half of the year. Parts of this discussion focus on the second half of the year, where year-over-year results are more comparable and less affected by the merger and the pandemic.

Reflecting the above activity, the Company recorded a loss of $569 million, or $11.33 per share for the first six months of 2020. This loss was a result of noncash charges for goodwill impairment and the provision for credit losses on loans. Results returned to profitability in the second half of the year, with second half earnings totaling $36 million, or $0.73 per share. For the year, the Company lost $533 million, or $10.60 per share. In 2019, the Company recorded earnings for the year of $97 million, or $1.97 per share. For the second half of 2019, the Company’s earnings were $48 million, or $0.95 per share.

The Company calculates the non-GAAP financial measure of adjusted earnings to focus on earnings related to ongoing operations and excluding items described in the reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures which was set forth in an earlier section of this report. Second half adjusted earnings were $40 million, or $0.80 per share, in 2020 compared to $59 million, or $1.15 per share in 2019. Adjusting items after-tax in the second half of 2020 totaled $4 million and were primarily related to the loss on discontinued operations and the CEO separation. Adjusting items for the second half of 2019 totaled $11 million after-tax and were primarily related to merger and restructuring expense.

The decrease in earnings and adjusted earnings was primarily due to pandemic related impacts on net interest income, which declined sequentially over the last five quarters to $76 million in the fourth quarter of 2020, compared to $91 million in the fourth quarter of 2019. The return on assets decreased to 0.48% from 0.78% for these respective periods. The return on equity decreased to 5.2% from 5.9%; this measure was impacted in 2020 by the write-off of goodwill, which measured 31% of equity at year-end 2019.

The Company has established a provision for credit losses on loans which it views as adequate to cover its reasonable estimate of expected credit losses, including pandemic related losses, based on forecast conditions at year-end. It is anticipated that net loan charge-offs will remain elevated in 2021 as predicted losses emerge and are recorded. Loan loss provision expense may be modest unless health and economic expectations change adversely. PPP loans are expected to contribute to net interest income in the first half of 2021 but this benefit is expected to decline in the second half of 2021. Benefits from the Company’s branch initiatives are initially expected to mostly be offset by pandemic related loan workout costs and strategic investments in core operations. The Company benefited from an income tax credit in 2020 due to the large pandemic credit loss provision in the first half of the year.

Revenue: Revenue was adversely impacted by the pandemic in 2020, including the impact of lower business volumes, fee waivers, and tighter margins. Net revenue from continuing operations decreased by $66 million, or 15%, to $383 million in 2020. Revenue in 2020 included a full year of revenue from SI Financial operations acquired in May 2019. The full year decrease included a $48 million decrease in net interest income, a $7 million decrease in fee income, and a $12 million adverse swing in net securities gains/losses. Second half revenue decreased by $37 million, or 16% to $196 million; this comparison fully includes acquired operations in both periods.

Net Interest Income: Net interest income from continuing operations decreased by $48 million, or 13% in 2020. This was the result of a 14% decrease in the net interest margin to 2.72% from 3.17%. The fourth quarter 2020 net interest margin was 2.61%. Quarterly net interest income peaked at $97 million in the third quarter of 2019, including the first full quarter of benefit from the acquired SI Financial operations. Net interest income decreased to $91 million in the fourth quarter of 2019 and then decreased sequentially in 2020 to $76 million in the final quarter.

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The margin was under pressure coming into 2020 due to the anticipated loss of purchased loan accretion income, including the impact of the CECL accounting standard. The Company’s interest rate risk profile is asset sensitive, and is structurally sensitive both to the decrease in interest rates and to the low and relatively flat yield curve. The approximate 1.50% decrease in short-term interest rates resulting from the Federal Reserve Bank’s near zero interest rate policy response to the pandemic was adverse to the Company’s net interest margin. Additionally, the Company took on higher cost funds at the start of the pandemic to further strengthen liquidity in the national emergency as part of its risk management protocol. Also, the decline in higher yielding loans has reduced this yield as the primary source of interest revenue.

Based on conditions at year-end, the Company is targeting that PPP loans will support net interest income in the first half of 2021, including the recognition of deferred revenues as these loans are forgiven. The Company expects that the majority of these loans will be forgiven in the first half of 2021 and that earning assets will decrease in the second half of the year. The sale of the Mid-Atlantic deposits and loans is also expected to contribute to a decrease in earning assets. Excluding the impact of PPP loans, the Company is targeting that, based on rate conditions at year-end, there will be further roll down of deposit costs in 2021 due to maturities of higher rate time deposits and of promotional rates previously offered on targeted money market deposits. The Company’s goal is that these lower costs will more than offset the margin impact of asset yields continuing to price down in the current low interest rate environment. Any margin benefit in the second half is not expected to offset the impact of lower earning assets, and therefore there may be continued pressure on net interest income in the second half of 2021.

Non-Interest Income: Fee income decreased year-over-year $7 million, or 9% due to pandemic impacts on deposit and loan fees. Deposit related fees decreased by $3 million, or 11%, due to a decrease in overdraft fee income totaling $4 million or 33%. This decrease was due to pandemic impacts which resulted in less consumer spending and higher household liquidity. Additionally, overdraft fees and other deposit fees reflected increased fee waivers, which were granted programmatically by the Company as part of its support to its communities during initial lockdowns. The $8 million, or 31%, decrease in loan related fees included a $4 million reduction in commercial swap fee income due to lower demand, along with impacts from market value adjustments to the carrying value of commercial loan swaps. Other pandemic related market value adjustments affecting 2020 results related to charges against mortgage servicing rights and fair valued loans. The Company has $54 million in contractual balances on taxi medallion loans which are carried at a $2 million fair value. Recoveries on these assets are included in other income. Other non-interest income also includes securities gains/losses, which the Company does not view as related to its ongoing operations. The $10 million net securities loss in the first quarter of 2019 was due to the impact of the stock market selloff on the carrying value of equity securities. Non-interest income is net of charges totaling $4 million in 2020 and $6 million in 2019 for amortization of tax credit investments, which was more than offset by income tax expense credits of $5 million and $8 million in those respective years.

Provision for Credit Losses: In adopting the CECL accounting model, the Company moved from an incurred loss methodology to an expected loss methodology. Due to the emergence of the pandemic, the Company recorded future expected pandemic losses as provision expense against current period operations. Accordingly, provision expense increased year-over-year to $76 million from $35 million. The provision in 2019 included a component recognizing the incurred expense related to a $16 million charge-off in a fraud related commercial situation. The provision expense in 2020 was primarily due to the emergence of expected future loan losses as described in the earlier discussion of the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.

Non-Interest Expense: Total non-interest expense increased by $550 million to $840 million in 2020 from $290 million in 2019. This was due to the $554 million second quarter write-off of goodwill described in the earlier discussion of financial condition. Second half non-interest expense increased by 2% to $145 million in 2020 compared to 2019. The Company utilizes the non-GAAP financial measure of adjusted non-interest expense to assess its expenses related to ongoing operations. These adjustments in 2020 were primarily related to the CEO separation, and in 2019 they were primarily related to merger and restructuring charges.

Second half adjusted non-interest expense increased by $7 million, or 6%, to $139 million. This included a $2 million increase in FDIC insurance premium expense due to credits received in the second half of 2019. Technology

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spending increased by $3 million to enhance the Company’s technology infrastructure. Additionally, expenses in the second half of 2020 included $3 million in charges related to a lending operations project which was completed during the period. Full time equivalent staff in continuing operations at year-end totaled 1,505, compared to 1,550 positions at the start of the year. The Company has announced strategic initiatives for the sale and consolidation of branches in the first half of 2021. The Company expects to recognize a noncore net gain on the sale of these operations and non-core charges in conjunction through these consolidations.

Income Tax Expense: Income taxes are discussed in a note to the financial statements; this note is important to an understanding of the results of operations. The Company recorded a tax benefit of $27 million in 2020 compared to a tax expense of $21 million in 2019. The Company recorded a $20 million benefit on 2020 continuing operations, resulting in a 4% benefit from the loss on continuing operations. The $20 million dollar benefit included a $15 million benefit from the $59 million deductible portion of goodwill related expense, as well as from $3.5 million in tax credit benefits. The tax rate on 2020 adjusted earnings was 8% due to the lower earnings. In 2019, the Company’s effective tax rate was 18% on pre-tax income from continuing operations. The Company received tax benefits at an effective rate of 26% on pre-tax losses of $27 million and $6 million on discontinued operations in 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Discontinued Operations: The Company completed the exit from its discontinued national mortgage banking operations in the final quarter of 2020. These operations recorded losses of $20 million and $4 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The losses included write-downs of related mortgage servicing rights which reflected the impact of higher mortgage prepayments as well as lower market pricing for the subject rights. Other factors contributing to the loss in 2020 were severance, contract, and hedge termination costs. Discontinued operations are excluded from the Company’s measure of adjusted income.

Total Comprehensive Income: Total comprehensive (loss)/income includes net (loss)/income together with other comprehensive income, which primarily consists of unrealized gains/losses on debt securities available for sale, after tax. Due to falling interest rates in 2020 and 2019, Berkshire recorded unrealized debt securities gains in both years. As a result, comprehensive results were a ($514) million loss in 2020 and $123 million income in 2019.

Quarterly Results. Quarterly results for 2019 and 2020 are presented in a note to the financial statements. Results for all of these periods have been discussed in previous SEC Forms 10-Q and 10-K, except for operations in the fourth quarter of 2020. Second and third quarter results are often the strongest quarterly results due to higher business activity during the spring and summer. In 2020, economic activity declined at an unprecedented rated due to the pandemic. This was followed by a partial rebound in the third quarter, but disease resurgence resulted in further government restrictions in the fourth quarter. Third quarter results were the strongest in terms of operating income. Results in the first half of 2020 were a loss due to pandemic impacts on the provision for credit losses on loans and the goodwill write-down. Pandemic impacts contributed to fourth quarter 2020 results declining from the third quarter due to lower operating revenue, higher operating expense, and a higher provision for credit losses on loans.

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COMPARISON OF OPERATING RESULTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND 2018

Summary: Revenue and expense in 2019 included the SI Financial operations acquired on May 17, 2019. As a result, many categories of revenue and expense increased in 2019 over the same period of 2018. Additionally, operations in 2019 included the benefit of restructuring actions in both years, and the benefit of the acquired Commerce Bank operations which were being fully integrated in the first half of 2018. Earnings per share reflected the shares issued as merger consideration for the SI Financial acquisition. References to revenue and expense in this discussion are generally related to continuing operations unless otherwise noted. Year-over-year profitability declined primarily due to the $16 million charge related to the write-off of one commercial loan due to alleged fraud. Profitability was also adversely impacted by a lower net interest margin due to the decline in purchased loan accretion, which had been anticipated, as well as the impact of lower interest rates on the Company’s asset sensitive balance sheet. Total purchase accounting accretion decreased to $14 million in 2019 from $23 million in 2018. The Company undertook various initiatives following its strategic review to help mitigate these margin impacts. Results were also lower due to higher merger charges related to the completion and integration of the SI Financial acquisition. The Company’s return on equity was 5.7% in 2019, compared to 6.8% in the prior year. Its non-GAAP measure of adjusted return on tangible common equity was 11.3% compared to 13.5% for these respective periods.

Revenue: Net revenue from continuing operations increased in 2019 by $19 million, or 4%, to $449 million in 2019 compared to the prior year, including acquired SI Financial operations. This increase was divided between net interest income and non-interest income.

Net Interest Income: Net interest income from continuing operations increased by $9 million, or 3%, in 2019 compared to 2018. This growth was due to a 9% increase in average earning assets, which was partially offset by a decrease in the net interest margin. The increase in average earning assets included the impact of approximately $1.48 billion in earning assets acquired from SI Financial on May 17. This was offset by a net decline in other average earning assets due to the Company’s strategic initiative to reduce less strategically important loans and investments in order to decrease expensive wholesale funding sources and related leverage. The net interest margin decreased year-over-year to 3.17% from 3.40%, and the contribution from purchase accounting accretion decreased to 0.12% from 0.22%. The margin decreased further to 3.11% in the final quarter of the year, including a 0.17% contribution from purchase accounting accretion. The benefit of purchase accounting accretion decreased primarily due to the seasoning of purchased credit impaired loans from prior bank acquisitions. Purchase accounting accretion also benefited from accretion related to acquired SI Financial time deposits, which are contributing approximately 7 basis points per quarter accretion benefit which matured in the second quarter of 2020.

Non-Interest Income: Non-interest income from continuing operations increased by $10 million, or 13%, in 2019 compared to 2018 due primarily to an $8 million swing in unrealized securities gains/losses which the Company views as non-operating in nature. Fee income increased by $3 million, or 4%, including the benefit of acquired operations.

Provision for Loan Losses. The provision increased year-over-year by $10 million, or 39%, including the impact of one fraud related commercial loan loss in the third quarter.

Non-Interest Expense: Non-interest expense from continuing operations increased year-over-year by $23 million, or 9%, including acquired operations. Merger related expense included the completion of the SI Financial merger. The Company focuses on its non-GAAP financial measure of adjusted expense which excludes merger charges and other items set forth in the reconciliation of non-GAAP measures. Adjusted expense increased by $17 million, or 7%. Expenses in 2019 benefited from $3 million in FDIC premium rebates as a result of a return of FDIC reserves to smaller U.S. banks. The full efficiencies from the merger were not achieved until the fourth quarter of 2019.

Income Tax Expense: The effective tax rate measured 18% in 2019, compared to 21% in 2018. This reflected the proportionate benefit of tax advantaged income on lower pretax earnings, along with structural changes in the Company’s tax position, including the impacts of the SI Financial acquisition.

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Discontinued Operations: These national mortgage banking operations became unprofitable in 2018 as a result of depressed industry conditions due to lower market demand for mortgages as interest rates rose in that period. While industry conditions improved in 2019 as interest rates moved downwards during the year, these operations continued to operate at a loss. The net loss was equivalent to $0.08 per share in 2019, compared to $0.07 per share in 2018. Total revenue improved to $41 million in 2019 from $39 million in 2018, but remained below the $55 million recorded during the profitable year of 2017. Most of the $5.5 million pretax loss in 2019 was due to a $4.5 million charge to write-down mortgage servicing rights based on market indications at year-end.

LIQUIDITY AND CASH FLOWS

Liquidity is the ability to meet cash needs at all times with available cash and established external liquidity sources or by conversion of other assets to cash at a reasonable price and in a timely manner. Berkshire evaluates liquidity at the holding company and on a consolidated basis, which is primarily a function of the Bank’s liquidity.

Total cash and cash equivalents increased to $1.6 billion at year-end 2020, compared to $0.6 billion at year-end 2019. Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations decreased slightly to $124 million in 2020 from $130 million in 2019. Net cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations increased to $104 million from a use of $19 million in 2019 as these operations were liquidated during 2020.

The Company’s liquidity strengthened substantially in 2020. A $1.4 billion reduction in loans was primarily reinvested in investments. Short-term investments increased by $1.0 billion and investment securities increased by $0.5 billion. A $0.6 billion increase in demand deposits was used primarily to reduce wholesale funds, which decreased to $1.2 billion from $2.0 billion. The ratio of wholesale funds to assets decreased to 9% from 15%. The ratio of loans/deposits decreased to 79% from 92%.

The Company has an agreement to sell its 8 Mid-Atlantic branches, which is expected to be completed by midyear 2021. The Company is expected to provide in excess of $300 million in funds to complete this sale, which is expected to be funded from short-term investments. The planned consolidation of 16 additional branches in the first half of 2021 is targeted to be completed with strong deposit retention and no material reduction in total deposits. The Company may see some outflows of demand deposit balances which have accumulated during the pandemic and which may be drawn down by customers if economic conditions improve as expected. Any net outflows would most likely be funded from the excess levels of short-term investments that were built up in 2020. The Company also expects to use these funds to pay down maturing wholesale funds from brokered deposits and borrowings if conditions remain as anticipated. Due to the decrease in market interest rates in 2020, loan prepayment speeds increased, maturing time deposits tended to roll into money market deposits, and generally interest sensitive assets and liabilities both trended towards lower expected average lives, and therefore increased the potential of larger movements in loan and deposit balances depending on future conditions.

The Bank had unused FHLBB borrowing capacity totaling $1.0 billion at year-end, compared to $1.6 billion at the start of the year. The Bank also had available borrowing capacity of $816 million with the Federal Reserve Bank at period-end, compared to $201 million at the end of 2019. There were no PPP loans pledged at year-end 2020, and the Company did not make any material use of the Federal Reserve’s PPP Liquidity Facility during the year. The combination of on-balance sheet liquidity and off-balance sheet liquidity described above are viewed as strong support for any emerging liquidity needs.

Subsequent to first quarter-end, KBRA (the Kroll Bond Rating Agency) reaffirmed the Company’s and the Bank’s existing bond ratings, including the Bank’s A- ratings on deposits and senior debt. The ratings were affirmed with a negative outlook on the long-term ratings due to the uncertain economic impacts from the pandemic. The Company maintains ongoing relationships with correspondents and investment banks which provide further potential options for financial support to the Bank and the Company. At period-end, the Company had $84 million in cash at the parent held on deposit in the Bank. The holding company generally expects to maintain cash on hand equivalent to normal cash uses, including common stock dividends, for at least a one year period. Beginning in the third quarter of 2020, the Company cut its cash dividend to shareholders in half, reducing the quarterly cash dividend

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requirement from $12 million to $6 million. Over the long-term, the Company relies on cash dividends from the Bank to provide operating cash and cash for shareholder dividends. Due to the second quarter loss, the Bank was no longer in compliance with Massachusetts banking regulations which generally require positive retained earnings over the prior three years in order to pay cash dividends to the parent. The Company made application to the Massachusetts Division of Banks near year-end 2020 to approve a routine bank dividend to the parent to cover the quarterly shareholder dividend, and this application was approved by the Division Banks after year-end. The Bank’s goal is to continue to apply for approval of routine quarterly Bank dividends to the parent in the future. Total cash dividends paid by the Bank to the parent in 2020 were $44 million due to amounts paid in the first quarter in anticipation of share repurchases, which were suspended due to the onset of the pandemic.

The Company maintains a contingency funding plan based on its assessment of the liquidity stress environment. Contingency funding information, reporting, and assessment were intensified in the first quarter when financial markets began signaling distress. Primary liquidity data is reported on daily, and thirty day stress analytics are maintained on an updated basis. The Company maintains monthly and quarterly cash flow forecasts. A one year forward liquidity stress test evaluates stress across a variety of stress scenarios, including severe adverse loan loss scenarios due to the pandemic. The Company has defined strategic options which allow it to meet funding needs in all stress scenarios.

The Company’s guidelines allow it to respond to liquidity stress by placing higher emphasis when necessary on liquidity versus margin expansion.

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CAPITAL RESOURCES

The Company and the Bank target to maintain sufficient capital to qualify for the “Well Capitalized” designation by federal regulators. Berkshire’s long-term goal is to use capital efficiently to achieve its objective to become a higher performing company.

Berkshire views its adjusted internal return on tangible capital as a primary capital resource of the Company. This non-GAAP financial measure is based on the Company’s measure of adjusted earnings, which excludes net charges viewed as not related to ongoing operations. The Company focuses on internal capital generation to support shareholder dividends and organic growth and also to support non-operating charges and/or improvement in its capital ratios. The Company maintains a universal shelf registration of capital securities with the SEC. Additional discussion of the Company’s capital management is contained in the Shareholders’ Equity section of the discussion of Changes in Financial Condition in this report and in the Shareholders’ Equity note to the financial statements.

The Company has investment grade debt ratings and monitors capital market conditions. The Company views its regulatory capital as well cushioned above the “Well Capitalized” levels, and the Company believes that its plans are consistent with maintaining proper strong cushions above these levels. The Company conducts equity stress analyses, including severe adverse pandemic loss scenarios provided by third parties, in addition to Dodd-Frank stress testing. The Company believes that its capital is well cushioned above the Well Capitalized metrics in the adverse modeling scenarios based on the assumptions utilized.

Dividends by the holding company require notice and non-objection from the Federal Reserve Bank in the event that earnings are not sufficient to cover the dividend in the current period or for the four trailing quarters. The holding company also requires such notice and non-objection in order to conduct stock buybacks in a quarter which would reduce outstanding shares below the balance at the start of the quarter. In the first quarter, due to the pandemic, the Company allowed its existing board stock repurchase authorization and the related regulatory approval to expire without repurchasing additional shares which were contemplated at the start of the year and which were funded to the parent from the Bank during the first quarter. Due to the second quarter loss, the Company initiated a quarterly application process to the Federal Reserve Bank for notice and nonobjection for the routine quarterly dividend beginning in the third quarter. The amount of the dividend was cut in half based on considerations of Federal Reserve supervisory guidance and based on adjusting the dividend yield and payout ratio as a result the reduction in earnings. The Company expects to continue to provide notice and seek non-objection from the Federal Reserve Bank on a quarterly basis until it achieves four trailing quarters of income sufficient to cover dividends in those quarters. As discussed in the preceding section on Liquidity and Cash Flows, dividends from the Bank to the holding company are currently also subject to a procedure with the Massachusetts Division of Banks pursuant to state statute.

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CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The year-end 2020 contractual obligations were as follows:

Item 7-7A - Table 4 Contractual Obligations

						Less than One			One to Three			Three to Five			After Five
(In thousands)			Total			Year			Years			Years			Years
FHLBB borrowings (1)			$	474,357		$	395,475		$	69,405		$	6,014		$	3,463
Subordinated notes			97,280			—			—			—			97,280
Operating lease obligations (2)			63,894			9,214			16,086			11,258			27,336
Total Contractual Obligations			$	635,531		$	404,689		$	85,491		$	17,272		$	128,079

(1)     Consists of borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank. The maturities extend through 2040 and the rates vary by borrowing.

(2)     Consists of leases, bank branches, and ATMs through 2039.

Further information about borrowings and lease obligations is disclosed in Note 11 - Borrowed Funds and Note 16 - Leases of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

In the normal course of operations, Berkshire engages in a variety of financial transactions that, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, are not recorded in the Company’s financial statements. As previously reported in the discussion of changes in financial condition, Berkshire has outstanding derivative financial instruments and engages in hedging activities, and the fair value of these contracts is recorded on the balance sheet.The Company’s agreement to sell its Mid-Atlantic branches is an off-balance sheet arrangement which is expected to be completed in the first half of 2021.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The most significant fair value measurements recorded by the Company are those related to assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations. These measurements are discussed further in the mergers and acquisitions note to the financial statements. The premium or discount value of acquired loans has historically been the most significant element of this presentation.

The Company makes further measurements of fair value of certain assets and liabilities, as described in the related note in the financial statements. The most significant measurements of recurring fair values of financial instruments primarily relate to securities available for sale, marketable equity securities, and derivative instruments. These measurements were included in the previous discussion of changes in financial condition, and were generally based on Level 2 market based inputs. Non-recurring fair value measurements primarily relate to certain corporate bonds, impaired loans, capitalized mortgage servicing rights, and other real estate owned. When measurement is required, these measures are generally based on Level 3 inputs. Acquired corporate bonds and industrial development bonds are valued based on Level 3 inputs.

Berkshire provides a summary of estimated fair values of financial instruments at each period-end. The premium or discount value of loans has historically been the most significant element of this presentation. This amount is a Level 3 estimate and reflects management’s subjective judgments.

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IMPACT OF INFLATION AND CHANGING PRICES

The financial statements and related financial data presented in this Form 10-K have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars, without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Unlike many industrial companies, substantially all of the assets and liabilities of the Bank are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on the Bank’s performance than the general level of inflation. Interest rates may be affected by inflation, but the direction and magnitude of the impact may vary. A sudden change in inflation (or expectations about inflation), with a related change in interest rates, would have a significant impact on our operations.

IMPACT OF NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Please refer to the notes on Recently Adopted Accounting Principles and Future Application of Accounting Pronouncements in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the financial statements. Modifications to significant accounting policies made during the year are also described in Note 1 to the financial statements. The preparation of the financial statements in accordance with GAAP and practices generally applicable to the financial services industry requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and to disclose contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Management has identified the Company's most critical accounting policies as related to:

•Allowance for Credit Losses

•Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets

•Fair Value of Financial Instruments

These particular significant accounting policies are considered most critical in that they are important to the Company’s financial condition and results, and they require management’s subjective and complex judgment as a result of the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. All of these most critical accounting policies were significant in determining income and financial condition based on events in 2020.

ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT

Following sections of this report on Form 10-K include discussion of market risk and risk factors. Risk management is overseen by the Company’s Chief Risk Officer, who reports directly to the CEO. This position oversees compliance, information security, risk management policy, and coordinates with the strategic services function which monitors most aspects of credit quality. Enterprise risk assessments are brought to the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management Committee, and then are reported to the Board’s Risk Management and Capital Committee. The high level corporate risk assessment focuses on the following material business risks: credit risk, interest rate risk, price risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, compliance risk, strategic risk, and reputation risk. The credit risk category has the highest weighting. Based on management's recent review, all risks were within corporate appetites. Trends toward increasing risk were noted for credit risk and compliance risk due largely to the pandemic; liquidity risks were declining due to elevated liquid assets. For all material business risks, the inherent risk was viewed as heightened due to the environment, but the residual risk was viewed as medium/low to medium due to mitigating controls functioning in the Company.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

 

MANAGEMENT OF INTEREST RATE RISK AND MARKET RISK ANALYSIS

Qualitative Aspects of Market Risk. The Company’s most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk. The Company seeks to avoid fluctuations in its net interest income and to maximize net interest income within acceptable levels of risk through periods of changing interest rates. The Company also seeks to manage the risk of interest rate changes to its net income and the economic value of equity. The Company maintains an Enterprise Risk Management/Asset-Liability Committee (ERM/ALCO) that is responsible for reviewing its asset-liability policies and interest rate risk position. This Committee meets regularly, and the Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer report trends and interest rate risk position to the Risk Management and Capital Committee of the Board of Directors on at least a quarterly basis. The manner and extent of the movement of interest rates is an uncertainty that could have a negative impact on the Company’s net interest income and earnings.

The Company manages its interest rate risk by analyzing the sensitivities and adjusting the mix of its assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments. The Company also uses secondary markets, brokerages, and counterparties to accommodate customer demand for long-term fixed rate loans and to provide it with flexibility in managing its balance sheet positions.

Quantitative Aspects of Market Risk. The Company measures its interest rate sensitivity primarily by evaluating models of net interest income over one year, two years, and three year time horizons. The Company generally models a base case assuming no changes in interest rates or balance sheet composition and then assuming various scenarios of ramped interest rate changes, shocked interest rate changes, and changes involving twists in the yield curve. The Bank also evaluates its equity at risk from interest rate changes through discounted cash flow analysis. This measure assesses the present value of changes to equity based on long-term impacts of rate changes beyond the time horizons evaluated for net interest income at risk.

The Company uses a simulation model to measure the changes in net interest income. The chart below shows the analysis of the scenario where interest rates ramp up in the first year compared to a base case of flat interest rates, assuming a parallel shift in the yield curve. Loans, deposits, and borrowings are modeled expected to reprice at the repricing or maturity date. Pricing caps and floors are included in the simulation model. The Company uses prepayment guidelines set forth by market sources as well as Company generated data where applicable. Generally, cash flows from loans and securities are assumed to be reinvested to maintain a static balance sheet. Other assumptions about balance sheet mix are generally held constant. There were no material changes to the way that the Company measures market risk in 2020. The model at year-end 2020 included two adjustments reflecting conditions at that date. The modeled balance sheet excluded the assets and liabilities related to the Mid-Atlantic branch sale, including loans and deposits held for sale, with a reduction in short-term investments sufficient to fund the sale. The model also assumed that the balance of PPP loans expected to be repaid were not reinvested and these funds are modeled to payoff the corresponding wholesale funding as it matures. Neither of these adjustments was viewed as material to the projection results, and both of these items are targeted to be substantially completed by midyear 2021.

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Item 7-7A - Table 2 - Qualitative Aspects of Market Risk

Change in Interest Rates-Basis Points (Rate Ramp)
						1- 12 Months												13- 24 Months
						$ Change						% Change						$ Change						% Change
(In thousands)
At December 31, 2020
+300						$	5,578					1.78		%				$	27,942					9.17		%
+200						(108)						(0.03)						12,199						4.01
+100						(3,090)						(0.99)						(943)						(0.31)
-100						5,408						1.73						6,769						2.22
At December 31, 2019
+300						$	17,080					4.70		%				$	28,003					7.60		%
+200						11,070						3.00						19,589						5.30
+100						5,107						1.40						10,289						2.80
-100						(6,559)						(1.80)						(13,611)						(3.70)

Berkshire’s objective is to maintain a neutral or asset sensitive interest rate risk profile, as measured by the sensitivity of net interest income to market interest rate changes.As a lookback on 2020 positioning and market events, the Company was positioned to expect a decrease in net interest income in the unexpected event of a downward shift in interest rates, which is what happened early in 2020. A downward shock of 100 basis points was expected to result in approximately a 4% decrease in net interest income in the first year. Following the downward shock of approximately 150 basis points near the end of the first quarter, net interest income decreased sequentially by 10% in the second quarter.

The Company’s asset sensitivity roughly doubled over the first nine months of the year. This was due to the influx of non-interest bearing demand deposit balances, the growth in short-term investments, the initial lengthening of wholesale fund maturities, runoff of higher rate fixed rate assets, and the assumed higher prepayment speeds of the remaining portfolio. Also, the reduction in base case net interest income increases the relative impact of changes due to interest rate sensitivity. In line directionally with this modeled sensitivity, at the start of the year, the sharp decrease in interest rates in the first quarter resulted in compression of the Company’s net interest margin in the first half of 2020. Also in line directionally with the model, the margin stabilized in the second half of the year as deposit pricing began to catch up with loan yield compression.

The Company’s interest rate sensitivity decreased significantly in the final quarter of the year, with net interest income sensitivity moving to nearly neutral at year-end. Contributing factors were the branch sale agreement, an increase in investment securities, and accumulating impacts of payoffs of LIBOR based loans and shortening of the liability maturity ladder. In the first year of the four modeled scenarios, the impact of the modeled change in net interest income was less than 2% in all four scenarios. In the second modeled year, the percentage change in net interest income was less than the sensitivity shown at year-end 2019 for all scenarios except the +300 basis point scenario. At year-end 2020, the greatest modeled sensitivity was in the second year of the +200 basis point and +300 basis point scenarios, where the positive interest sensitivity exceeded $10 million in annual net interest income based on the modeled parallel shifts in interest rates.

Due to the low level of interest rates, the modeled sensitivity of a downward shift in interest rates is affected by assumptions related to market influences on spreads and floors applied to zero rate indicates. Prime, mortgage rates, and deposits are floored. All other rates are zero bound. Measures of risk in an upward rate environment were close to neutral at year-end 2020 in both year one and year two of the 100 basis point upward scenarios, and in the first year of a 200 basis point increase. The Company also models sensitivity to yield curve twists. A steepening of the yield curve is more asset sensitive than the scenario of a parallel shift. The above sensitivities are compared to the baseline static model and based on current interest rates and modeling assumptions. Further flattening of the yield curve also presents the possibility of compressing the margin, including the impact of tighter market spreads due to competitive factors in such environments.

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In addition to modeling the sensitivity of net interest income, the Company also models the sensitivity of net income and of equity at risk in the event of rate changes. The dollar amount of net income at risk was modeled to generally be the same as the amount of net-interest income at risk in the two percent ramp up scenario. The Company’s equity at risk is normally modeled as liability sensitive, due to the overall shorter duration of its funding sources compared to earning assets. This liability sensitivity had shifted to near neutral at year-end 2019, and equity at risk was asset sensitive at year-end 2020, increasing by approximately 3% in the event of a 200 basis point upward shock.

Modeled interest rate sensitivity depends on material assumptions. Additionally, market risk exposure is affected by the level and shape of the yield curve in markets for financial instruments including U.S. Treasury obligations, forward interest rate derivatives, the U.S. prime interest rate, and LIBOR rates. Also, the economic impact on customer and market behaviors of the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain and may cause actual events to differ from assumptions.

A critical component of the Company’s modeling is the assumption of deposit interest rate sensitivity, which the Company continues to model at a 40% beta level. Results in 2020 for non-brokered deposits were generally consistent with this assumption. The behavior of markets under the historically unusual conditions currently prevailing may be different from modeling assumptions, and the Company continues to monitor the markets and the assumptions in its model.

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ITEM 8.  CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The Consolidated Financial Statements and supplementary data required by this item are presented elsewhere in this report beginning on page F-1, in the order shown below:

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss)/Income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Company’s management, including the Company’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rule 13a and 15(d) -15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) as of December 31, 2019. Based upon their evaluation, the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of that date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective for the purpose of ensuring that the information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”): (1) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and (2) is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The Company evaluated changes in its internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that occurred during the last fiscal quarter. The Company determined that there were no changes that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting and the independent registered public accounting firm’s report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting are contained in “Item 8 — Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

For information concerning the directors of the Company, the information contained under the sections captioned “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors for a One-Year Term” in Berkshire’s Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (“Proxy Statement”) is incorporated by reference. The following table sets forth certain information regarding the executive officers of the Company.

Name			Age			Position
Nitin J. Mhatre			50			President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company; Chief Executive Officer - Berkshire Bank; Director of Berkshire Hills Bancorp and Berkshire Bank
Sean A. Gray			45			Senior Executive Vice President of the Company; President - Berkshire Bank
James M. Moses			44			Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of the Company; Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer - Berkshire Bank
George F. Bacigalupo			66			Senior Executive Vice President, Head of Commercial Banking - Berkshire Bank
Tami F. Gunsch			58			Senior Executive Vice President, Head of Consumer Banking - Berkshire Bank
Gregory D. Lindenmuth			53			Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Officer – Berkshire Bank
Deborah A. Stephenson			50			Senior Executive Vice President, Regulatory & Compliance- Berkshire Bank
Jennifer M. Carmichael			44			Executive Vice President, Chief Internal Audit Officer - Berkshire Bank
Jacqueline Courtwright			57			Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources and Culture Officer – Berkshire Bank
Georgia Melas			57			Executive Vice President, Chief Credit Officer – Berkshire Bank
Wm. Gordon Prescott			59			Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary - Berkshire Bank
Jason T. White			46			Executive Vice President , Chief Information Officer – Berkshire Bank

The executive officers are elected annually and hold office until their successors have been elected and qualified or until they are removed or replaced.

BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

			Nitin J. Mhatre. Age 50. Mr. Mhatre was appointed to the role of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and Chief Executive Officer of the Bank in January 2021. He was also appointed as a Director of the Company and the Bank. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Mhatre was Executive Vice President, Community Banking, at Webster Bank, where he led consumer and business banking businesses. Before joining Webster in 2009, Mr. Mhatre spent 13 years at Citi Group in various leadership roles across consumer-related businesses globally.
			Sean A. Gray. Age 45. Mr. Gray was appointed to the role of Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company and President of the Bank in November 2018. He was previously Senior Executive Vice President of the Company and Chief Operating Officer of the Bank since 2015. Mr. Gray joined the Company in retail banking in 2007 and attained the positon of Executive Vice President, Retail Banking. Previously, he was Vice President and Consumer Market Manager at Bank of America, in Waltham, Massachusetts.

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			James M. Moses. Age 44. Mr. Moses is Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of the Company and the Bank, since joining the Bank in July 2016. Mr. Moses previously served at Webster Bank as Senior Vice President and Asset/Liability Manager. Mr. Moses joined Webster Bank in 2011 from M&T Bank where he spent four years in various roles including head mortgage trader, deposit products pricing manager, and consumer credit card product manager.
			George F. Bacigalupo. Age 66. Mr. Bacigalupo was promoted to Senior Executive Vice President, Head of Commercial Banking, Berkshire Bank in September 2015, having previously served as an Executive Vice President since October 2013 and Senior Vice President, Chief Credit Officer since 2011. Previously, Mr. Bacigalupo was EVP of Specialty Lending at TD Banknorth, where he established the ABL and other middle-market lending groups. Subsequently, at TD Bank, he was the Senior Lender for New England.
			Tami F. Gunsch. Age 58. Ms. Gunsch is Senior Executive Vice President, Head of Consumer Banking, Berkshire Bank. Ms. Gunsch is responsible for all aspects of the retail banking consumer experience. Ms. Gunsch has previously held the positions of EVP, Retail Banking and Senior Vice President. Ms. Gunsch joined Berkshire from Citizens Bank in 2009 as First VP of Retail Banking.
			Gregory D. Lindenmuth. Age 53. Mr. Lindenmuth is Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Officer of the Bank, a position he was promoted to in October 2018. Mr. Lindenmuth joined Berkshire in 2016 from the FDIC where he was employed for 24 years and held multiple positions including Senior Risk Examiner for the Division of Risk Management Supervision and Acting Regional Manager for the Division of Insurance and Research. With the FDIC, Mr. Lindenmuth was also a Capital Markets, Mortgage Banking, and Fraud Specialist.
			Deborah Stephenson. Age 50. Senior Executive Vice President, Compliance and Regulatory of Berkshire Bank. Ms. Stephenson joined the Company in 2014. She was previously Senior Vice President at Country Bank where she managed retail banking and human resources.
			Jennifer M. Carmichael, Age 44. Ms. Carmichael was promoted to Executive Vice President, Chief Internal Audit Officer of Berkshire Bank in November 2020. She reports to the Audit Committee of the Board and administratively to the CEO. Ms. Carmichael previously served as Senior Vice President and Audit Manager. She joined the Bank in 2016 from Accume Partners where she served as Senior Audit Manager to several clients in the New York and New England regions, including Berkshire.

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			Jacqueline Courtwright, Age 57. Ms. Courtwright was promoted in September 2020 to Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources and Culture Officer at Berkshire Bank. She had been appointed as Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer in July 2019. Prior to joining Berkshire in 2012, Ms. Courtwright was VP, Human Resources Business Partner at Citizen Bank and also held senior human resource roles during her 20 years at KeyBank.
			Georgia Melas. Age 57. Ms.Melas is Executive Vice President, Chief Credit Officer of Berkshire Bank, a position she was promoted to in October 2018. Ms. Melas joined Berkshire as Senior Vice President, Chief Credit Officer in 2015 from Key Bank where she held multiple positions including Senior Credit Officer, Commercial Banking.
			Wm. Gordon Prescott, Age 59. Mr. Prescott is Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of the Bank, a position he was promoted to in October 2018. Mr. Prescott joined Berkshire in 2008 as VP, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. Mr. Prescott has 30 plus years of experience in the legal profession, including extensive experience as in-house corporate counsel, most recently with KB Toys Inc. prior to joining the Bank.
			Jason T. White, Age 46. Mr. White was promoted to Executive Vice President, Chief Information Officer of Berkshire Bank in November 2020. He previously served as Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer since May 2019 when he joined the Bank following the acquisition of Savings Institute Bank & Trust, where he served as Chief Information Officer and Information Security Officer.

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Reference is made to the cover page of this report and to the section captioned “Additional Information - Other Information Relating to Directors and Executive Officers - Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in the Proxy Statement for information regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act. For information concerning the audit committee and the audit committee financial expert, reference is made to the section captioned “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors for a One-Year Term", "Proposal 1 - Election of Directors for One Year Term - Corporate Governance - Committees of the Board of Directors”, and “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors for a One Year Term - Board Committees and Responsibilities" in the Proxy Statement.

For information concerning the Company’s code of ethics, the information contained under the section captioned “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors for a One Year Term - Corporate Governance - Code of Business Conduct and Anonymous Reporting Line Policy” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

A copy of the Company’s code of ethics is available to stockholders on the Company’s website at:

http://ir.berkshirebank.com.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

For information regarding executive compensation, the sections captioned “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors for a One-Year Term”, “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors of a One Year Term - Corporate Governance - Committees of the Board of Directors”, and “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors for a One Year Term - Board Committees and Responsibilities” in the Proxy Statement are incorporated herein by reference.

For information regarding the Compensation Committee Report, the section captioned “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS

 

(a)Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners

Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Additional Information - Stock Ownership” in the Proxy Statement. 

    

(b)Security Ownership of Management

Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Additional Information - Stock Ownership” in the Proxy Statement.

(c)Changes in Control

Management of Berkshire knows of no arrangements, including any pledge by any person of securities of Berkshire, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the registrant.

 

(d)Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table sets forth information, as of December 31, 2020, about Company common stock that may be issued upon exercise of options under stock-based benefit plans maintained by the Company, as well as the number of securities available for issuance under equity compensation plans:

Plan category						Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights						Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights						Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in the first column)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders						112,280						$	22.95					898,483
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders						—						—						—
Total						112,280						$	22.95					898,483

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Additional Information - Other Information Relating to Directors and Executive Officers - Transactions with Related Persons" and “Additional Information - Other Information Relating to Directors and Executive Officers - Procedures Governing Related Persons Transactions” in the Proxy Statement. Information regarding director independence is incorporated herein by reference to the section “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors for a One Year Term” in the Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Proposal 3 — Ratification of the Appointment of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Proxy Statement.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)    [1]    Consolidated Financial Statements

•Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

•Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019

•Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December  31, 2020, 2019, and 2018

•Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss)/Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018

•Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018

•Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018

•Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Consolidated Financial Statements required to be filed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are included in Part II, Item 8 hereof.

[2]    Financial Statement Schedules

All financial statement schedules are omitted because the required information is either included or is not applicable.

 

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[3]     Exhibits

3.1						Certificate of Incorporation of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (1)
3.2						Amended and Restated Bylaws of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (2)
3.3						Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (3)
3.4						Certificate of Designations of the Series B Non-Voting Preferred Stock (4)
4.1						Form of Common Stock Certificate of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (1)
4.2						Note Subscription Agreement by and among Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. and certain subscribers dated September 20, 2012 (5)
4.3						Description of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. Securities (16)
10.1						Three-Year Employment Agreement by and among Berkshire Bank, Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. and Richard M. Marotta (6)
10.2						Separation Agreement between Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc., Berkshire Bank and Richard M. Marotta (11)
10.3						Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement between Berkshire Bank and Sean A. Gray (6)
10.4						Three Year Executive Change in Control Agreement by and among Berkshire Bank, Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc., and George F. Bacigalupo (7)
10.5						Three-Year Executive Change in Control Agreement by and among Berkshire Bank, Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc., and James M. Moses (8)
10.6						Amended and Restated Three Year Change in Control Agreement by and among Berkshire Bank, Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc., and Sean A. Gray (9)
10.7						Berkshire Bank Enhanced Change in Control Severance Plan (Gregory Lindenmuth and Tami Gunsch) (16)
10.8						Form of Split Dollar Agreement entered into with Sean A. Gray (10)
10.9						Three Year Employment Agreement by and among Berkshire Bank, Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. and Nitin Mhatre (12)
10.10						Berkshire Bank Executive Long-Term Care Insurance Plan (13)
10.11						Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (14)
10.12						Senior Executive Short Term Incentive Plan (15)
21.0						Subsidiary Information
23.1						Consent of Crowe LLP
31.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101						Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T:  (i) the Consolidated Statements of Condition, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements tagged as blocks of text and in detail

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(1)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to Form S-1, Registration Statement and amendments thereto, initially filed on March 10, 2000, Registration No. 333-32146.
(2)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 8-K as filed on June 26, 2017.
(3)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 10-Q as filed on November 9, 2017.
(4)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 8-K as filed on October 16, 2017.
(5)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 8-K as filed on September 26, 2012.
(6)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 8-K as filed on February 22, 2019.
(7)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 10-K as filed on March 17, 2014.
(8)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 8-K as filed on September 23, 2016.
(9)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 10-K as filed on March 16, 2011.
(10)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibit to the Form 8-K as filed on January 19, 2011.
(11)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibit to the Form 8-K as filed on August 13, 2020
(12)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibit to the Form 8-K as filed on January 26, 2021.
(13)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 8-K as filed on January 23, 2015.
(14)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Appendix to the Proxy Statement as filed on April 6, 2018.
(15)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 10-Q as filed on May 10, 2019.
(16)						Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibit to the Form 10-K as filed on February 28, 2020.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

			Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc.
Date: March 1, 2021			By:			/s/ Nitin J. Mhatre
						Nitin J. Mhatre
						President & Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

/s/ Nitin J. Mhatre

Director, President, & Chief Executive Officer

March 1, 2021

Nitin J. Mhatre

(principal executive officer)

/s/ James M. Moses

Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

March 1, 2021

James M. Moses

(principal financial and accounting officer)

/s/ J. Williar Dunlaevy

Chairman

March 1, 2021

J. Williar Dunlaevy

/s/ Baye Adofo-Wilson

Director

March 1, 2021

Baye Adofo-Wilson

/s/ Rheo A. Brouillard

Director

March 1, 2021

Rheo A. Brouillard

/s/ David M. Brunelle

Director

March 1, 2021

David M. Brunelle

/s/ Robert M. Curley

Director

March 1, 2021

Robert M. Curley

/s/ John B. Davies

Director

March 1, 2021

John B. Davies

/s/ William H. Hughes, III

Director

March 1, 2021

William H. Hughes, III

/s/ Cornelius D. Mahoney

Director

March 1, 2021

Cornelius D. Mahoney

/s/ Sylvia Maxfield

Director

March 1, 2021

Sylvia Maxfield

/s/ Laurie Norton Moffatt

Director

March 1, 2021

Laurie Norton Moffatt

/s/ Jonathan I. Shulman

Director

March 1, 2021

Jonathan I. Shulman

/s/ D. Jeffrey Templeton

Director

March 1, 2021

D. Jeffrey Templeton

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ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

As of December 31, 2020, management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued in 2013, by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 was effective.

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by Crowe LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which follows. This report expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.

 

/s/ Nitin J. Mhatre						/s/ James M. Moses
Nitin J. Mhatre						James M. Moses
President & Chief Executive Officer						Senior Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
March 1, 2021						March 1, 2021

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Shareholders and the Board of Directors

of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc.

Boston, Massachusetts

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss)/income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for credit losses effective January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification No. 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASC 326”). The Company adopted the new credit loss standard using the modified retrospective method such that prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable generally accepted accounting principles. The adoption of the new credit loss standard and its subsequent application is also communicated as a critical audit matter below.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material

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misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and the significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Reasonable and Supportable Forecast

The Company adopted ASC 326 (“CECL”) on January 1, 2020 as described in Note 1 and referred to in the change in accounting principle explanatory paragraph above. The estimates of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology required under ASC 326 are based on relevant information about current conditions, past events, and reasonable and supportable forward-looking forecasts regarding collectability of the reported amounts. In order to estimate the expected credit losses for loans, the Company utilized a static loss closed pool model which calculated a historical loss rate for each of the identified loan segments. The historical loss rates were then adjusted, as necessary, for current and asset specific characteristics (also referred to as “qualitative adjustments”) and for expected changes to current conditions over the reasonable and supportable forecast period (also referred to as “forecast”).

The forecast methodology employed by the Company is complex and involves significant management judgement along with a high degree of data input and manual intervention.

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Given that the estimation of credit losses significantly changes under the CECL methodology, including the application of new accounting policies, the use of new subjective judgments, and changes made to the loss estimation models, performing audit procedures to evaluate the implementation and subsequent application of ASC 326, in particular relating to reasonable and supportable forecast, for loans involved a high degree of auditor judgment and required significant audit effort, including the need to involve more experienced audit personnel and firm valuation specialists.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

Testing the effectiveness of controls over management’s allowance for credit loss forecast including controls addressing:

•Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls pertaining to the development of the reasonable and supportable forecast.

•Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls pertaining to the completeness and accuracy of the data utilized in developing the reasonable and supportable forecast.

•Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls pertaining to the key assumptions and expert judgments applied in the development of the reasonable and supportable forecast.

•Testing the design and operating effectiveness of the controls around the mathematical accuracy of the forecast within the allowance for credit loss calculation.

Substantively testing management’s estimate, including evaluating their judgements and assumptions, for estimating the allowance for credit loss forecast:

•We tested the reasonable and supportable forecast for compliance with ASC 326, which included the use of firm valuation specialist.

•We tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data utilized in developing the reasonable and supportable forecast.

•We tested the reasonableness of key assumptions and expert judgements applied in the development of the reasonable and supportable forecast, which included the use of firm valuation specialist.

•We tested the mathematical accuracy of the forecast within the allowance for credit loss calculation.

/s/ Crowe LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017.

New York, New York

March 1, 2021

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BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

						December 31,
(In thousands, except share data)						2020						2019
Assets
Cash and due from banks						$	91,219					$	105,447
Short-term investments						1,466,656						474,382
Total cash and cash equivalents						1,557,875						579,829
Trading security						9,708						10,769
Marketable equity securities, at fair value						18,513						41,556
Securities available for sale, at fair value						1,695,232						1,311,555
Securities held to maturity (fair values of $491,855 in 2020 and $373,277 in 2019)						465,091						357,979
Federal Home Loan Bank stock and other restricted securities						34,873						48,019
Total securities						2,223,417						1,769,878
Less: Allowance for credit losses on investment						(104)						—
Net Securities						2,223,313						1,769,878
Loans held for sale						17,748						36,664
Total loans						8,081,519						9,502,428
Less: Allowance for credit losses on loans						(127,302)						(63,575)
Net loans						7,954,217						9,438,853
Premises and equipment, net						112,663						120,398
Other real estate owned						149						—
Goodwill						—						553,762
Other intangible assets						34,819						45,615
Cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance						232,695						227,894
Other assets						387,230						288,945
Assets held for sale						317,304						—
Assets from discontinued operations						—						154,132
Total assets						$	12,838,013					$	13,215,970
Liabilities
Demand deposits						$	2,484,249					$	1,884,100
NOW and other deposits						1,003,005						1,492,569
Money market deposits						3,371,353						2,528,656
Savings deposits						972,116						841,283
Time deposits						2,385,085						3,589,369
Total deposits						10,215,808						10,335,977
Short-term debt						40,000						125,000
Long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances						434,357						605,501
Subordinated notes						97,280						97,049
Total borrowings						571,637						827,550
Other liabilities						232,730						267,398
Liabilities held for sale						630,065						—
Liabilities from discontinued operations						—						26,481
Total liabilities						11,650,240						11,457,406

(continued)

						December 31,
(In thousands, except share data)						2020						2019
Shareholders’ equity
Preferred Stock (Series B non-voting convertible preferred stock - $0.01 par value; 2,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding in 2020; 2,000,000 shares authorized, 521,607 shares issued and outstanding in 2019)						—						40,633
Common stock ($0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized and 51,903,190 shares issued and 50,833,087 shares outstanding in 2020; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 51,903,190 shares issued, and 49,585,143 shares outstanding in 2019)						528						517
Additional paid-in capital - common stock						1,427,239						1,422,441
Unearned compensation						(6,245)						(8,465)
Retained (deficit) earnings						(233,344)						361,082
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)						30,871						11,993
Treasury stock, at cost (1,070,103 shares in 2020 and 2,318,047 shares in 2019)						(31,276)						(69,637)
Total shareholders’ equity						1,187,773						1,758,564
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity						$	12,838,013					$	13,215,970

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

						Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Interest and dividend income
Loans						$	358,015					$	448,927					$	406,222
Securities and other						51,767						60,586						59,672
Total interest and dividend income						409,782						509,513						465,894
Interest expense
Deposits						72,715						115,193						78,364
Borrowings and subordinated notes						20,285						29,062						31,330
Total interest expense						93,000						144,255						109,694
Net interest income						316,782						365,258						356,200
Non-interest income
Mortgage banking income						5,190						788						635
Loan related income						16,840						24,374						23,155
Deposit related fees						27,905						31,352						29,806
Insurance commissions and fees						10,770						10,957						10,983
Wealth management fees						9,285						9,353						9,447
Total fee income						69,990						76,824						74,026
Other						2,597						1,438						3,557
(Loss)/gain on securities, net						(7,520)						4,389						(3,719)
Gain on sale of business operations and assets, net						1,240						1,351						460
Total non-interest income						66,307						84,002						74,324
Total net revenue						383,089						449,260						430,524
Provision for credit losses						75,878						35,419						25,451
Non-interest expense
Compensation and benefits						147,840						140,906						134,019
Occupancy and equipment						43,359						39,586						36,927
Technology and communications						32,364						26,523						27,147
Marketing and promotion						3,703						4,474						4,697
Professional services						11,907						10,798						7,343
FDIC premiums and assessments						5,876						3,861						5,734
Other real estate owned and foreclosures						125						154						68
Amortization of intangible assets						6,181						5,783						4,934
Goodwill impairment						553,762						—						—
Merger, restructuring and conversion related expenses						5,839						28,046						22,144
Other						29,283						29,726						23,880
Total non-interest expense						840,239						289,857						266,893
(Loss)/income from continuing operations before income taxes						(533,028)						123,984						138,180
Income tax (benefit)/expense from continuing operations						(19,853)						22,463						28,961
Net (loss)/income from continuing operations						(513,175)						101,521						109,219
(Loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes						(26,855)						(5,539)						(4,767)
Income tax (benefit) from discontinued operations						(7,013)						(1,468)						(1,313)
Net (loss) from discontinued operations						(19,842)						(4,071)						(3,454)
Net (loss)/income						$	(533,017)					$	97,450					$	105,765
Preferred stock dividend						313						960						918
(Loss)/income available to common shareholders						$	(533,330)					$	96,490					$	104,847
						Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)						2020						2019						2018
Basic (loss)/earnings per share:
Continuing Operations						$	(10.21)					$	2.06					$	2.38
Discontinued operations						(0.39)						(0.08)						(0.08)
Total basic (loss)/earnings per share						$	(10.60)					$	1.98					$	2.30
Diluted (loss)/earnings per share:
Continuing Operations						$	(10.21)					$	2.05					$	2.36
Discontinued operations						(0.39)						(0.08)						(0.07)
Total diluted (loss)/earnings per share						$	(10.60)					$	1.97					$	2.29
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic						50,270						49,263						46,024
Diluted						50,270						49,421						46,231

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

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Table of Contenets

BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS)/INCOME

						Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Net (loss)/income						$	(533,017)					$	97,450					$	105,765
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on securities available-for-sale						25,726						34,530						(16,923)
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on pension						(489)						(270)						336
Total other comprehensive income/(loss), before tax						25,237						34,260						(16,587)
Income taxes related to other comprehensive income (loss):
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on securities available-for-sale						(6,471)						(8,873)						4,421
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on pension						112						76						(108)
Total income tax (expense) benefit related to other comprehensive income (loss)						(6,359)						(8,797)						4,313
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)						18,878						25,463						(12,274)
Total comprehensive (loss)/income						$	(514,139)					$	122,913					$	93,491

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

			Preferred Stock						Common Stock						Additional paid-in			Unearned			Retained (deficit)			Accumulated other comprehensive			Treasury
(In thousands, except per share data)			Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount			capital			compensation			earnings			(loss) income			stock			Total
Balance at January 1, 2018			522			$	40,633		45,290			$	460		$	1,242,487		$	(6,531)		$	239,179		$	4,161		$	(24,125)		$	1,496,264
Comprehensive income:
Net income			—			—			—			—			—			—			105,765			—			—			105,765
Other net comprehensive (loss)			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			(12,274)			—			(12,274)
Total comprehensive income			—			—			—			—			—			—			105,765			(12,274)			—			93,491
Adoption of ASU No 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10) - Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities			—			—			—			—			—			—			6,253			(6,253)			—			—
Adoption of ASU No 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			—			—			—			—			—			—			(896)			896			—			—
Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.88 per share)			—			—			—			—			—			—			(39,966)			—			—			(39,966)
Cash dividends declared on preferred shares ($1.76 per share)			—			—			—			—			—			—			(918)			—			—			(918)
Forfeited shares			—			—			(65)			—			90			2,189			—			—			(2,279)			—
Exercise of stock options			—			—			33			—			—			—			(578)			—			904			326
Restricted stock grants			—			—			185			—			2,157			(7,011)			—			—			4,854			—
Stock-based compensation			—			—			—			—			—			4,759			—			—			—			4,759
Other, net			—			—			(26)			—			279			—			—			—			(1,317)			(1,038)
Balance at December 31, 2018			522			$	40,633		45,417			$	460		$	1,245,013		$	(6,594)		$	308,839		$	(13,470)		$	(21,963)		$	1,552,918
Comprehensive income:						0
Net income			—			—			—			—			—			—			97,450			—			—			97,450
Other net comprehensive income			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			25,463			—			25,463
Total comprehensive income			—			—			—			—			—			—			97,450			25,463			—			122,913
Acquisition of SI Financial Group, Inc.			—			—			5,691			57			176,655			—			—			—			—			176,712
Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.92 per share)			—			—			—			—			—			—			(44,147)			—			—			(44,147)
Cash dividends declared on preferred shares ($1.84 per share)			—			—			—			—			—			—			(960)			—			—			(960)
Treasury stock purchased			—			—			(1,726)			—			—			—			—			—			(52,746)			(52,746)
Forfeited shares			—			—			(65)			—			(251)			2,160			—			—			(1,909)			—
Exercise of stock options			—			—			11			—			—			—			(100)			—			288			188
Restricted stock grants			—			—			299			—			932			(8,843)			—			—			7,911			—
Stock-based compensation			—			—			—			—			—			4,812			—			—			—			4,812
Other, net			—			—			(42)			—			92			—			—			—			(1,218)			(1,126)
Balance at December 31, 2019			522			$	40,633		49,585			$	517		$	1,422,441		$	(8,465)		$	361,082		$	11,993		$	(69,637)		$	1,758,564
Comprehensive income:
Net loss			—			—			—			—			—			—			(533,017)			—			—			(533,017)
Other net comprehensive income			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			18,878			—			18,878
Total comprehensive income			—			—			—			—			—			—			(533,017)			18,878			—			(514,139)
Impact of ASC 326 Adoption			—			—			—			—			—			—			(24,380)			—			—			(24,380)
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock			(522)			(40,633)			1,043			11			10,395			—			—			—			30,227			—
Cash dividends declared common shares ($0.72 per share)			—			—			—			—			—			—			(36,251)			—			—			(36,251)
Cash dividends declared ($1.20 per share)			—			—			—			—			—			—			(313)			—			—			(313)
Treasury stock purchased			—			—			(14)			—			—			—			—			—			(473)			(473)
Forfeited shares			—			—			(91)			—			(1,570)			2,727			—			—			(1,157)			—
Exercise of stock options			—			—			37			—			—			—			(465)			—			1,129			664
Restricted stock grants			—			—			314			—			(4,121)			(5,234)			—			—			9,355			—
Stock-based compensation			—			—			—			—			—			4,727			—			—			—			4,727
Other, net			—			—			(41)			—			94			—			—			—			(720)			(626)
Balance at December 31, 2020			—			$	—		50,833			$	528		$	1,427,239		$	(6,245)		$	(233,344)		$	30,871		$	(31,276)		$	1,187,773

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

						Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss)/income from continuing operations						(513,175)						101,521						109,219
Net (loss) from discontinued operations						(19,842)						(4,071)						(3,454)
Net (loss)/income						$	(533,017)					$	97,450					$	105,765
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses						75,878						35,419						25,451
Net amortization of securities						2,513						2,407						2,837
Change in unamortized net loan origination costs and premiums						21,856						12,759						(1,004)
Premises and equipment depreciation and amortization expense						11,919						10,921						10,442
Stock-based compensation expense						4,727						4,812						4,759
Accretion of purchase accounting entries, net						(10,377)						(14,813)						(24,000)
Amortization of other intangibles						6,181						5,783						4,934
Income from cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance policies						(5,354)						(5,349)						(6,232)
Securities losses/(gains), net						7,576						(4,389)						3,719
Net change in loans held-for-sale						(4,267)						(5,137)						1,460
Loss on disposition of assets						327						3,443						152
Loss on sale of real estate						13						5						—
Amortization of interest in tax-advantaged projects						3,645						6,455						4,618
Goodwill impairment						553,762						—						—
Net change in other						(31,247)						(23,418)						30,601
Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations						123,977						130,419						166,956
Net cash provided/(used) by operating activities of discontinued operations						103,664						(18,894)						55,298
Net cash provided by operating activities						227,641						111,525						222,254
Cash flows from investing activities:
Net decrease in trading security						734						701						665
Purchases of marketable equity securities						(17,631)						(23,841)						(24,538)
Proceeds from sales of marketable equity securities						33,928						43,075						38,104
Purchases of securities available for sale						(885,182)						(119,671)						(257,547)
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale						69,337						136,229						499
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and prepayments of securities available for sale						457,586						240,586						188,076
Purchases of securities held to maturity						(144,651)						(7,260)						(15,391)
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and prepayments of securities held to maturity						35,331						21,602						36,746
Net change in loans						1,054,029						694,657						(801,876)
Acquisitions, net of cash paid						—						110,774						—
Proceeds from surrender of bank-owned life insurance						553						2,451						854
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock						(6,741)						(112,208)						(76,090)
Proceeds from sales of Federal Home Loan Bank stock						19,887						149,455						61,831
Net investment in limited partnership tax credits						(7,280)						(4,387)						(4,724)
Purchase of premises and equipment, net						(7,208)						(10,565)						(9,349)
(Continued)

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Table of Contents

BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONCLUDED)

						Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Proceeds from sales of seasoned commercial loan portfolios						37,988						81,147						—
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned						171						150						1,600
Net investing cash flows provided/(used) by discontinued operations						252						(313)						(377)
Net cash provided/(used) by investing activities						641,103						1,202,582						(861,517)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase in deposits						$	499,657					$	23,996					$	233,704
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other borrowings						326,277						5,384,982						4,767,766
Repayments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other borrowings						(582,648)						(6,228,780)						(4,387,223)
Purchase of treasury stock						(473)						(52,746)						—
Exercise of stock options						664						188						326
Common and preferred stock cash dividends paid						(36,564)						(45,107)						(40,884)
Settlement of derivative contracts with financial institution counterparties						(97,611)						—						—
Net cash provided/(used) by financing activities						109,302						(917,467)						573,689
Net change in cash and cash equivalents						978,046						396,640						(65,574)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year						579,829						183,189						248,763
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year						$	1,557,875					$	579,829					$	183,189
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid on deposits						$	82,319					$	119,695					$	74,565
Interest paid on borrowed funds						21,277						33,406						32,274
Income taxes (refunded)/paid, net						(13,864)						19,818						3,029
Acquisition of non-cash assets and liabilities:
Assets acquired						—						1,595,054						—
Liabilities assumed						—						(1,530,010)						—
Other non-cash changes:
Other net comprehensive income/(loss)						18,878						25,463						(12,274)
Impact to retained earnings from adoption of ASC 326, net of tax						24,380						—						—
Mid-Atlantic assets reclassified to held for sale						317,304						—						—
Mid- Atlantic liabilities reclassified to held for sale						630,065						—						—
Reclass of seasoned loan portfolios to held-for-sale, net						14,845						120,307						—
Real estate owned acquired in settlement of loans						224						—						1,600

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018

 

NOTE 1.    SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements (the “financial statements”) of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company” or “Berkshire”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The Company is a Delaware corporation, headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and the holding company for Berkshire Bank (the “Bank”), a Massachusetts-chartered trust company headquartered in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and Berkshire Insurance Group, Inc. These financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and the Bank’s consolidated subsidiaries. In consolidation, all significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated. The results of operations of companies or assets acquired are included only from the dates of acquisition. All material wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries are consolidated unless GAAP requires otherwise.

The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure through the date these financial statements were issued.

Reclassifications

Certain items in prior financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Refer to Note 17 – Other Commitments, Contingencies, and Off-Balance Sheet Activities for pandemic related risks and uncertainties.

Business Combinations

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, the accounts of an acquired entity are included with the acquirer’s accounts as of the date of acquisition with any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired (including identifiable intangibles) capitalized as goodwill.

To consummate an acquisition, the Company will typically issue common stock and/or pay cash, depending on the terms of the acquisition agreement. The value of common shares issued is determined based upon the market price of the stock as of the closing of the acquisition.

Cash and Cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash, balances due from banks, and short-term investments, all of which had an original maturity within 90 days. Due to the nature of cash and cash equivalents and the near term maturity, the Company estimated that the carrying amount of such instruments approximated fair value. The nature of the Bank’s business requires that it maintain amounts due from banks which at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Bank has not experienced any losses on such amounts and all amounts are maintained with well-capitalized institutions.

Trading Security

The Company accounts for a tax advantaged economic development bond originated in 2008 at fair value, in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320. The bond has been designated as a trading account security and is recorded at fair value, with changes in unrealized gains and losses recorded through earnings each period as part of non-interest income.

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Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Securities

Debt securities that management has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost. All other debt securities are classified as available for sale and carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of other net comprehensive income. Equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in net income. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. Restricted equity securities, such as stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”) are carried at cost. There are no quoted market prices for the Company’s restricted equity securities. The Bank is a member of the FHLBB, which requires that members maintain an investment in FHLBB stock, which may be redeemed based on certain conditions. The Bank reviews for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the cost bases in the FHLBB stock.

Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method, without anticipating prepayments, except mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated, over the terms of the securities. Premiums on callable debt securities are amortized to their earliest call date. Gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method.

The Company measures expected credit losses on held to maturity debt securities on a collective basis. Accrued interest receivable on held to maturity debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The Company evaluates available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position by first assessing whether it intends to sell or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available for sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans originated with the intent to be sold in the secondary market are accounted for under the fair value option. Non-refundable fees and direct loan origination costs related to residential mortgage loans held for sale are recognized in non-interest income or non-interest expense as earned or incurred. Fair value is primarily determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets. Gains and losses on sales of residential mortgage loans (sales proceeds minus carrying value) are recorded in non-interest income.

Loans that were previously held for investment that the Company has an active plan to sell are transferred to loans held for sale at the lower of cost or market (fair value). The market price is primarily determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets or agreed upon sales prices. Gains are recorded in non-interest income at sale to the extent that the sale price of the loan exceeds carrying value. Any reduction in the loan’s value, prior to being transferred to loans held for sale, is reflected as a charge-off of the recorded investment in the loan resulting in a new cost basis, with a corresponding reduction in the allowance for loan losses. Further decreases in the fair value of the loan are recognized in non-interest expense.

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Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Loans

Loans are reported at their amortized cost. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of the unamortized balance of any deferred fees or costs and the unamortized balance of any premiums or discounts on loans purchased or acquired through mergers. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Interest income includes net accretion or amortization of deferred fees or costs and of premiums or discounts. Direct loan origination costs, net of any origination fees, in addition to premiums and discounts on loans, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method. Interest on loans, excluding automobile loans, is generally not accrued on loans which are ninety days or more past due unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. Automobile loans generally continue accruing until one hundred and twenty days delinquent, at which time they are charged off. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on non-accrual or charged-off is reversed against interest income, except for certain loans designated as well-secured. The interest on non-accrual loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Purchase Credit Deteriorated (PCD) Loans

Loans that the Company acquired in acquisitions include some loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense.

Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans

The allowance for credit losses for loans (“ACLL”) is comprised of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded commitments which is accounted for as a separate liability in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The ACLL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The level of the ACLL represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the balance sheet date. The Company uses a static pool migration analysis method, applying expected historical loss trend and observed economic metrics. The level of the ACLL is based on management’s ongoing review of all relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past and current events, utilizing a 7 quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period with a 1 year reversion period. The ACLL reserve is overlaid with qualitative factors based upon:

•the existence and growth of concentrations of credit;

•the volume and severity of past due financial assets, including nonaccrual assets;

•the institutions lending and credit review as well as the experience and ability of relevant management and staff and;

•the effect of other external factors such as regulatory, competition, regional market conditions, legal and technological environment and other events such as natural disasters;

•the effect of other economic factors such as economic stimulus and customer forbearance programs.

The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level by the Company to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit).

The ACLL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company evaluates its risk characteristics of loans based on regulatory call report code with sub-segmentation based on underlying collateral for certain loan types. Risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment are as follows:

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Construction – Loans in this segment primarily include real estate development loans for which payment is derived from sale of the property or long term financing at completion. Credit risk is affected by cost overruns, time to sell at an adequate price, and market conditions.

Commercial real estate multifamily, owner occupied and non-owner – Loans in this segment are primarily owner-occupied or income-producing properties throughout New England and Northeastern New York. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties are adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy, which in turn, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Management monitors the cash flows of these loans.

Commercial and industrial loans – Loans in this segment are made to businesses and are generally secured by assets of the business such as accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, other liquid collateral, equipment and other business assets. Repayment is expected from the cash flows of the business. Loans in this segment include asset based loans which generally have no scheduled repayment which are closely monitored against formula based collateral advance ratios. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer spending, will have an effect on the credit quality of this segment.

Residential real estate – All loans in this segment are collateralized by residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Home equity and other consumer loans – Loans in this segment are primarily home equity lines of credit, automobile loans and other consumer loans. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis, which the Company has determined to be non-accrual loans over a threshold, loans that were determined to be Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDRs”) and PCD loans. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. Estimates of specific allowance may be determined by the present value of anticipated future cash flows or the loan’s observable fair market value, or the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell, if the loan is collateral dependent. However, for collateral dependent loans, the amount of the amortized cost in a loan that exceeds the fair value of the collateral is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses in lieu of an allocation of a specific allowance amount when such an amount has been identified definitively as uncollectible.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

Bank-owned life insurance policies are reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date which is the cash surrender value. Changes in the net cash surrender value of the policies, as well as insurance proceeds received, are reflected in non-interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and are not subject to income taxes.

Foreclosed and Repossessed Assets

Other real estate owned is comprised of real estate acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. Repossessed collateral is primarily comprised of taxi medallions. Both other real estate owned and repossessed collateral are held for sale and are initially recorded at the fair value less estimated costs to sell at the date of foreclosure or repossession, establishing a new cost basis. The shortfall, if any, of the loan balance over the fair value of the property or collateral (excluding taxi medallions), less cost to sell, at the time of transfer from loans to other real estate owned or repossessed collateral is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent to transfer, the asset is carried at lower of cost or fair value less cost to sell and periodically evaluated for impairment. The shortfall, if any, of the loan balance over the fair value of the collateral comprised of taxi medallions at the time of transfer from loans to repossessed collateral is charged to non-interest income. Subsequent impairments in the fair value of other real estate owned and repossessed collateral are charged to expense in the period incurred. Net operating income or expense related to other real estate owned and repossessed collateral is included in operating expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Because of changing market conditions, there are inherent uncertainties in the assumptions with respect to the estimated fair value of other real estate owned and repossessed collateral. Because of these inherent uncertainties, the amount ultimately

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realized on other real estate owned and repossessed collateral may differ from the amounts reflected in the financial statements.

Capitalized Servicing Rights

Capitalized servicing rights are included in “other assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Servicing assets are initially recognized as separate assets at fair value when rights are acquired through purchase or through sale of financial assets with servicing retained.

The Company's servicing rights accounted for under the fair value method are carried on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in income in the period in which the change occurs. Changes in the fair value of servicing rights are primarily due to changes in valuation assumptions, such as discount rates and prepayment speeds, and the collection and realization of expected cash flows.

The Company’s servicing rights accounted for under the amortization method are initially recorded at fair value. Under that method, capitalized servicing rights are charged to expense in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. Fair value of the servicing rights is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, such as the cost to service, the discount rate, prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for an individual tranche, to the extent that fair value is less than the capitalized amount for the tranches. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular tranche, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income.

Premises and Equipment

Land is carried at cost. Buildings, improvements, and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term, plus optional terms if certain conditions are met, or the estimated useful life of the asset.

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Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is assessed annually for impairment, and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that there may be an impairment. Adverse changes in the economic environment, declining operations, unanticipated competition, loss of key personnel, or other factors could result in a decline in the implied fair value of goodwill. Subsequent reversals of goodwill impairment are prohibited.

Other Intangibles

Intangible assets are acquired assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset or liability.

The fair values of these assets are generally determined based on appraisals and are subsequently amortized on a straight-line basis or an accelerated basis over their estimated lives. Management assesses the recoverability of these intangible assets at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount exceeds fair value, an impairment charge is recorded to income.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of an entire financial asset, group of entire financial assets, or a participating interest in an entire financial asset are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets.

Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable for future years to differences between financial statement and tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The effect of tax rate changes on deferred taxes is recognized in the income tax provision in the period that includes the enactment date. A tax valuation allowance is established, as needed, to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. In the event it becomes more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset allowances will not be needed, the valuation allowance will be adjusted.

In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying the Company’s income tax

positions. Income tax positions and recorded tax benefits are based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have determined the amount of the tax benefit to be recognized by estimating the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will not be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. Where applicable, associated interest and penalties have also been recognized. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.

Insurance Commissions

Commission revenue is recognized as of the effective date of the insurance policy or the date the customer is billed, whichever is later, net of return commissions related to policy cancellations. Policy cancellation is a variable consideration that is not deemed significant and thus, does not impact the amount of revenue recognized.

In addition, the Company may receive additional performance commissions based on achieving certain sales and loss experience measures. Such commissions are recognized when determinable, which is generally when such commissions are received or when the Company receives data from the insurance companies that allows the reasonable estimation of these amounts.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures and recognizes compensation cost relating to share-based payment transactions based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instruments issued. The fair value of restricted stock is recorded as unearned

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compensation. The deferred expense is amortized to compensation expense based on one of several permitted attribution methods over the longer of the required service period or performance period. For performance-based restricted stock awards, the Company estimates the degree to which performance conditions will be met to determine the number of shares that will vest and the related compensation expense. Compensation expense is adjusted in the period such estimates change.

Income tax benefits and/or tax deficiencies related to stock compensation determined as the difference between compensation cost recognized for financial reporting purposes and the deduction for tax, are recognized in the income statement as income tax expense or benefit in the period in which they occur.

Wealth Management

Wealth management assets held in a fiduciary or agent capacity are not included in the accompanying Consolidated

Balance Sheets because they are not assets of the Company.

Wealth management fees is primarily comprised of fees earned from consultative investment management, trust administration, tax return preparation, and financial planning. The Company’s performance obligation is generally satisfied over time and the resulting fees are recognized monthly, based on the daily accrual of the market value of the investment accounts and the applicable fee rate.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements as part of the Company’s interest rate risk management strategy for certain assets and liabilities and not for speculative purposes. Based on the Company’s intended use for the interest rate swap at inception, the Company designates the derivative as either an economic hedge of an asset or liability or a hedging instrument subject to the hedge accounting provisions of ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.”

Interest rate swaps designated as economic hedges are recorded at fair value within other assets or liabilities. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded directly through earnings.

For interest rate swaps that management intends to apply the hedge accounting provisions of ASC 815, the Company formally documents at inception all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the various hedges. Additionally, the Company uses dollar offset or regression analysis at the hedge’s inception and for each reporting period thereafter, to assess whether the derivative used in its hedging transaction is expected to be and has been highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. The Company discontinues hedge accounting when it is determined that a derivative is not expected to be or has ceased to be highly effective as a hedge, and then reflects changes in fair value of the derivative in earnings after termination of the hedge relationship.

The Company has characterized its interest rate swaps that qualify under ASC 815 hedge accounting as cash flow hedges. Cash flow hedges are used to minimize the variability in cash flows of assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions caused by interest rate fluctuations, and are recorded at fair value in other assets or liabilities within the Company’s balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of these cash flow hedges are initially recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. Any hedge ineffectiveness assessed as part of the Company’s quarterly analysis is recorded directly to earnings.

The Company enters into commitments to lend with borrowers, and forward commitments to sell loans or to-be-announced mortgage-backed bonds to investors to hedge against the inherent interest rate and pricing risk associated with selling loans. The commitments to lend generally terminate once the loan is funded, the lock period expires or the borrower decides not to contract for the loan. The forward commitments generally terminate once the loan is sold, the commitment period expires or the borrower decides not to contract for the loan. These commitments are considered derivatives which are accounted for by recognizing their estimated fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either a freestanding asset or liability. See Note 15 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities to the financial statements for more information on commitments to lend and forward commitments.

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Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into off-balance sheet financial instruments, consisting primarily of credit related financial instruments. These financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when they are funded or related fees are incurred or received.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The Company groups assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

Level 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Valuation is based on observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Valuation is based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using unobservable techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Employee Benefits

The Company maintains an employer sponsored 401(k) plan to which participants may make contributions in the form of salary deferrals and the Company provides matching contributions in accordance with the terms of the plan. Contributions due under the terms of the defined contribution plans are accrued as earned by employees.

Due to the Rome Bancorp acquisition in 2011, the Company inherited a noncontributory, qualified, defined benefit pension plan for certain employees who met age and service requirements; as well as other post-retirement benefits, principally health care and group life insurance. The Rome pension plan and postretirement benefits that were acquired in connection with the whole-bank acquisition were frozen prior to the close of the transaction. The pension benefit in the form of a life annuity is based on the employee’s combined years of service, age, and compensation. The Company also has a long-term care post-retirement benefit plan for certain executives where upon disability, associated benefits are funded by insurance policies or paid directly by the Company.

In order to measure the expense associated with the Plans, various assumptions are made including the discount rate, expected return on plan assets, anticipated mortality rates, and expected future healthcare costs. The assumptions are based on historical experience as well as current facts and circumstances. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for its plans. As of the measurement date, plan assets are determined based on fair value, generally representing observable market prices. The projected benefit obligation is primarily determined based on the present value of projected benefit distributions at an assumed discount rate.

Net periodic pension benefit costs include interest costs based on an assumed discount rate, the expected return on plan assets based on actuarially derived market-related values, and the amortization of net actuarial losses. Net periodic postretirement benefit costs include service costs, interest costs based on an assumed discount rate, and the amortization of prior service credits and net actuarial gains. Differences between expected and actual results in each year are included in the net actuarial gain or loss amount, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The net actuarial gain or loss in excess of a 10% corridor is amortized in net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining service period of active participants in the Plans. The prior service credit is amortized over the average remaining service period to full eligibility for participating employees expected to receive benefits.

The Company recognizes in its statement of condition an asset for a plan’s overfunded status or a liability for a plan’s underfunded status. The Company also measures the Plans’ assets and obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the fiscal year and recognizes those changes in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

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Due to the SI Financial acquisition in 2019, the Company inherited a tax-qualified defined benefit pension plan. The plan was frozen effective September 6, 2013 and SI Financial recorded a contingent obligation to settle the plan at a future date, which was assumed by the Company. The plan is a single plan under the Internal Revenue Code and, as a result, all of the assets stand behind all of liabilities. Accordingly, contributions made by a participating employer may be used to provide benefits to participants of other participating employers.

Operating Segments

The Company operates as one consolidated reportable segment. The chief operating decision-maker evaluates consolidated results and makes decisions for resource allocation on this same data. Management periodically reviews and redefines its segment reporting as internal reporting practices evolve and components of the business change. The financial statements reflect the financial results of the Company's one reportable operating segment.

Recently Adopted Accounting Principles

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles: Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” The ASU simplifies the test for goodwill impairment by eliminating the second step of the current two-step method. Under the new accounting guidance, entities will compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, the entity is required to recognize an impairment charge for this amount. Current guidance requires an entity to proceed to a second step, whereby the entity would determine the fair value of its assets and liabilities. The new method applies to all reporting units. The performance of a qualitative assessment is still allowable. This accounting guidance is effective prospectively for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of ASU No. 2017-04 did not impact the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” This ASU eliminates, adds, and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Among the changes, entities will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, but will be required to disclose the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Entities are also allowed to elect early adoption for the eliminated or modified disclosure requirements and delay adoption of the new disclosure requirements until their effective date. As ASU No. 2018-13 only revises disclosure requirements, it did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract.” ASU No. 2018-15 clarifies certain aspects of ASU No. 2015-05, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement,” which was issued in April 2015. Specifically, ASU No. 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). ASU No. 2018-15 does not affect the accounting for the service element of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. ASU No. 2018-15 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” and related subsequent amendments, which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology. The measurement of expected losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, as well as unfunded commitments that are considered off-balance sheet credit exposures at the reporting date. The measurement is based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to enhance their credit loss estimates. The update requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and

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other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. In addition, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. For available for sale debt securities with unrealized losses, Topic 326 requires credit losses to be recognized as an allowance rather than a reduction in the amortized cost of the securities. As a result, improvements to estimated credit losses are recognized immediately in earnings rather than as interest income over time. The current expected credit loss measurement will be used to estimate the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) over the life of the financial assets. The amendments in this update became effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019.

As previously disclosed, the Company assembled a cross-functional working group that met regularly to oversee the implementation plan which included assessment and documentation of processes and internal controls, model development and documentation, assessing existing loan and loss data, assessing models for default and loss estimates, and conducting parallel runs and reviews through December 31, 2019.

Under CECL the Company determines its allowance for credit losses on loans using pools of assets with similar risk characteristics. The Company evaluates its risk characteristics of loans based on regulatory call report code with sub-segmentation based on underlying collateral for certain loan types. Loans that no longer match the risk profile of the pool are individually assessed for credit losses. The Company’s lifetime credit loss models are based on historical data and incorporate forecasts of macroeconomic variables, expected prepayments and recoveries. Enhancements were made in the third quarter of 2020 to the Company’s economic adjustment calculation. The Company implemented segment-level loss calculations based on the equation of the fit line which replaced the previous calculation using a range. This allows the model to calculate a specific point estimate for the loss rate as compared to using a mid-point of a range. Additionally, the Company utilized actual loan runoff by segment whereas previously a calculation was utilized for the weighted average life period. The enhancements to the economic adjustment calculation were accounted for as a change in estimate and were not considered material to the overall calculation. Outside of the model, non-economic qualitative factors are applied to further refine the expected loss calculation for each portfolio. A seven quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period with a 1 year reversion period is currently used for all loan portfolios. When the risk characteristics of a loan no longer match the characteristics of the collective pool, the loan is removed from the pool and individually assessed for credit losses. Generally, non-accrual loans above a threshold deemed appropriate by management, TDRs, potential TDRs, and collateral dependent loans are individually assessed.

The individual assessment for credit impairment is generally based on a discounted cash flow approach unless the asset is collateral dependent. A loan is considered collateral dependent when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Collateral dependent loans are individually assessed and the expected credit loss is based on the fair value of the collateral. The fair value is reduced for estimated costs to sell if the value of the collateral is expected to be realized through sale.

The Company has elected to present accrued interest receivable separately from the amortized cost basis on the balance sheet and is not currently estimating an allowance for credit loss on accrued interest. This election applies to loans as well as debt securities. The Company's non-accrual policies have not changed as a result of adopting CECL.

The Company adopted CECL on January 1, 2020 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance-sheet credit exposures. Results for the reporting periods after January 1, 2020 are presented under Topic 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. On the adoption date, the Company increased the allowance for credit losses for loans by $25.4 million and increased the allowance for credit losses for unfunded loan commitments by $8.0 million (in other liabilities). The increase related to the Company's acquired loan portfolio totaled $15.3 million. Under the previously applicable accounting guidance, any remaining unamortized loan discount on an individual loan could be used to offset a charge-off for that loan, so the allowance for loan losses needed for the acquired loans was reduced by the remaining loan discounts. The new ASU removes the ability to offset a charge-off against the remaining loan

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discount and requires an allowance for credit losses to be recognized in addition to the loan discount. The impact of adopting the ASU, and at each subsequent reporting period, is highly dependent on credit quality, macroeconomic forecasts and conditions, composition of our loans and available-for-sale securities portfolio, along with other management judgments. The FASB provided transition relief, allowing entities to irrevocably elect, upon adoption of CECL, the fair value option (FVO) on financial instruments that were previously recorded at amortized cost and are within the scope of ASC 326-20 if the instruments are eligible for the FVO under ASC 825-10. It is applied through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. The Company elected the FVO for the taxi medallion portfolio resulting in a $15.3 million reduction in loan valuation. As of January 1, 2020, the Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $24.4 million decrease in retained earnings, net of deferred tax balances of $9.0 million.

The Company recorded an allowance for credit losses as of January 1, 2020 on its securities held to maturity of $0.3 million.

The Company adopted CECL using the prospective transition approach for financial assets purchased with credit deterioration (“PCD”) that were previously classified as purchased credit impaired and accounted for under ASC 310-30. In accordance with the standard, Berkshire did not reassess whether PCI assets met the definition of PCD assets as of the date of adoption. On January 1, 2020, the amortized cost basis of the PCD assets were adjusted to reflect the addition of $15.3 million to the allowance for credit losses for loans which is net of $11.9 million adjustment for confirmed losses. The remaining noncredit discount in the amount of $3.2 million will be accreted into interest income at the effective interest rate as of January 1, 2020.

The impact of the January 1, 2020, adoption entry is summarized in the table below:

(in thousands)						December 31, 2019 Pre-ASC 326 Adoption						Impact of Adoption						January 1, 2020 Post-ASC 326 Adoption
Assets:
Loans						9,502,428						—						9,502,428
PCD gross up						—						15,326						15,326
Fair value option						—						(15,291)						(15,291)
Total loans						9,502,428						35						9,502,463
Allowance for credit losses on loans						63,575						25,434						89,009
Allowance for credit losses on securities						—						309						309
Deferred tax assets, net						51,165						8,993						60,158
Liabilities and shareholders' equity:
Other liabilities (ACL unfunded loan commitments)						100						7,993						8,093
Retained earnings						361,082						(24,380)						336,702

In December 2018, the OCC, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the FDIC approved a final rule to address changes to credit loss accounting under GAAP, including banking organizations’ implementation of CECL. The final rule provides banking organizations the option to phase in over a three-year period the day-one adverse effects on regulatory capital that may result from the adoption of the new accounting standard. In March 2020, the OCC, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the FDIC announced an interim final rule to delay the estimated impact on regulatory capital stemming from the implementation of CECL. The interim final rule maintains the three-year transition option in the previous rule and provides banks the option to delay for two years an estimate of CECL’s effect on regulatory capital, relative to the incurred loss methodology’s effect on regulatory capital, followed by a three-year transition period (five-year transition option). The Company is adopting the capital transition relief over the permissible five-year period.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus, Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act, which provides relief from certain requirements under GAAP, was signed into law. Section 4013 of the CARES Act gives entities temporary relief from the accounting and disclosure requirements for troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") under

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ASC 310-40 in certain situations. In addition, on April 7, 2020, certain regulatory banking agencies issued an interagency statement that offers practical expedients for evaluating whether loan modifications in response to the COVID-19 pandemic are TDRs. The interagency statement was originally issued on March 22, 2020, but was revised to address the relationship between their original TDR guidance and the guidance in Section 4013 of the CARES Act. To qualify for TDR accounting and disclosure relief under the CARES Act, the applicable loan must not have been more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019, and the modification must be executed during the period beginning on March 1, 2020, and ending on the earlier of December 31, 2020, or the date that is 60 days after the termination date of the national emergency declared by the president on March 13, 2020, under the National Emergencies Act related to the outbreak of COVID-19. The CARES Act applies to modifications made as a result of COVID-19, including forbearance agreements, interest rate modifications, repayment plans, and other arrangements to defer or delay payment of principal or interest. The interagency statement does not require the modification to be completed within a certain time period if it is related to COVID-19 and the loan was not more than 30 days past due as of the date of the Company’s implementation of its modification programs. Moreover, the interagency statement applies to short-term modifications including payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other insignificant payment delays as a result of COVID-19. The Company will apply Section 4013 of the CARES Act and the interagency statement in connection with applicable modifications. For modifications that qualify under either the CARES Act or the interagency statement, TDR accounting and reporting is suspended through the period of the modification; however, the Company will continue to apply its existing non-accrual policies including consideration of the loan's past due status which is determined on the basis of the contractual terms of the loan. Once a loan has been contractually modified, the past due status is generally based on the updated terms including payment deferrals.

Future Application of Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, “Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans.” This ASU amends and modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other post-retirement plans. The amendments in this update remove disclosures that no longer are considered cost beneficial, clarify the specific requirements of disclosures, and add disclosure requirements identified as relevant. ASU No. 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. As ASU No. 2018-14 only revises disclosure requirements, it will not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” ASU No. 2019-12 removes specific exceptions to the general principles in FASB ASC Topic 740. It eliminates the need for an organization to analyze whether the following apply in a given period: (1) exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation; (2) exceptions to accounting for basis differences when there are ownership changes in foreign investments; and (3) exception in interim period income tax accounting for year-to-date losses that exceed anticipated losses. ASU 2019-12 also improves financial statement preparers’ application of income tax-related guidance and simplifies: (1) franchise taxes that are partially based on income; (2) transactions with a government that result in a step up in the tax basis of goodwill; (3) separate financial statements of legal entities that are not subject to tax; and (4) enacted changes in tax laws in interim periods. The amendments in this ASU become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-01, “Investments - Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Clarifying the Interactions Between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815 (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force)”. ASU No. 2020-01 clarifies the interaction of the accounting for equity securities under Topic 321 and investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting in Topic 323 and the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options accounted for under Topic 815. The amendments clarify that an entity should consider observable transactions that require it to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with Topic 321 immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method. In addition, this ASU provides direction that a company should not consider whether the underlying securities would be accounted for under the equity method or the fair

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value option when it is determining the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options, upon either settlement or exercise. The amendments in this ASU become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, and the amendments are to be applied prospectively. The adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, “Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” ASU No. 2020-04 provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as SOFR. For instance, entities can elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. An entity that makes this election would not have to remeasure the contracts at the modification date or reassess a previous accounting determination. Entities can also elect various optional expedients that would allow them to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. Finally, entities can make a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify held-to-maturity debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. It is anticipated that this ASU will simplify any modifications that are executed between the selected start date (yet to be determined) and December 31, 2022 that are directly related to LIBOR transition by allowing prospective recognition of the continuation of the contract, rather than extinguishment of the old contract resulting in writing off unamortized fees/costs. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the new guidance on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope.” ASU No. 2021-01 clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in ASC 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. ASU No. 2021-01 also amends the expedients and exceptions in ASC 848 to capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and to tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition. ASU No. 2021-01 was effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through December 31, 2022. The adoption of ASU 2021-01 did not significantly impact the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 2.           DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS AND HELD FOR SALE

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company reached the decision to pursue the sale of the national mortgage banking operations of First Choice Loan Services, Inc. (“FCLS”) – a subsidiary of the Bank. The decision was based on a number of strategic priorities and other factors, including the competitiveness of the mortgage industry. As a result of these actions, the Company classified the operations of FCLS as discontinued under ASC 205-20. The Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations, and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows present discontinued operations retrospectively for current and prior periods.

On May 7, 2020, the Company completed a transaction to sell certain assets and liabilities related to the operations of FCLS. During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company completed the final wind-down of the operations of FCLS. Operating results for the year ended December 31, 2020, include expenses related to the wind-down of operations.

The following is a summary of the assets and liabilities of the discontinued operations of FCLS at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

(in thousands)						December 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
Assets
Loans held for sale, at fair value						$	—					$	132,655
Premises and equipment, net						—						1,073
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value						—						12,299
Mortgage banking derivatives						—						2,329
Right-of-use asset						—						3,462
Deferred tax						—						(3,418)
Other assets						—						5,732
Total assets						$	—					$	154,132
Liabilities
Customer payments in process						$	—					$	15,372
Lease liability						—						3,494
Other liabilities						—						7,615
Total liabilities						$	—					$	26,481

FCLS funded its lending operations and maintained working capital through an intercompany line-of-credit with the Bank. Although the wind-down of FCLS resulted in settlement of these borrowings, debt was not allocated to discontinued operations due to the intercompany nature of the borrowings.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following presents operating results of the discontinued operations of FCLS for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018:

						Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Interest income						$	1,525					$	6,085					$	5,267
Interest expense						391						3,372						2,131
Net interest income						1,134						2,713						3,136
Non-interest (loss)/income						(4,740)						38,517						35,574
Total net revenue						(3,606)						41,230						38,710
Non-interest expense						23,249						46,769						43,477
(Loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes						(26,855)						(5,539)						(4,767)
Income tax (benefit)						(7,013)						(1,468)						(1,313)
Net (loss) from discontinued operations						$	(19,842)					$	(4,071)					$	(3,454)

FCLS also originated mortgages designated as held-for-investment. This component of FCLS’s operations was not considered discontinued, since the Company expects to continue to originate mortgages designated as held-for-investment in its footprint on a small scale through processes considered as continuing operations.

Mid-Atlantic Branch Sale

The Company has entered into an agreement to sell its eight Mid-Atlantic branches to Investors Bank of Short Hills, New Jersey, subject to customary regulatory approvals. The transfer is targeted for completion in the first half of 2021. The branch sale includes loans with a total balance of $301 million and deposit accounts with a total balance of $617 million as of December 31, 2020. These balances are included in assets held for sale and liabilities held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The buyer has agreed to pay a premium equal to 3.0% of the final deposit balance transferred. The sale includes all branch premises and equipment, and the agreement provides that the buyer intends to offer employment to all associated staff. Berkshire expects to complete the net transfer with funds from short-term investments. The branch sale will have no effect on Berkshire’s Mid-Atlantic specialized commercial lending operations, including SBA lending at its 44 Business Capital Division and its asset-based lending relationships.

The following is a summary of the assets and liabilities related to the branch sale at December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)						December 31, 2020
Assets
Loans						$	300,599
Other assets						16,705
Total assets						$	317,304
Liabilities
Deposits						$	617,377
Other liabilities						12,688
Total liabilities						$	630,065

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NOTE 3.    CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

 

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, and short-term investments with original maturities of 90 days or less. Short-term investments included $75.1 million and $96.3 million pledged as collateral support for derivative financial contracts at year-end 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Federal Reserve Bank requires the Bank to maintain certain reserve requirements of vault cash and/or deposits. As of December 31, 2020, the reserve requirement was zero. The reserve requirement, included in cash and equivalents, as of December 31, 2019 was $18.3 million.

NOTE 4.    TRADING SECURITY

 

The Company holds a tax advantaged economic development bond that is being accounted for at fair value. The security had an amortized cost of $8.7 million and $9.4 million and a fair value of $9.7 million and $10.8 million at year-end 2020 and 2019, respectively. Unrealized losses recorded through income on this security totaled $0.3 million, $0.3 million, and $0.4 million for 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. As discussed further in Note 15 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, the Company has entered into a swap contract to swap-out the fixed rate of the security in exchange for a variable rate. The Company does not purchase securities with the intent of selling them in the near term, and there are no other debt securities in the trading portfolio at year-end 2020 and 2019.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 5.    SECURITIES

The following is a summary of securities available for sale (“AFS”) , held to maturity (“HTM”), and marketable equity securities:

(In thousands)						Amortized Cost						Gross Unrealized Gains						Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Allowance
December 31, 2020
Securities available for sale
Debt securities:
Municipal bonds and obligations						$	90,273					$	7,530					$	—					$	97,803					$	—
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations						740,225						16,836						(235)						756,826						—
Agency mortgage-backed securities						433,311						4,954						(133)						438,132						—
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities						278,990						9,835						(175)						288,650						—
Corporate bonds						59,098						942						(10)						60,030						—
Other bonds and obligations						52,080						1,719						(8)						53,791						—
Total securities available for sale						1,653,977						41,816						(561)						1,695,232						—
Securities held to maturity
Municipal bonds and obligations						246,520						20,106						—						266,626						64
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations						153,561						5,989						(171)						159,379						—
Agency mortgage-backed securities						35,865						198						(29)						36,034						—
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities						25,481						590						(12)						26,059						—
Tax advantaged economic development bonds						3,369						93						—						3,462						40
Other bonds and obligations						295						—						—						295						—
Total securities held to maturity						465,091						26,976						(212)						491,855						104
Marketable equity securities						18,061						767						(315)						18,513						—
Total						$	2,137,129					$	69,559					$	(1,088)					$	2,205,600					$	104
December 31, 2019
Securities available for sale
Debt securities:
Municipal bonds and obligations						$	104,325					$	5,813					$	—					$	110,138					$	—
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations						742,550						6,431						(169)						748,812						—
Agency mortgage-backed securities						146,589						1,515						(360)						147,744						—
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities						148,066						176						(1,146)						147,096						—
Corporate bonds						115,395						1,788						(607)						116,576						—
Other bonds and obligations						40,414						780						(5)						41,189						—
Total securities available for sale						1,297,339						16,503						(2,287)						1,311,555						—
Securities held to maturity
Municipal bonds and obligations						252,936						13,095						(5)						266,026						—
Agency collateralized mortgage-backed securities						69,667						2,870						(50)						72,487						—
Agency mortgage-backed securities						6,271						29						—						6,300						—
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities						10,353						51						—						10,404						—
Tax advantaged economic development bonds						18,456						218						(910)						17,764						—
Other bonds and obligations						296						—						—						296						—
Total securities held to maturity						357,979						16,263						(965)						373,277						—
Marketable equity securities						37,138						5,147						(729)						41,556						—
Total						$	1,692,456					$	37,913					$	(3,981)					$	1,726,388					$	—

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

At year-end 2020 and 2019, accumulated net unrealized gains/(losses) on AFS securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) were $41.3 million and $14.2 million, respectively. At year-end 2020 and 2019, accumulated net unrealized gains on HTM securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) were $3.7 million and $5.0 million respectively. The year-end 2020 and 2019 related income tax (liability)/benefit of $(11.5) million and $(5.1) million, respectively, was also included in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss).

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses for debt securities held to maturity by security type for the year ended December 31, 2020:

(In thousands)			Municipal bonds and obligations						Tax advantaged economic development bonds						Total
Balance at December 31, 2019			$	—					$	—					$	—
Impact of ASC 326 adoption			83						226						309
Provision for credit losses- reversal			(19)						(186)						(205)
Balance at December 31, 2020			$	64					$	40					$	104

Credit Quality Information

The Company monitors the credit quality of held to maturity securities through credit ratings from various rating agencies. Credit ratings express opinions about the credit quality of a security and are utilized by the Company to make informed decisions. Investment grade securities are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher and generally considered by the rating agencies and market participants to be of low credit risk. Conversely, securities rated below investment grade are considered to have distinctively higher credit risk than investment grade securities. For securities without credit ratings, the Company utilizes other financial information indicating the financial health of the underlying municipality, agency, or organization.

As of December 31, 2020, none of the Company's investment securities were delinquent or in non-accrual status.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of AFS and HTM securities, segregated by contractual maturity at year-end 2020 are presented below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are shown in total, as their maturities are highly variable. 

						Available for sale												Held to maturity
(In thousands)						Amortized Cost						Fair Value						Amortized Cost						Fair Value
Within 1 year						$	33,248					$	33,265					$	1,950					$	1,952
Over 1 year to 5 years						8,148						8,276						3,216						3,233
Over 5 years to 10 years						67,952						69,619						23,050						24,026
Over 10 years						92,103						100,464						221,968						241,172
Total bonds and obligations						201,451						211,624						250,184						270,383
Mortgage-backed securities						1,452,526						1,483,608						214,907						221,472
Total						$	1,653,977					$	1,695,232					$	465,091					$	491,855

 

At year-end 2020 and 2019, the Company had pledged securities as collateral for certain municipal deposits and for interest rate swaps with certain counterparties. The total amortized cost and fair values of these pledged securities follows. Additionally, there is a blanket lien on certain securities to collateralize borrowings from the FHLBB, as discussed further in Note 11 - Borrowed Funds.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

						2020												2019
(In thousands)						Amortized Cost						Fair Value						Amortized Cost						Fair Value
Securities pledged to swap counterparties						$	37,532					$	37,815					$	25,728					$	25,828
Securities pledged for municipal deposits						156,047						166,570						168,740						175,719
Total						$	193,579					$	204,385					$	194,468					$	201,547

 

Purchases of AFS securities totaled $885 million in 2020 and $120 million in 2019. Proceeds from the sale of AFS securities totaled $69 million in 2020 and $136 million in 2019. The amounts for the sale of AFS securities were reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income and into earnings. The components of net recognized gains and losses on the sale of AFS securities and the fair value change of marketable equities are as follows:

(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Gross recognized gains						$	4,602					$	7,492					$	3,256
Gross recognized losses						(11,133)						(3,103)						(6,975)
Net recognized gains/(losses)						$	(6,531)					$	4,389					$	(3,719)

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Debt securities with unrealized losses, segregated by the duration of their continuous unrealized loss positions, are summarized as follows:

						Less Than Twelve Months												Over Twelve Months												Total
(In thousands)						Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value
December 31, 2020
Securities available for sale
Debt securities:
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations						$	235					$	77,898					$	—					$	—					$	235					$	77,898
Agency mortgage-backed securities						131						39,939						2						256						133						40,195
Agency commercial mortgage-back securities						175						51,435						—						—						175						51,435
Corporate bonds						10						4,875						—						—						10						4,875
Other bonds and obligations						—						—						8						1,030						8						1,030
Total securities available for sale						$	551					$	174,147					$	10					$	1,286					$	561					$	175,433
Securities held to maturity
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations						171						25,048						—						—						171						25,048
Agency mortgage-backed securities						29						20,710						—						—						29						20,710
Agency commercial mortgage-back securities						12						10,216						—						—						12						10,216
Total securities held to maturity						212						55,974						—						—						212						55,974
Total						$	763					$	230,121					$	10					$	1,286					$	773					$	231,407
December 31, 2019
Securities available for sale
Debt securities:
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations						$	127					$	52,623					$	42					$	6,267					$	169					$	58,890
Agency mortgage-backed securities						59						10,640						301						23,404						360						34,044
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities						1,097						116,324						49						11,250						1,146						127,574
Corporate bonds						—						—						607						42,823						607						42,823
Other bonds and obligations						4						1,239						1						29						5						1,268
Total securities available for sale						$	1,287					$	180,826					$	1,000					$	83,773					$	2,287					$	264,599
Securities held to maturity
Municipal bonds and obligations						5						800						—						—						5						800
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations						50						9,778						—						—						50						9,778
Tax advantaged economic development bonds						—						—						910						6,925						910						6,925
Total securities held to maturity						55						10,578						910						6,925						965						17,503
Total						$	1,342					$	191,404					$	1,910					$	90,698					$	3,252					$	282,102

Debt Securities

The Company expects to recover its amortized cost basis on all debt securities in its AFS and HTM portfolios. Furthermore, the Company does not intend to sell nor does it anticipate that it will be required to sell any of its securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2020, prior to this recovery. The Company’s ability and intent to hold these securities until recovery is supported by the Company’s strong capital and liquidity positions.

The following summarizes, by investment security type, the basis for the conclusion that the debt securities in an unrealized loss position within the Company’s AFS and HTM portfolios did not maintain other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") at year-end 2020:

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AFS collateralized mortgage obligations

At year-end 2020, 12 out of 225 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS collateralized mortgage obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 0.3% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA"), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC"), and Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMA") guarantee the contractual cash flows of all of the Company's collateralized residential mortgage obligations. The securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2020. All securities are performing.

AFS commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities

At year-end 2020, 17 out of 125 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS mortgage-backed securities were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 0.3% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA guarantee the contractual cash flows of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities. The securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2020. All securities are performing.

AFS corporate bonds

At year-end 2020, 1 out of 15 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS corporate bonds were in unrealized loss positions. The aggregate unrealized loss represents 0.2% of the amortized cost of bonds in unrealized loss positions. The Company reviews the financial strength of these bonds and has concluded that the amortized cost remains supported by the expected future cash flows of these securities.

AFS other bonds and obligations

At year-end 2020, 3 out of 7 securities in the Company’s portfolio of other bonds and obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 0.8% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The securities are all investment grade rated, and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2020. All securities are performing.

HTM collateralized mortgage obligations

At year-end 2020, 2 out of 13 securities in the Company’s portfolio of HTM collateralized mortgage obligations were in an unrealized loss position. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 0.7% of the amortized cost of the security in an unrealized loss position. The FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA guarantee the contractual cash flows of all of the Company's collateralized residential mortgage obligations. The securities are investment grade rated, and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2020. All securities are performing.

HTM commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities

At year-end 2020, 2 out of 6 securities in the Company’s portfolio of HTM mortgage-backed securities were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 0.1% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA guarantee the contractual cash flows of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities. The securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2020. All securities are performing.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 6. LOANS AND RELATED ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company evaluates its risk characteristics of loans based on regulatory call report code with sub-segmentation based on underlying collateral for certain loan types. Prior to the adoption of ASC 326, under the incurred loss model, the Company evaluated its risk characteristics of loans based on purpose of the loans. The composition of loans by portfolio segment as of December 31, 2020 and January 1, 2021 follows:

(In thousands)						December 31, 2019 Statement Balance						Impact of ASC 326 Adoption						January 1, 2020 Post-ASC 326 Adoption
Loans:
Construction						$	448,452					$	187					$	448,639
Commercial multifamily						631,740						252						631,992
Commercial real estate owner occupied						673,308						3,185						676,493
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						2,189,780						6,540						2,196,320
Commercial and industrial						1,843,683						(12,212)						1,831,471
Residential real estate						2,853,385						1,868						2,855,253
Home equity						378,793						10						378,803
Consumer other						483,287						205						483,492
Total						$	9,502,428					$	35					$	9,502,463
Allowance:
Construction						$	2,713					$	(342)					$	2,371
Commercial multifamily						4,413						(1,842)						2,571
Commercial real estate owner occupied						4,880						6,062						10,942
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						16,344						11,201						27,545
Commercial and industrial						20,099						(2,189)						17,910
Residential real estate						9,970						6,799						16,769
Home equity						1,470						4,884						6,354
Consumer other						3,686						861						4,547
Total						$	63,575					$	25,434					$	89,009

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following is a summary of total loans by regulatory call report code with sub-segmentation based on underlying collateral for certain loan types:

(In thousands)						December 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
Construction						$	454,513					$	448,452
Commercial multifamily						483,350						631,740
Commercial real estate owner occupied						552,413						673,308
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						2,119,263						2,189,780
Commercial and industrial						1,943,164						1,843,683
Residential real estate						1,931,681						2,853,385
Home equity						293,981						378,793
Consumer other						303,154						483,287
Total loans						$	8,081,519					$	9,502,428
Allowance for credit losses						127,302						63,575
Net loans						$	7,954,217					$	9,438,853

As of December 31, 2020, loans originated under the Small Business Administration ("SBA") Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") totaled $633.3 million. These loans are 100% guaranteed by the SBA and the full principal amount of the loan may qualify for forgiveness. These loans are included in commercial and industrial.

In 2020, the Company purchased loans aggregating $98 million and sold loans aggregating $415 million. In 2019, the Company purchased loans aggregating $432 million and sold loans aggregating $310 million. Net gains on sales of loans were $10.6 million, $12.0 million, and $9.3 million for the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. These amounts are included in Loan Related Income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Most of the Company’s lending activity occurs within its primary markets in Massachusetts, Southern Vermont, and Northeastern New York. Most of the loan portfolio is secured by real estate, including residential mortgages, commercial mortgages, and home equity loans. Year-end loans to operators of non-residential buildings totaled $1.5 billion, or 19.0%, and $1.7 billion, or 18.1% of total loans in 2020 and 2019, respectively. There were no other concentrations of loans related to any single industry in excess of 10% of total loans at year-end 2020 or 2019.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company maintained foreclosed residential real estate property with a fair value of $149 thousand. As of December 31, 2019, the Company maintained no foreclosed residential real estate property. Additionally, residential mortgage loans collateralized by real estate property that are in the process of foreclosure as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 totaled $3.3 million and $6.5 million, respectively, including sold loans serviced by the Company.

At year-end 2020, the Company had pledged loans totaling $925 million to the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston as collateral for certain borrowing arrangements. Also, residential first mortgage loans are subject to a blanket lien for FHLBB advances. See Note 11 - Borrowed Funds.

At year-end 2020 and 2019, the Company’s commitments outstanding to related parties totaled $2.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively, and the loans outstanding against these commitments totaled $1.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Related parties include directors and executive officers of the Company and its subsidiaries, as well as their respective affiliates in which they have a controlling interest and immediate family members. For the years 2020 and 2019, all related party loans were performing.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans

The Company’s activity in the allowance for credit losses for loans for the year ended December 31, 2020 was as follows:

(In thousands)						Balance at Beginning of Period						Impact of Adopting ASC 326						Sub-total						Charge-offs						Recoveries						Provision for Credit Losses						Balance at End of Period
Year ended December 31, 2020
Construction						$	2,713					$	(342)					$	2,371					$	(834)					$	—					$	3,574					$	5,111
Commercial multifamily						4,413						(1,842)						2,571						(100)						100						3,345						5,916
Commercial real estate owner occupied						4,880						6,062						10,942						(8,686)						1,053						9,071						12,380
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						16,344						11,201						27,545						(11,653)						307						19,651						35,850
Commercial and industrial						20,099						(2,189)						17,910						(19,328)						4,285						22,146						25,013
Residential real estate						9,970						6,799						16,769						(2,285)						1,359						12,648						28,491
Home equity						1,470						4,884						6,354						(347)						292						183						6,482
Consumer other						3,686						861						4,547						(2,562)						609						5,465						8,059
Total allowance for credit losses						$	63,575					$	25,434					$	89,009					$	(45,795)					$	8,005					$	76,083					$	127,302

The Company’s allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is recognized as a liability (other liability on consolidated balance sheet), with adjustments to the reserve recognized in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments for the year ended December 31, 2020 was as follows:

(In thousands)						Total
Balance at December 31, 2019						$	100
Impact of adopting ASC 326						7,993
Sub-Total						8,093
Release of expense for credit losses						(464)
Balance at December 31, 2020						$	7,629

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Credit Quality Information

The Company monitors the credit quality of its portfolio by using internal risk ratings that are based on regulatory guidance. Loans that are given a Pass rating are not considered a problem credit. Loans that are classified as Special Mention loans are considered to have potential weaknesses and are evaluated closely by management. Substandard, including non-accruing loans, are loans for which a definitive weakness has been identified and which may make full collection of contractual cash flows questionable. Doubtful loans are those with identified weaknesses that make full collection of contractual cash flows, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

For commercial credits, the Company assigns an internal risk rating at origination and reviews the rating annually, semiannually, or quarterly depending on the risk rating. The rating is also reassessed at any point in time when management becomes aware of information that may affect the borrower’s ability to fulfill their obligations.

The Company risk rates its residential mortgages, including 1-4 family and residential construction loans, based on a three rating system: Pass, Special Mention, and Substandard. Loans that are current within 59 days are rated Pass. Residential mortgages that are 60-89 days delinquent are rated Special Mention. Loans delinquent for 90 days or greater are rated Substandard and generally placed on non-accrual status. 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents the Company’s loans by risk category:

			Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)			2020			2019			2018			2017			2016			Prior			Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis			Revolving Loans Converted to Term			Total
As of December 31, 2020
Construction
Risk rating
Pass			$	38,374		$	255,377		$	114,690		$	28,474		$	9,519		$	2,766		$	1,000		$	—		$	450,200
Special Mention			—			—			313			—			—			—			—			—			313
Substandard			—			—			—			4,000			—			—			—			—			4,000
Total			$	38,374		$	255,377		$	115,003		$	32,474		$	9,519		$	2,766		$	1,000		$	—		$	454,513
Commercial multifamily:
Risk rating
Pass			$	31,438		$	57,659		$	74,932		$	77,746		$	81,066		$	153,818		$	20		$	—		$	476,679
Special Mention			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Substandard			—			—			—			—			47			6,479			145			—			6,671
Total			$	31,438		$	57,659		$	74,932		$	77,746		$	81,113		$	160,297		$	165		$	—		$	483,350
Commercial real estate owner occupied:
Risk rating
Pass			$	58,327		$	84,839		$	104,797		$	64,693		$	44,300		$	169,197		$	1,194		$	—		$	527,347
Special Mention			535			2,569			1,136			1,009			800			2,579			—			—			8,628
Substandard			—			1,266			3,597			1,685			1,439			8,451			—			—			16,438
Total			$	58,862		$	88,674		$	109,530		$	67,387		$	46,539		$	180,227		$	1,194		$	—		$	552,413
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Risk rating
Pass			$	180,520		$	292,386		$	435,440		$	223,935		$	303,221		$	497,066		$	15,393		$	—		$	1,947,961
Special Mention			—			279			2,068			6,958			11,798			44,961			1,068			—			67,132
Substandard			7,804			3,529			4,235			19,632			2,124			66,651			195			—			104,170
Total			$	188,324		$	296,194		$	441,743		$	250,525		$	317,143		$	608,678		$	16,656		$	—		$	2,119,263
Commercial and industrial:
Risk rating
Pass			$	754,260		$	159,046		$	205,651		$	130,985		$	48,326		$	148,222		$	368,769		$	—		$	1,815,259
Special Mention			1,467			5,753			5,267			2,851			1,601			65			12,408			—			29,412
Substandard			7,392			39,822			24,951			7,765			3,504			5,630			9,099			—			98,163
Doubtful			—			—			—			—			—			—			330			—			330
Total			$	763,119		$	204,621		$	235,869		$	141,601		$	53,431		$	153,917		$	390,606		$	—		$	1,943,164
Residential real estate
Risk rating
Pass			$	150,583		$	146,142		$	272,399		$	320,384		$	333,159		$	691,078		$	3,281		$	—		$	1,917,026
Special Mention			384			—			454			1,430			—			362			—			—			2,630
Substandard			991			39			703			902			417			8,964			9			—			12,025
Total			$	151,958		$	146,181		$	273,556		$	322,716		$	333,576		$	700,404		$	3,290		$	—		$	1,931,681

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For home equity and consumer other loan portfolio segments, Berkshire evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan and by payment activity. The performing or nonperforming status is updated on an ongoing basis dependent upon improvement and deterioration in credit quality. The following table presents the amortized cost based on payment activity:

			Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)			2020			2019			2018			2017			2016			Prior			Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis			Revolving Loans Converted to Term			Total
As of December 31, 2020
Home equity:
Payment performance
Performing			$	2,445		$	1,960		$	316		$	1,859		$	499		$	1,882		$	282,123		$	—		$	291,084
Nonperforming			—			—			1			—			—			—			2,896			—			2,897
Total			$	2,445		$	1,960		$	317		$	1,859		$	499		$	1,882		$	285,019		$	—		$	293,981
Consumer other:
Payment performance
Performing			$	15,193		$	35,317		$	101,730		$	69,366		$	35,421		$	31,327		$	9,339		$	—		$	297,693
Nonperforming			39			316			1,511			1,599			1,585			407			4			—			5,461
Total			$	15,232		$	35,633		$	103,241		$	70,965		$	37,006		$	31,734		$	9,343		$	—		$	303,154

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following is a summary of loans by past due status at December 31, 2020:

(In thousands)						30-59 Days Past Due						60-89 Days Past Due						90 Days or Greater Past Due						Total Past Due						Current						Total Loans
December 31, 2020
Construction						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	454,513					$	454,513
Commercial multifamily						—						—						757						757						482,593						483,350
Commercial real estate owner occupied						809						631						4,894						6,334						546,079						552,413
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						315						168						38,389						38,872						2,080,391						2,119,263
Commercial and industrial						3,016						3,259						12,982						19,257						1,923,907						1,943,164
Residential real estate						2,068						2,630						11,115						15,813						1,915,868						1,931,681
Home equity						244						284						2,897						3,425						290,556						293,981
Consumer other						2,109						777						5,364						8,250						294,904						303,154
Total						$	8,561					$	7,749					$	76,398					$	92,708					$	7,988,811					$	8,081,519

F-37

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following is a summary of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing as of December 31, 2020:

						January 1, 2020						December 31, 2020
(In thousands)						Nonaccrual Amortized Cost						Nonaccrual Amortized Cost						Nonaccrual With No Related Allowance						Past Due 90 Days or Greater and Accruing						Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual
Construction						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Commercial multifamily						811						757						591						—						—
Commercial real estate owner occupied						15,389						4,509						2,290						385						—
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						1,031						29,572						13,912						8,817						—
Commercial and industrial						11,218						12,441						4,725						541						—
Residential real estate						6,411						9,711						5,739						1,404						—
Home equity						1,798						2,654						159						243						—
Consumer other						2,982						5,304						2						60						—
Total						$	39,640					$	64,948					$	27,418					$	11,450					$	—

The commercial and industrial loans nonaccrual amortized cost as of December 31, 2020 included medallion loans with a fair value of $2.3 million and a contractual balance of $53.9 million.

The following table summarizes information about total loans rated Special Mention or lower at December 31, 2020. The table below includes consumer loans that are Special Mention and Substandard accruing that are classified as performing based on payment activity.

(In thousands)						December 31, 2020
Non-Accrual						$	64,948
Substandard Accruing						185,207
Total Classified						250,155
Special Mention						109,299
Total Criticized						$	359,454

A financial asset is considered collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. Expected credit losses for collateral-dependent loans are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. Significant quarter over quarter changes are reflective of changes in nonaccrual status and not necessarily associated with credit quality indicators like appraisal value. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of individually analyzed collateral-dependent loans by loan portfolio segment:

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

						Type of Collateral
(In thousands)						Real Estate												Investment Securities/Cash												Other
December 31, 2020
Commercial multifamily						$	591											$	—											$	—
Commercial real estate owner occupied						5,714												—												—
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						30,950												—												—
Commercial and industrial						973												36												3,758
Residential real estate						5,081												—												—
Home equity						145												—												—
Consumer other						51												—												—
Total loans						$	43,505											$	36											$	3,758

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Troubled Debt Restructuring Loans

The Company’s loan portfolio also includes certain loans that have been modified in a Troubled Debt Restructuring ("TDR"), where economic concessions have been granted to borrowers who have experienced or are expected to experience financial difficulties. These concessions typically result from the Company’s loss mitigation activities and could include reductions in the interest rate, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance, or other actions. Certain TDRs are classified as nonperforming at the time of restructure and may only be returned to performing status after considering the borrower’s sustained repayment performance for a reasonable period, generally six months. TDRs are evaluated individually for impairment and may result in a specific allowance amount allocated to an individual loan.

The following table presents activity in TDRs for the year ended December 31, 2020:

(In thousands)						Balance at Beginning of Period						Principal Payments						TDR Status Change						Other Additions/(Reductions)						Newly Identified TDRs						Balance at End of Period
Year ended December 31, 2020
Commercial multifamily						$	793					$	(39)					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	754
Commercial real estate owner occupied						13,331						(5,734)						—						(5,884)						18						1,731
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied						1,373						(1)						—						1,719						10,593						13,684
Commercial and industrial						1,449						(289)						—						(60)						1,586						2,686
Residential real estate						2,045						(160)						—						(361)						—						1,524
Home equity						277						(22)						—						(122)						—						133
Consumer other						48						(12)						—						—						—						36
Total						$	19,316					$	(6,257)					$	—					$	(4,708)					$	12,197					$	20,548

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents loans modified as TDRs that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018:

(dollars in thousands)						Total
Year ended December 31, 2020
TDR:
Number of loans						16
Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment						$	12,197
Post-modification outstanding recorded investment						$	12,197
Year ended December 31, 2019
TDR:
Number of loans						13
Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment						$	2,063
Post-modification outstanding recorded investment						$	2,063
Year ended December 31, 2018
TDR:
Number of loans						10
Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment						$	2,685
Post-modification outstanding recorded investment						$	2,685

The following table discloses the modifications for TDRs where a concession has been made within the previous 12 months, that then defaulted in the respective reporting period. There were no TDRs for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification during the year ended December 31, 2020. For the year ended 2019, there was one loan that was restructured that had subsequently defaulted during the reporting period.

(dollars in thousands)						Number of Loans						Recorded Investment
Year ended December 31, 2019
Commercial and industrial - other						1						$	195
Total						1						$	195

Beginning in March 2020, the Company has offered three-month payment deferrals for customers with a current payment status who were negatively impacted by economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. These loans were not recorded as TDRs. Refer to Note 17 - Other Commitments, Contingencies, and Off-Balance Sheet Activities for more information regarding these modifications.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Prior to the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, the Company calculated allowance for loan losses using incurred losses methodology. The following tables are disclosures related to loans in prior periods.

The following is a summary of total loans as of December 31, 2019:

			December 31, 2019
(In thousands)			Business Activities Loans			Acquired Loans			Total
Commercial real estate:
Construction			$	382,014		$	47,792		$	429,806
Other commercial real estate			2,414,942			1,189,521			3,604,463
Total commercial real estate			2,796,956			1,237,313			4,034,269
Commercial and industrial loans:			1,442,617			397,891			1,840,508
Total commercial loans			4,239,573			1,635,204			5,874,777
Residential mortgages:
1-4 family			2,143,817			533,536			2,677,353
Construction			4,641			3,478			8,119
Total residential mortgages			2,148,458			537,014			2,685,472
Consumer loans:
Home equity			273,867			106,724			380,591
Auto and other			504,599			56,989			561,588
Total consumer loans			778,466			163,713			942,179
Total loans			$	7,166,497		$	2,335,931		$	9,502,428

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Total unamortized net costs and premiums included in the December 31, 2019 total loans for business activity loans were the following:

(In thousands)						December 31, 2019
Unamortized net loan origination costs						$	13,259
Unamortized net premium on purchased loans						2,643
Total unamortized net costs and premiums						$	15,902

The following table summarizes activity in the accretable yield for the acquired loan portfolio that falls under the purview of ASC 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality:

(In thousands)						2019						2018
Balance at beginning of period						$	2,840					$	11,561
Acquisitions						4,200						—
Accretion						(9,619)						(23,109)
Net reclassification from nonaccretable difference						7,430						17,347
Payments received, net						(837)						(2,878)
Reclassification to TDR						9						—
Disposals						—						(81)
Balance at end of period						4,023						2,840

The following is a summary of past due loans at December 31, 2019:

Business Activities Loans

(in thousands)						30-59 Days Past Due						60-89 Days Past Due						>90 Days Past Due						Total Past Due						Current						Total Loans						Past Due > 90 days and Accruing
December 31, 2019
Commercial real estate:
Construction						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	382,014					$	382,014					$	—
Commercial real estate						423						89						15,623						16,135						2,398,807						2,414,942						—
Total						423						89						15,623						16,135						2,780,821						2,796,956						—
Commercial and industrial loans
Total						2,841						2,033						10,662						15,536						1,427,081						1,442,617						122
Residential mortgages:
1-4 family						1,669						714						3,350						5,733						2,138,084						2,143,817						800
Construction						—						—						—						—						4,641						4,641						—
Total						1,669						714						3,350						5,733						2,142,725						2,148,458						800
Consumer loans:
Home equity						149						—						1,147						1,296						272,571						273,867						52
Auto and other						4,709						990						2,729						8,428						496,171						504,599						1
Total						4,858						990						3,876						9,724						768,742						778,466						53
Total						$	9,791					$	3,826					$	33,511					$	47,128					$	7,119,369					$	7,166,497					$	975

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Acquired Loans

(in thousands)						30-59 Days Past Due						60-89 Days Past Due						>90 Days Past Due						Total Past Due						Acquired Credit Impaired						Total Loans						Past Due > 90 days and Accruing
December 31, 2019
Commercial real estate:
Construction						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	1,396					$	47,792					$	—
Commercial real estate						3,907						245						10,247						14,399						21,639						1,189,521						5,751
Total						3,907						245						10,247						14,399						23,035						1,237,313						5,751
Commercial and industrial loans
Total						888						299						1,275						2,462						26,718						397,891						442
Residential mortgages:
1-4 family						745						491						932						2,168						10,840						533,536						139
Construction						—						—						—						—						—						3,478						—
Total						745						491						932						2,168						10,840						537,014						139
Consumer loans:
Home equity						346						222						789						1,357						540						106,724						72
Auto and other						120						22						265						407						286						56,989						—
Total						466						244						1,054						1,764						826						163,713						72
Total						$	6,006					$	1,279					$	13,508					$	20,793					$	61,419					$	2,335,931					$	6,404

The following is summary information pertaining to non-accrual loans at December 31, 2019:

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Business Activities Loans						Acquired  Loans						Total
Commercial real estate:
Construction						$	—					$	—					$	—
Other commercial real estate						15,623						4,496						20,119
Total						15,623						4,496						20,119
Commercial and industrial loans:
Total						10,540						833						11,373
Residential mortgages:
1-4 family						2,550						793						3,343
Construction						—						—						—
Total						2,550						793						3,343
Consumer loans:
Home equity						1,095						717						1,812
Auto and other						2,728						265						2,993
Total						3,823						982						4,805
Total non-accrual loans						$	32,536					$	7,104					$	39,640

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Loans evaluated for impairment as of December 31, 2019 were as follows:

Business Activities Loans

(In thousands)						Commercial real estate						Commercial and industrial						Residential mortgages						Consumer						Total
Loans receivable:
Balance at end of year
Individually evaluated for impairment						$	19,192					$	9,167					$	3,019					$	630					$	32,008
Collectively evaluated						2,777,764						1,433,450						2,145,439						777,836						7,134,489
Total						$	2,796,956					$	1,442,617					$	2,148,458					$	778,466					$	7,166,497

Acquired Loans

(In thousands)						Commercial real estate						Commercial and industrial						Residential mortgages						Consumer						Total
Loans receivable:
Balance at end of year
Individually evaluated for impairment						$	4,241					$	464					$	372					$	575					$	5,652
Purchased credit-impaired loans						23,035						26,718						10,840						826						61,419
Collectively evaluated						1,210,037						370,709						525,802						162,312						2,268,860
Total						$	1,237,313					$	397,891					$	537,014					$	163,713					$	2,335,931

The following is a summary of impaired loans at December 31, 2019:

Business Activities Loans

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Recorded Investment (1)						Unpaid Principal Balance (2)						Related Allowance
With no related allowance:
Other commercial real estate loans						$	18,676					$	37,493					$	—
Commercial and industrial loans						4,805						10,104						—
Residential mortgages - 1-4 family						433						699						—
Consumer - home equity						32						238						—
Consumer - other						—						—						—
With an allowance recorded:
Other commercial real estate loans						$	550					$	1,411					$	20
Commercial and industrial loans						4,166						12,136						122
Residential mortgages - 1-4 family						2,615						2,924						109
Consumer - home equity						594						614						42
Consumer - other						8						8						1
Total
Commercial real estate						$	19,226					$	38,904					$	20
Commercial and industrial loans						8,971						22,240						122
Residential mortgages						3,048						3,623						109
Consumer						634						860						43
Total impaired loans						$	31,879					$	65,627					$	294

(1) The Recorded Investment represents the face amount of the loan increased or decreased by applicable accrued interest, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized premium or discount, and reflects direct charge-offs. This amount is a component of total loans on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2) The Unpaid Principal Balance represents the customer's legal obligation to the Company.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Acquired Loans

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Recorded Investment (1)						Unpaid Principal Balance (2)						Related Allowance
With no related allowance:
Other commercial real estate loans						$	3,200					$	6,021					$	—
Other commercial and industrial loans						437						532						—
Residential mortgages - 1-4 family						292						293						—
Consumer - home equity						416						844						—
Consumer - other						—						—						—
With an allowance recorded:
Other commercial real estate loans						$	1,033					$	1,050					$	97
Commercial and industrial loans						28						30						1
Residential mortgages - 1-4 family						84						110						8
Consumer - home equity						121						123						6
Consumer - other						39						37						6
Total
Commercial real estate						$	4,233					$	7,071					$	97
Commercial and industrial loans						465						562						1
Residential mortgages						376						403						8
Consumer						576						1,004						12
Total impaired loans						$	5,650					$	9,040					$	118

(1) The Recorded Investment represents the face amount of the loan increased or decreased by applicable accrued interest, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized premium or discount, and reflects direct charge-offs. This amount is a component of total loans on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2) The Unpaid Principal Balance represents the customer's legal obligation to the Company.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following is a summary of the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:

 

Business Activities Loans

						December 31, 2019									December 31, 2018
(in thousands)						Average  Recorded Investment						Cash Basis  Interest Income  Recognized			Average  Recorded Investment						Cash Basis  Interest Income  Recognized
With no related allowance:
Other commercial real estate						$	19,805					$	586		$	24,078					$	373
Other commercial and industrial						3,165						523			914						245
Residential mortgages - 1-4 family						185						17			428						20
Consumer-home equity						148						3			107						10
Consumer-other						—						—			—						—
With an allowance recorded:
Other commercial real estate						$	374					$	107		$	555					$	30
Other commercial and industrial						2,533						793			1,259						139
Residential mortgages - 1-4 family						2,427						150			1,407						75
Consumer-home equity						349						32			98						6
Consumer - other						11						1			15						1
Total
Commercial real estate						$	20,179					$	693		$	24,633					$	403
Commercial and industrial						5,698						1,316			2,173						384
Residential mortgages						2,612						167			1,835						95
Consumer loans						508						36			220						17
Total impaired loans						$	28,997					$	2,212		$	28,861					$	899

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Acquired Loans

						December 31, 2019									December 31, 2018
(in thousands)						Average  Recorded Investment						Cash Basis  Interest Income  Recognized			Average  Recorded Investment						Cash Basis  Interest Income  Recognized
With no related allowance:
Other commercial real estate						$	1,603					$	117		$	3,280					$	263
Other commercial and industrial						441						51			428						68
Residential mortgages - 1-4 family						241						11			290						9
Consumer - home equity						475						23			635						4
Consumer - other						—						—			13						1
With an allowance recorded:
Other commercial real estate						$	1,005					$	59		$	950					$	53
Other commercial and industrial						29						2			197						41
Residential mortgages - 1-4 family						88						7			26						9
Consumer - home equity						68						6			89						12
Consumer - other						41						2			11						3
Total
Commercial real estate						$	2,608					$	176		$	4,230					$	316
Commercial and industrial						470						53			625						109
Residential mortgages						329						18			316						18
Consumer loans						584						31			748						20
Total impaired loans						$	3,991					$	278		$	5,919					$	463

No additional funds are committed to be advanced in connection with impaired loans.

The following table presents the Company’s TDR activity in 2019 and 2018:

(In thousands)						2019						2018
Balance at beginning of year						$	27,415					$	41,990
Principal payments						(6,086)						(8,547)
TDR status change (1)						—						—
Other reductions (2)						(4,076)						(8,713)
Newly identified TDRs						2,063						2,685
Balance at end of year						$	19,316					$	27,415

_____________________ 

(1) TDR status change classification represents TDR loans with a specified interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that the Company was willing to accept at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and the loan was on current payment status and not impaired based on the terms specified by the restructuring agreement.

(2)  Other reductions classification consists of transfer to other real estate owned, charge-offs to loans, and other loan sale payoffs.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Allowance for Loan Losses

Prior to the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, the Company calculated allowance for loan losses using incurred losses methodology. The following tables are disclosures related to the allowance for loan losses in prior periods.

Activity in the allowance for loan losses for 2019 and 2018 was as follows:

Business Activities Loans
(In thousands) 2019						Commercial real estate						Commercial and industrial loans						Residential mortgages						Consumer						Total
Balance at beginning of period						$	21,732					$	16,504					$	10,535					$	7,368					$	56,139
Charged-off loans						6,577						23,799						635						3,322						34,333
Recoveries on charged-off loans						570						1,012						57						253						1,892
Provision/(releases) for loan losses						9,033						25,404						(1,417)						458						33,478
Balance at end of period						$	24,758					$	19,121					$	8,540					$	4,757					$	57,176
Individually evaluated for impairment						20						122						109						43						294
Collectively evaluated						24,738						18,999						8,431						4,714						56,882
Total						$	24,758					$	19,121					$	8,540					$	4,757					$	57,176

Business Activities Loans
(In thousands) 2018						Commercial real estate						Commercial and industrial loans						Residential mortgages						Consumer						Total
Balance at beginning of period						$	16,843					$	13,850					$	9,420					$	5,807					$	45,920
Charged-off loans						5,859						4,275						157						3,187						13,478
Recoveries on charged-off loans						50						620						114						363						1,147
Provision/(releases) for loan losses						10,698						6,309						1,158						4,385						22,550
Balance at end of period						$	21,732					$	16,504					$	10,535					$	7,368					$	56,139
Individually evaluated for impairment						9						49						128						11						197
Collectively evaluated						21,723						16,455						10,407						7,357						55,942
Total						$	21,732					$	16,504					$	10,535					$	7,368					$	56,139

Acquired Loans
(In thousands) 2019						Commercial real estate						Commercial and industrial loans						Residential mortgages						Consumer						Total
Balance at beginning of period						$	3,153					$	1,064					$	630					$	483					$	5,330
Charged-off loans						830						571						263						557						2,221
Recoveries on charged-off loans						672						438						116						123						1,349
Provision/(releases) for loan losses						1,111						126						365						339						1,941
Balance at end of period						$	4,106					$	1,057					$	848					$	388					$	6,399
Individually evaluated for impairment						97						1						8						12						118
Collectively evaluated						4,009						1,056						840						376						6,281
Total						$	4,106					$	1,057					$	848					$	388					$	6,399

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Acquired Loans
(In thousands) 2018						Commercial real estate						Commercial and industrial loans						Residential mortgages						Consumer						Total
Balance at beginning of period						$	3,856					$	1,125					$	598					$	335					$	5,914
Charged-off loans						1,812						524						1,091						1,106						4,533
Recoveries on charged-off loans						294						286						51						417						1,048
Provision/(releases) for loan losses						815						177						1,072						837						2,901
Balance at end of period						$	3,153					$	1,064					$	630					$	483					$	5,330
Individually evaluated for impairment						9						4						36						48						97
Collectively evaluated						3,144						1,060						594						435						5,233
Total						$	3,153					$	1,064					$	630					$	483					$	5,330

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following tables present the Company’s loans by risk rating at December 31, 2019:

Business Activities Loans

Commercial Real Estate

Credit Risk Profile by Creditworthiness Category

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Construction						Real Estate						Total Commercial Real Estate
Grade:
Pass						$	382,014					$	2,354,375					$	2,736,389
Special mention						—						12,167						12,167
Substandard						—						48,400						48,400
Total						$	382,014					$	2,414,942					$	2,796,956

Commercial and Industrial Loans

Credit Risk Profile by Creditworthiness Category

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Total Commercial and Industrial Loans
Grade:
Pass						$	1,366,342
Special mention						50,072
Substandard						24,112
Doubtful						2,091
Total						$	1,442,617

Residential Mortgages

Credit Risk Profile by Internally Assigned Grade

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						1-4 Family						Construction						Total Residential Mortgages
Grade:
Pass						$	2,139,753					$	4,641					$	2,144,394
Special mention						714						—						714
Substandard						3,350						—						3,350
Total						$	2,143,817					$	4,641					$	2,148,458

Consumer Loans

Credit Risk Profile Based on Payment Activity

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Home Equity						Auto and Other						Total Consumer Loans
Performing						$	272,772					$	501,871					$	774,643
Nonperforming						1,095						2,728						3,823
Total						$	273,867					$	504,599					$	778,466

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Acquired Loans

Commercial Real Estate

Credit Risk Profile by Creditworthiness Category

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Construction						Real Estate						Total Commercial Real Estate
Grade:
Pass						$	46,396					$	1,130,333					$	1,176,729
Special mention						—						5,993						5,993
Substandard						1,396						53,195						54,591
Total						$	47,792					$	1,189,521					$	1,237,313

Commercial and Industrial Loans

Credit Risk Profile by Creditworthiness Category

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Total Commercial and Industrial Loans
Grade:
Pass						$	373,744
Special mention						4,404
Substandard						19,743
Total						$	397,891

Residential Mortgages

Credit Risk Profile by Internally Assigned Grade

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						1-4 Family						Construction						Total Residential Mortgages
Grade:
Pass						$	528,282					$	3,478					$	531,760
Special mention						592						—						592
Substandard						4,662						—						4,662
Total						$	533,536					$	3,478					$	537,014

Consumer Loans

Credit Risk Profile Based on Payment Activity

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Home Equity						Auto and Other						Total Consumer Loans
Performing						$	106,007					$	56,724					$	162,731
Nonperforming						717						265						982
Total						$	106,724					$	56,989					$	163,713

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table summarizes information about total loans rated Special Mention or lower at December 31, 2019. The table below includes consumer loans that are Special Mention and Substandard accruing that are classified in the above table as performing based on payment activity.

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Business Activities Loans						Acquired Loans						Total
Non-Accrual						$	32,536					$	7,104					$	39,640
Substandard Accruing						49,293						73,131						122,424
Total Classified						81,829						80,235						162,064
Special Mention						63,943						11,341						75,284
Total Criticized						$	145,772					$	91,576					$	237,348

NOTE 7.    PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

 

Year-end premises and equipment are summarized as follows:

(In thousands)						2020						2019						Estimated Useful Life
Land						$	17,716					$	17,816					N/A
Buildings and improvements						113,853						116,997						5 - 39 years
Furniture and equipment (1)						63,590						64,044						3 - 7 years
Construction in process (1)						4,035						1,580
Premises and equipment, gross						199,194						200,437
Accumulated depreciation and amortization (1)						(86,531)						(78,966)
Premises and equipment, net						$	112,663					$	121,471
Premises and equipment, net from discontinued operations						—						1,073
Premises and equipment, net from continuing operations						$	112,663					$	120,398

(1)         Includes premises and equipment classified as discontinued operations. See Note 2 - Discontinued Operations for more information.

 

Depreciation and amortization expense including discontinued operations for the years 2020, 2019, and 2018 amounted to $12.5 million, $11.8 million, and $10.8 million, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 8.    GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES

Goodwill and other intangible assets are presented in the tables below. The Company had no acquisition during 2020. There was one acquisition during 2019. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Company allocated the amount paid to the fair value of the net assets acquired, with any excess amounts recorded as goodwill. The goodwill balance is allocated to the consolidated Company. The activity impacting goodwill in 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

(In thousands)						2020						2019
Balance, beginning of the period						$	553,762					$	518,325
Goodwill acquired and adjusted:
SI Financial Group, Inc.						—						36,379
Adjustments (1)						—						(942)
Impairment						(553,762)						—
Balance, end of the period						$	—					$	553,762

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)In 2019, goodwill related to the SI Financial Group acquisition was adjusted to reflect new information available during the one-year measurement period.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is assessed annually for impairment and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that there may be an impairment. The Company tests goodwill impairment annually as of June 30 using second quarter data.

The Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. The fair value of the reporting unit was determined using the guideline public company method. As a result of the assessment, the Company recognized a full goodwill impairment during the year ended December 31, 2020. No impairment was recorded on goodwill for 2019.

The primary causes of the goodwill impairment were economic and industry conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic that caused volatility and reductions in the market capitalization of the Company and its peer banks, increased loan provision estimates, increased discount rates and other changes in variables driven by the uncertain macro-environment that resulted in the estimated fair value of the reporting unit being less than the reporting unit’s carrying value.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The components of other intangible assets are as follows:

(In thousands)						Gross Intangible Assets						Accumulated Amortization						Net Intangible Assets
December 31, 2020
Non-maturity deposits (core deposit intangible) (1)						$	77,213					$	(45,257)					$	31,956
Insurance contracts						7,558						(7,558)						—
All other intangible assets						7,866						(5,003)						2,863
Total						$	92,637					$	(57,818)					$	34,819
December 31, 2019
Non-maturity deposits (core deposit intangible)						$	84,903					$	(42,663)					$	42,240
Insurance contracts						7,558						(7,553)						5
All other intangible assets						7,866						(4,496)						3,370
Total						$	100,327					$	(54,712)					$	45,615

(1)As of December 31, 2020, the Company reclassified $4.6 million of net core deposit intangible to held-for-sale related to the assets and liabilities associated with the Mid-Atlantic branch sale.

Other intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line or accelerated basis over their estimated lives, which range from four to fifteen years. Amortization expense related to intangibles totaled $6.2 million in 2020, $5.8 million in 2019, and $4.9 million in 2018.

The estimated aggregate future amortization expense for intangible assets remaining at year-end 2020 is as follows: 2021- $5.3 million; 2022- $5.1 million; 2023- $4.8 million; 2024- $4.6 million; 2025- $4.5 million; and thereafter- $10.6 million. For the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, no impairment charges were identified for the Company’s intangible assets.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 9.    OTHER ASSETS

Year-end other assets are summarized as follows:

(In thousands)						2020						2019
Capitalized servicing rights (1)						$	16,348					$	26,451
Accrued interest receivable						46,919						36,462
Accrued federal and state tax receivable						40,751						23,786
Right-of-use assets (1)						60,018						76,332
Derivative assets (1)						160,071						80,190
Deferred tax asset						46,370						51,165
Other (1)						16,753						18,381
Total other assets						$	387,230					$	312,767
Total other assets from discontinued operations						—						23,822
Total other assets from continuing operations						$	387,230					$	288,945

(1)     Includes other assets classified as discontinued operations. See Note 2 - Discontinued Operations for more information.

The Bank sells loans in the secondary market and retains the right to service many of these loans. The Bank earns fees for the servicing provided. Loans sold and serviced for others from continuing operations amounted to $1.5 billion, $1.7 billion, and $1.4 billion at year-end 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Loans sold and serviced for others from discontinued operations amounted to $0.6 billion, $1.4 billion, and $0.8 billion at year-end 2020, 2019, and 2018. Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The risks inherent in servicing assets relate primarily to changes in prepayments that result from shifts in interest rates. Contractually specified servicing fees from continuing operations were $5.5 million, $5.6 million, and $4.6 million for the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, and included as a component of loan related fees within non-interest income. Contractually specified servicing fees from discontinued operations were $2.1 million, $1.9 million, and $1.0 million for the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, and included as a component of other income in Note 2 - Discontinued Operations. Refer to Note 20 - Fair Value Measurements for significant assumptions and inputs used in the valuation at year-end 2020.

Servicing rights activity was as follows:

(In thousands)						2020						2019
Balance at beginning of year						$	26,451					$	23,376
Additions						3,875						16,837
Amortization						(3,761)						(3,240)
Change in fair value						(9,266)						(5,822)
Allowance adjustment						(951)						(4,700)
Balance at end of year (1)						$	16,348					$	26,451

(1)As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the servicing rights included in the total balance accounted for at fair value were $3.0 million and $12.3 million, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 10.    DEPOSITS

 

A summary of year-end time deposits is as follows:

(In thousands)						2020						2019
Maturity date:
Within 1 year						$	1,582,492					$	2,734,870
Over 1 year to 2 years						545,100						582,622
Over 2 years to 3 years						171,810						145,976
Over 3 years to 4 years						32,358						90,731
Over 4 years to 5 years						51,073						33,754
Over 5 years						2,252						1,416
Total						$	2,385,085					$	3,589,369
Account balances:
Less than $100,000						$	663,324					$	905,190
$100,000 through $250,000						1,219,210						2,027,717
$250,000 or more						502,551						656,462
Total						$	2,385,085					$	3,589,369

 

Included in total deposits on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are brokered deposits of $0.6 billion and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Also included in total deposits are reciprocal deposits of $119.0 million and $91.7 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, as well as related party deposits of $177.2 million and $63.9 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 11.    BORROWED FUNDS

 

Borrowed funds at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are summarized, as follows:

						2020												2019
(in thousands, except rates)						Principal						Weighted Average Rate						Principal						Weighted Average Rate
Short-term borrowings:
Advances from the FHLBB						$	40,000					1.05		%				$	125,000					2.06		%
Total short-term borrowings:						40,000						1.05						125,000						2.06
Long-term borrowings:
Advances from the FHLBB						434,357						1.89						605,501						2.16
Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility ("PPPLF")						—						—						—						—
Subordinated notes						74,411						7.00						74,232						7.00
Junior subordinated borrowing - Trust I						15,464						2.06						15,464						3.76
Junior subordinated borrowing - Trust II						7,405						1.92						7,353						3.59
Total long-term borrowings:						531,637						2.61						702,550						2.72
Total						$	571,637					2.50		%				$	827,550					2.62		%

 

Short-term debt includes Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”) advances with an original maturity of less than one year. At year-end 2020, the Company maintained a short-term line-of-credit through a correspondent bank with no balance outstanding. The Bank also maintains a $3.0 million secured line of credit with the FHLBB that bears a daily adjustable rate calculated by the FHLBB. There was no outstanding balance on the FHLBB line of credit for the periods ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The Bank's available borrowing capacity with the FHLB was $1.0 billion and $1.6 billion for the periods ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2020.

 

The Bank is approved to borrow on a short-term basis from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston as a non-member bank. The Bank has pledged certain loans and securities to the Federal Reserve Bank to support this arrangement. No borrowings with the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston took place for the periods ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. As a participant in the SBA Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"), the Bank may pledge originated loans as collateral at face value to the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston for term financings. As of December 31, 2020, the Bank had no pledged PPP loans. The Bank's available borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank was $815.6 million and $201.3 million for the periods ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Long-term FHLBB advances consist of advances with an original maturity of more than one year and are subject to

prepayment penalties. The advances outstanding at December 31, 2020 included callable advances totaling $10 million and amortizing advances totaling $5.2 million. The advances outstanding at December 31, 2019 included callable advances totaling $10 million and amortizing advances totaling $4.4 million. All FHLBB borrowings, including the line of credit, are secured by a blanket security agreement on certain qualified collateral, principally all residential first mortgage loans and certain securities.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

A summary of maturities of FHLBB advances at year-end 2020 is as follows:

						2020
(In thousands)						Amount						Weighted Average Rate
Fixed rate advances maturing:
2021						$	395,475					1.80		%
2022						58,489						1.92
2023						10,916						2.17
2024						54						—
2025 and beyond						9,423						1.63
Total FHLBB advances						$	474,357					1.82		%

The Company did not have variable-rate FHLB advances for the period ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

In September 2012, the Company issued fifteen year subordinated notes in the amount of $75.0 million at a discount of 1.15%.  The interest rate is fixed at 6.875% for the first ten years. After ten years, the notes become callable and convert to an interest rate of three month LIBOR plus 5.113%. The subordinated note includes reduction to the note principal balance of $215 thousand and $338 thousand for unamortized debt issuance costs as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

 

The Company holds 100% of the common stock of Berkshire Hills Capital Trust I (“Trust I”) which is included in other assets with a cost of $0.5 million. The sole asset of Trust I is $15.5 million of the Company’s junior subordinated debentures due in 2035. These debentures bear interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.85% and had a rate of 2.06% and 3.76% at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company has the right to defer payments of interest for up to five years on the debentures at any time, or from time to time, with certain limitations, including a restriction on the payment of dividends to shareholders while such interest payments on the debentures have been deferred. The Company has not exercised this right to defer payments. The Company has the right to redeem the debentures at par value on each quarterly payment date. Trust I is considered a variable interest entity for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, Trust I is not consolidated into the Company’s financial statements.

The Company holds 100% of the common stock of SI Capital Trust II (“Trust II”) which is included in other assets

with a cost of $0.2 million. The sole asset of Trust II is $8.2 million of the Company’s junior subordinated

debentures due in 2036. These debentures bear interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.70% and had a rate

of 1.92% and 3.59% at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The Company has the right to defer payments of interest for up to five years on the debentures at any time, or from time to time, with certain limitations, including a restriction on the payment of dividends to shareholders while such interest payments on the debentures have been deferred. The Company has not exercised this right to defer payments. The Company has the right to redeem the debentures at par value. Trust II is considered a variable interest entity for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, Trust II is not consolidated into the Company’s financial statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 12.    OTHER LIABILITIES

Year-end other liabilities are summarized as follows:

(In thousands)						2020						2019
Derivative liabilities						$	65,758					$	80,681
Capital and financing lease obligations						10,383						10,883
Asset purchase settlement payable (1)						—						189
Employee benefits liability						38,830						44,781
Operating lease liabilities (1)						63,894						80,734
Accrued interest payable						3,867						11,625
Customer transaction clearing accounts						11,261						4,310
Other (1)						38,737						60,676
Total other liabilities						$	232,730					$	293,879
Total other liabilities from discontinued operations						—						26,481
Total other liabilities from continuing operations						$	232,730					$	267,398

(1)     Includes other liabilities classified as discontinued operations. See Note 2 - Discontinued Operations for more information.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 13.    EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

 

Pension Plan

The Company maintains a legacy, employer-sponsored defined benefit pension plan (the “Plan”) for which participation and benefit accruals were frozen on January 1, 2003. The Plan was assumed in connection with the Rome Bancorp acquisition in 2011. Accordingly, no employees are permitted to commence participation in the Plan and future salary increases and years of credited service are not considered when computing an employee’s benefits under the Plan. As of December 31, 2020, all minimum Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) funding requirements have been met.

Information regarding the pension plan is as follows:

						December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year						$	5,848					$	5,669
Service Cost						66						72
Interest cost						178						228
Actuarial loss						519						542
Benefits paid						(337)						(333)
Settlements						(153)						(330)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year						6,121						5,848
Accumulated benefit obligation						6,121						5,848
Change in fair value of plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at plan beginning of year						5,799						5,522
Actual return on plan assets						740						940
Contributions by employer						—						—
Benefits paid						(337)						(333)
Settlements						(153)						(330)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year						6,049						5,799
Underfunded status						$	72					$	49

Amounts Recognized on Consolidated Balance Sheets
Other Liabilities						$	72					$	49

Net periodic pension cost is comprised of the following:

						December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019
Service Cost						$	66					$	72
Interest Cost						178						228
Expected return on plan assets						(393)						(373)
Amortization of unrecognized actuarial loss						94						117
Net periodic pension costs						$	(55)					$	44

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Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows:

						December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019
Amortization of actuarial (loss)						$	(94)					$	(117)
Actuarial (gain) loss						171						(25)
Settlement charge						—						(70)
Total recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income						77						(212)
Total recognized in net periodic pension cost recognized and other comprehensive income						$	22					$	(168)

The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost are a net loss of $1.3 million and $1.2 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company did not make any cash contributions to the pension trust during 2020 and 2019. The Company does not expect to make any cash contributions in 2021. The amount expected to be amortized from other comprehensive income into net periodic pension cost over the next fiscal year is $103 thousand.

The principal actuarial assumptions used are as follows:

						December 31,
						2020						2019
Projected benefit obligation
Discount rate						2.35		%				3.15		%
Net periodic pension cost
Discount rate						3.15		%				4.16		%
Long term rate of return on plan assets						7.00		%				7.00		%

 

The discount rate that is used in the measurement of the pension obligation is determined by comparing the expected future retirement payment cash flows of the pension plan to the Above Median FTSE Pension Discount Curve as of the measurement date. The expected long-term rate of return on Plan assets reflects long-term earnings expectations on existing Plan assets and those contributions expected to be received during the current plan year. In estimating that rate, appropriate consideration was given to historical returns earned by Plan assets in the fund and the rates of return expected to be available for reinvestment. The rates of return were adjusted to reflect current capital market assumptions and changes in investment allocations.

The Company’s overall investment strategy with respect to the Plan’s assets is primarily for preservation of capital and to provide regular dividend and interest payments. The Plan’s targeted asset allocation is 65% equity securities via investment in the Long-Term Growth - Equity Portfolio ("LTGE"), 34% intermediate-term investment grade bonds via investment in the Long-Term Growth - Fixed-Income Portfolio ("LTGFI"), and 1% in cash equivalents portfolio (for liquidity). Equity securities include investments in a diverse mix of equity funds to gain exposure in the US and international markets. The fixed income portion of the Plan assets is a diversified portfolio that primarily invests in intermediate-term bond funds. The overall rate of return is based on the historical performance of the assets applied against the Plan’s target allocation, and is adjusted for the long-term inflation rate.

The fair values for investment securities are determined by quoted prices in active markets, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3).

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The fair value of the Plan’s assets by category within the fair value hierarchy are as follows at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The Plan did not hold any assets classified as Level 3, nor were there any transfers.

						December 31, 2020
Asset Category (In thousands)						Total						Level 1						Level 2
Equity Mutual Funds:
Large-Cap						$	1,996					$	—					$	1,996
Mid-Cap						519						—						519
Small-Cap						500						—						500
International						1,049						—						1,049
Fixed Income - US Core						1,403						—						1,403
Intermediate Duration						470						—						470
Cash Equivalents - money market						112						38						74
Total						$	6,049					$	38					$	6,011

						December 31, 2019
Asset Category (In thousands)						Total						Level 1						Level 2
Equity Mutual Funds:
Large-Cap						$	1,900					$	—					$	1,900
Mid-Cap						453						—						453
Small-Cap						429						—						429
International						828						—						828
Fixed Income - US Core						1,535						—						1,535
Intermediate Duration						517						—						517
Cash Equivalents - money market						137						60						77
Total						$	5,799					$	60					$	5,739

 

Estimated benefit payments under the pension plans over the next 10 years at December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Year						Payments (In thousands)
2021						370
2022						382
2023						367
2024						357
2025 - 2030						1,888

Multi-Employer Pension Plan

As a result of the Company's acquisition of SI Financial Group, Inc. (“SIFI”), the Company participates in the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan for Financial Institutions (the “Plan”), a tax-qualified defined benefit pension plan. The Plan operates as a multiple-employer plan under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code, and as a multi-employer plan for accounting purposes. The Plan was frozen effective September 6, 2013. The Company made contributions of $377 thousand in 2020. As of July 1, 2020, the Plan held assets with a market value of $4.5 million and liabilities with a market value of $7.9 million. The funded status (market value of plan assets divided by funding target) of the Plan, was greater than 80% as of July 1, 2020, as required by federal and state regulations. Market value of the Plan's assets reflects contributions received through June 30, 2020. There are no collective bargaining agreements in place that require contributions to the Plan by the Company. The Plan is a single plan under the Internal Revenue Code and, as a result, all of the assets stand behind all of the liabilities. Accordingly, contributions made by a participating employer may be used to provide benefits to participants of other participating employers.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Postretirement Benefits

The Company maintains an unfunded postretirement medical plan assumed in connection with the Rome Bancorp acquisition in 2011. The postretirement plan has been modified so that participation is closed to those employees who did not meet the retirement eligibility requirements by March 31, 2011. The Company contributes partially to medical benefits and life insurance coverage for retirees. Such retirees and their surviving spouses are responsible for the remainder of the medical benefits, including increases in premiums levels, between the total premium and the Company’s contribution.

The Company also has an executive long-term care (“LTC”) postretirement benefit plan which started August 1, 2014. The LTC plan reimburses executives for certain costs in the event of a future chronic illness. Funding of the plan comes from Company paid insurance policies or direct payments. At plan’s inception, a $558 thousand benefit obligation was recorded against equity representing the prior service cost of plan participants.

 

Information regarding the postretirement plans is as follows:

						December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019
Change in accumulated postretirement benefit obligation:
Accumulated post-retirement benefit obligation at beginning of year						$	4,039					$	3,422
Service Cost						39						38
Interest cost						129						142
Participant contributions						—						—
Actuarial loss						507						565
Benefits paid						(73)						(128)
Accumulated post-retirement benefit obligation at end of year						$	4,641					$	4,039
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year						$	—					$	—
Contributions by employer						73						128
Contributions by participant						—						—
Benefits paid						(73)						(128)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year						$	—					$	—

Amounts Recognized on Consolidated Balance Sheets
Other Liabilities						$	4,641					$	4,039

Net periodic post-retirement cost is comprised of the following:

						December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019
Service cost						$	39					$	38
Interest costs						129						142
Amortization of net prior service credit						84						83
Amortization of net actuarial loss						12						—
Net periodic post-retirement costs						$	264					$	263

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Changes in benefit obligations recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows:

						December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019
Amortization of prior service credit						$	(84)					$	(83)
Net actuarial loss (gain)						496						374
Total recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income						412						291
Accrued post-retirement liability recognized						$	4,641					$	4,039

 

The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:

						December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019
Net prior service cost (credit)						$	1,325					$	1,409
Net actuarial loss (gain)						869						374
Total recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income						$	2,194					$	1,783

 

The amount expected to be amortized from other comprehensive income into net periodic postretirement cost over the next fiscal year is $83 thousand.

The discount rates used in the measurement of the postretirement plan obligations are determined by comparing the expected future retirement payment cash flows of the plans to the Above Median FTSE Pension Discount Curve as of the measurement date.

The assumed discount rates on a weighted-average basis were 2.16% and 3.06% as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company has fixed contributions, therefore, the annual rate of increase in healthcare costs is not used in measuring the accumulated post-retirement benefit medical obligation.

For participants in the LTC plan covered by insurance policies, no increase in annual premiums is assumed based on the history of the corresponding insurance provider.

Estimated benefit payments under the post-retirement benefit plan over the next ten years at December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Year						Payments (In thousands)
2021						123
2022						121
2023						118
2024						117
2025 - 2030						642

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

401(k) Plan

The Company provides a 401(k) Plan in which most eligible employees participate. Expense related to the plan was $3.5 million in 2020, $4.1 million in 2019, and $3.9 million in 2018.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”)

As part of the SI Financial acquisition in 2019, the Company acquired an ESOP plan that was frozen and terminated prior to the completion of the transaction. On acquisition date, all amounts in the plan were vested and the loan under the plans was repaid from the sale proceeds of unallocated shares.

Other Plans

The Company maintains supplemental executive retirement plans (“SERPs”) for select current and former executives. Benefits generally commence no earlier than age sixty-two and are payable either as an annuity or as a lump sum at the executive’s option. Most of these SERPs were assumed in connection with acquisitions. At year-end 2020 and 2019, the accrued liability for these SERPs was $20.1 million and $20.3 million, respectively. SERP expense was $2.0 million in 2020, $0.9 million in 2019, and $0.6 million in 2018, and is recognized over the required service period.

During 2020, the Company released $0.9 million of accrued SERP liability, following a transition in the Company's Chief Executive Officer position. The separation agreement did not entitle the former executive to any future benefits, including the associated SERP, other than those described in the agreement.

The Company has endorsement split-dollar arrangements pertaining to certain current and former executives and directors. Under these arrangements, the Company purchased policies insuring the lives of the executives and directors, and separately entered into agreements to split the policy benefits with the individuals. There are no post-retirement benefits associated with these policies. The Company also assumed split-dollar life insurance agreements from multiple prior acquisitions. The accrued liability for these split-dollar arrangements was $7.9 million as of year-end 2020 and $7.1 million as of year-end 2019.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 14.    INCOME TAXES

 

Provision for Income Taxes

The components of the Company’s provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 were, as follows: 

(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Current:
Federal tax (benefit)/expense						$	(19,889)					$	16,576					$	12,634
State tax (benefit)/expense						(3,976)						5,323						4,114
Total current tax (benefit)/expense (1)						(23,865)						21,899						16,748
Deferred:
Federal tax expense						2,048						908						8,443
State tax expense/(benefit)						1,964						(344)						3,770
Total deferred tax expense						4,012						564						12,213
Change in valuation allowance						—						—						—
Income tax (benefit)/expense from continuing operations						$	(19,853)					$	22,463					$	28,961
Income tax (benefit) from discontinued operations						(7,013)						(1,468)						(1,313)
Total						$	(26,866)					$	20,995					$	27,648

(1)    On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") was signed into law. The CARES Act includes several provisions that temporarily modify the corporate net operating loss (“NOL”) carryback rules for federal income tax purposes. Specifically, the CARES Act allows a five-year carryback of any NOL generated in a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2021. The Company recorded a $6 million federal income tax benefit in 2020 resulting from the carryback of its 2020 NOL to recover federal income taxes paid in 2015 through 2017 at a 35% federal income tax rate.

Effective Tax Rate

The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018: 

						2020												2019												2018
(In thousands, except rates)						Amount						Rate						Amount						Rate						Amount						Rate
Statutory tax rate						$	(111,936)					21.0		%				$	26,037					21.0		%				$	29,018					21.0		%
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit						(1,589)						0.3						3,641						2.9						7,081						5.1
Tax exempt income - investments, net						(3,184)						0.6						(3,527)						(2.8)						(3,620)						(2.6)
Bank-owned life insurance						(1,283)						0.3						(1,305)						(1.1)						(1,337)						(1.0)
Goodwill impairment						103,912						(19.5)						—						—						—						—
Non-deductible merger costs						—						—						122						0.1						181						0.1
Tax credits, net of basis reduction						(1,812)						0.3						(3,531)						(2.8)						(3,574)						(2.6)
Tax rate benefit on net operating loss carryback						(6,040)						1.1						—						—						—						—
Other, net						2,079						(0.4)						1,026						0.8						1,212						0.9
Effective tax rate						$	(19,853)					3.7		%				$	22,463					18.1		%				$	28,961					20.9		%

    

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities were, as follows:

(In thousands)						2020						2019
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses						$	35,650					$	17,446
Unrealized capital loss on tax credit investments						2,360						6,195
Employee benefit plans						7,607						10,565
Purchase accounting adjustments						8,843						39,359
Net operating loss carryforwards						1,753						951
Lease liability						20,119						22,497
Premises and equipment						1,097						739
Nonaccrual interest						1,780						587
Other						1,733						501
Deferred tax assets, net before valuation allowances						80,942						98,840
Valuation allowance						(200)						(200)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances						$	80,742					$	98,640
Deferred tax liabilities:
Net unrealized gain on securities available for sale and pension in OCI						$	(10,602)					$	(4,244)
Loan servicing rights						(1,674)						(4,669)
Deferred loan fees						(368)						(1,667)
Intangible amortization						(2,277)						(18,557)
Unamortized tax credit reserve						(1,086)						(1,142)
Right-of-use asset						(18,365)						(20,614)
Deferred tax liabilities						$	(34,372)					$	(50,893)
Deferred tax assets, net						$	46,370					$	47,747
Deferred tax liabilities from discontinued operations						$	—					$	(3,418)
Deferred tax assets, net from continuing operations						$	46,370					$	51,165

 

The Company’s net deferred tax asset decreased by $1.4 million during 2020.

 

Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances, are expected to be realized through the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and future taxable income.

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Valuation Allowances

The components of the Company’s valuation allowance on its deferred tax asset, net as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were, as follows: 

(in thousands)						2020						2019
State tax basis difference, net of Federal tax benefit						$	(200)					$	(200)
Valuation allowances						$	(200)					$	(200)

 

The state tax basis difference, net of Federal tax benefit, was originally recorded in 2012, due to management’s assessment that it is more likely than not that certain deferred tax assets recorded for the difference between the book basis and the state tax basis in certain tax credit limited partnership investments (LPs) will not be realized. Management anticipates that the remaining excess state tax basis will be realized as a capital loss upon disposition, and that it is unlikely that the Company will have capital gains against which to offset such capital losses.

There was no change in the valuation allowance during 2020. The valuation allowance as of December 31, 2020 is subject to change in the future as the Company continues to periodically assess the likelihood of realizing its deferred tax assets.

Tax Attributes

At December 31, 2020, the Company has $4.5 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards, the utilization of which are limited under Internal Revenue Code Section 382. These net operating losses begin to expire in 2029. The related deferred tax asset is $1.0 million.

State net operating loss carryforwards are expected to be utilized in 2021. The related deferred tax asset is $803 thousand.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its income tax positions based on tax laws and regulations and financial reporting considerations, and records adjustments as appropriate. This evaluation takes into consideration the status of taxing authorities’ current examinations of the Company’s tax returns, recent positions taken by the taxing authorities on similar transactions, if any, and the overall tax environment in relation to uncertain tax positions.

The following table presents changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018:

(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Unrecognized tax benefits at January 1						$	238					$	467					$	304
Increase in gross amounts of tax positions related to prior years						309						26						533
Decrease in gross amounts of tax positions related to prior years						—						—						(370)
Decrease due to settlement with taxing authority						—						(185)						—
Decrease due to lapse in statute of limitations						(31)						(70)						—
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31						$	516					$	238					$	467

It is reasonably possible that over the next twelve months the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change from the reevaluation of uncertain tax positions arising in examinations, in appeals, or in the courts, or from the closure of tax statutes. The Company does not expect any significant changes in unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months.

All of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would be recorded as a component of income tax expense, therefore, affecting the effective tax rate. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to the liability for uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The accrual for interest and penalties was not material for all years presented.

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The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction as well as in various states. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income tax examinations by tax authorities. The Company is no longer subject to examination for tax years prior to 2017 including any related income tax filings from its recent acquisitions. The Company has been selected for audit in the state of New York for tax years 2015-2017.

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NOTE 15.    DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

At year-end 2020, the Company held derivatives with a total notional amount of $3.9 billion. The Company had economic hedges and non-hedging derivatives totaling $3.8 billion and $40.1 million, respectively, which are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes and are therefore recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded directly through earnings. Economic hedges included interest rate swaps totaling $3.5 billion, risk participation agreements with dealer banks of $326.9 million, and $11.5 million in forward commitment contracts. Forward sale commitments and commitments to lend are included in discontinued operations.

As part of the Company’s risk management strategy, the Company enters into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in certain of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Interest rate swap agreements involve the risk of dealing with both Bank customers and institutional derivative counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. The agreements are entered into with counterparties that meet established credit standards and contain master netting and collateral provisions protecting the at-risk party. The derivatives program is overseen by the Risk Management Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. Based on adherence to the Company’s credit standards and the presence of the netting and collateral provisions, the Company believes that the credit risk inherent in these contracts was not significant at December 31, 2020.

The Company pledged collateral to derivative counterparties in the form of cash totaling $75.1 million and securities with an amortized cost of $37.5 million and a fair value of $37.8 million at year-end 2020. At December 31, 2019, the Company pledged cash collateral of $96.3 million and securities with an amortized cost of $25.7 million and a fair value of $25.8 million. The Company does not typically require its commercial customers to post cash or securities as collateral on its program of back-to-back economic hedges. However certain language is written into the International Swaps Dealers Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) and loan documents where, in default situations, the Bank is allowed to access collateral supporting the loan relationship to recover any losses suffered on the derivative asset or liability. The Company may need to post additional collateral in the future in proportion to potential increases in unrealized loss positions.

Information about interest rate swap agreements and non-hedging derivative assets and liabilities at December 31, 2020 follows:

						Notional Amount						Weighted Average Maturity						Weighted Average Rate												Estimated Fair Value Asset (Liability)
December 31, 2020																		Received						Contract pay rate
						(In thousands)						(In years)																		(In thousands)
Economic hedges:
Interest rate swap on tax advantaged economic development bond						$	8,654					8.9						0.52		%				5.09		%				$	(1,778)
Interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers						1,734,978						6.1						4.15		%				1.95		%				159,016
Reverse interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers						1,734,978						6.1						1.95		%				4.15		%				(64,645)
Risk participation agreements with dealer banks						326,862						8.0																		665
Forward sale commitments						11,544						0.2																		320
Total economic hedges						3,817,016																								93,578
Non-hedging derivatives:
Commitments to lend						40,099						0.2																		735
Total non-hedging derivatives						40,099																								735
Total						$	3,857,115																							$	94,313

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Information about interest rate swap agreements and non-hedging derivative asset and liabilities at December 31, 2019 follows:

						Notional Amount						Weighted Average Maturity						Weighted Average Rate												Estimated Fair Value Asset (Liability)
December 31, 2019																		Received						Contract pay rate
						(In thousands)						(In years)																		(In thousands)
Economic hedges:
Interest rate swap on tax advantaged economic development bond						$	9,390					9.9						2.08		%				5.09		%				$	(1,488)
Interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers						1,669,895						6.4						4.38		%				3.28		%				75,326
Reverse interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers						1,669,895						6.4						3.28		%				4.38		%				(77,051)
Risk participation agreements with dealer banks						315,140						7.5																		320
Forward sale commitments (1)						237,412						0.2																		(227)
Total economic hedges						3,901,732																								(3,120)
Non-hedging derivatives:
Commitments to lend (1)						168,997						0.2																		2,628
Total non-hedging derivatives						168,997																								2,628
Total						$	4,070,729																							$	(492)

(1) Includes the impact of discontinued operations.

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Economic hedges

As of December 31, 2020 the Company has an interest rate swap with a $8.7 million notional amount to swap out the fixed rate of interest on an economic development bond bearing a fixed rate of 5.09%, currently within the Company’s trading portfolio under the fair value option, in exchange for a LIBOR-based floating rate. The intent of the economic hedge is to improve the Company’s asset sensitivity to changing interest rates in anticipation of favorable average floating rates of interest over the 21-year life of the bond. The fair value changes of the economic development bond are mostly offset by fair value changes of the related interest rate swap.

 

The Company also offers certain derivative products directly to qualified commercial borrowers. The Company economically hedges derivative transactions executed with commercial borrowers by entering into mirror-image, offsetting derivatives with third-party financial institutions. The transaction allows the Company’s customer to convert a variable-rate loan to a fixed rate loan. Because the Company acts as an intermediary for its customer, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts mostly offset each other in earnings. Credit valuation loss adjustments arising from the difference in credit worthiness of the commercial loan and financial institution counterparties totaled $1.5 million at year-end 2020. The interest income and expense on these mirror image swaps exactly offset each other.

 

The Company has risk participation agreements with dealer banks. Risk participation agreements occur when the Company participates on a loan and a swap where another bank is the lead. The Company earns a fee to take on the risk associated with having to make the lead bank whole on Berkshire’s portion of the pro-rated swap should the borrower default.

 

The Company utilizes forward sale commitments to hedge interest rate risk and the associated effects on the fair value of interest rate lock commitments and loans held for sale. The forward sale commitments are accounted for as derivatives with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. Forward sale commitments are

included in discontinued operations.

 

The company uses the following types of forward sale commitments contracts:

•Best efforts loan sales,

•Mandatory delivery loan sales, and

•To be announced (TBA) mortgage-backed securities sales.

 

A best efforts contract refers to a loan sales agreement where the Company commits to deliver an individual mortgage loan of a specified principal amount and quality to an investor if the loan to the underlying borrower closes. The Company may enter into a best efforts contract once the price is known, which is shortly after the potential borrower’s interest rate is locked.

 

A mandatory delivery contract is a loan sales agreement where the Company commits to deliver a certain principal amount of mortgage loans to an investor at a specified price on or before a specified date. Generally, the Company may enter into mandatory delivery contracts shortly after the loan closes with a customer.

 

The Company may sell to-be-announced mortgage-backed securities to hedge the changes in fair value of interest rate lock commitments and held for sale loans, which do not have corresponding best efforts or mandatory delivery contracts. These security sales transactions are closed once mandatory contracts are written. On the closing date the price of the security is locked-in, and the sale is paired-off with a purchase of the same security. Settlement of the security purchase/sale transaction is done with cash on a net-basis.

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Non-hedging derivatives

The Company enters into commitments to lend for residential mortgage loans, which commit the Company to lend funds to a potential borrower at a specific interest rate and within a specified period of time. Commitments that relate to the origination of mortgage loans that will be held for sale are considered derivative financial instruments under applicable accounting guidance. Outstanding commitments expose the Company to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans underlying the commitments may decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates from inception of the rate lock to the funding of the loan.  The commitments are free-standing derivatives which are carried at fair value with changes recorded in non-interest income in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in the fair value of commitments subsequent to inception are based on changes in the fair value of the underlying loan resulting from the fulfillment of the commitment and changes in the probability that the loan will fund within the terms of the commitment, which is affected primarily by changes in interest rates and the passage of time. Commitments to lend are included in discontinued operations.

Amounts included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations related to economic hedges and non-hedging derivatives were as follows:

						Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Economic hedges
Interest rate swap on industrial revenue bond:
Unrealized (loss)/gain recognized in other non-interest income						$	(289)					$	(248)					$	409
Interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers:
Unrealized gain/(loss) recognized in other non-interest income						85,206						65,098						8,758
(Unfavorable) change in credit valuation adjustment recognized in other non-interest income						(1,516)						(1,214)						(519)
Reverse interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers:
Unrealized (loss)/gain recognized in other non-interest income						(85,206)						(65,098)						(8,758)
Risk Participation Agreements:
Unrealized gain/(loss) recognized in other non-interest income						345						83						263
Forward Commitments:
Unrealized gain/(loss) recognized in discontinued operations						547						507						(611)
Realized (loss) in discontinued operations						(8,205)						(9,195)						(1,532)
Non-hedging derivatives
Commitments to lend:
Unrealized (loss)/gain recognized in discontinued operations						$	(1,893)					$	(1,299)					$	3,358
Realized gain in discontinued operations						15,672						57,699						33,982

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Assets and Liabilities Subject to Enforceable Master Netting Arrangements

Interest Rate Swap Agreements (“Swap Agreements”)

The Company enters into swap agreements to facilitate the risk management strategies for commercial banking customers. The Company mitigates this risk by entering into equal and offsetting swap agreements with highly rated third party financial institutions. The swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company is party to master netting arrangements with its financial institution counterparties; however, the Company does not offset assets and liabilities under these arrangements for financial statement presentation purposes. The master netting arrangements provide for a single net settlement of all swap agreements, as well as collateral, in the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract. Collateral generally in the form of marketable securities is received or posted by the counterparty with net liability positions, respectively, in accordance with contract thresholds.

The Company had net asset positions with its financial institution counterparties totaling $1.0 million and $0.6 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company had net asset positions with its commercial banking counterparties totaling $159.0 million and $76.4 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

The Company had net liability positions with its financial institution counterparties totaling $66.8 million and $78.8 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company had no net liability positions with its commercial banking counterparties as of December 31, 2020. The Company had net liability positions with its commercial banking counterparties totaling $1.1 million as of December 31, 2019. The Company has collateral pledged to cover this liability.

 

The following table presents the assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

 

Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets

						Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets						Gross Amounts Offset in the Statements of Condition						Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statements of Condition						Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statements of Condition
																								Financial Instruments						Cash Collateral Received
(in thousands)																																				Net Amount
As of December 31, 2020
Interest Rate Swap Agreements:
Institutional counterparties						$	1,124					$	(78)					$	1,046					$	—					$	—					$	1,046
Commercial counterparties						159,016						—						159,016						—						—						159,016
Total						$	160,140					$	(78)					$	160,062					$	—					$	—					$	160,062

Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities

						Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities						Gross Amounts Offset in the Statements of Condition						Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Condition						Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statements of Condition
																								Financial Instruments						Cash Collateral Received
(in thousands)																																				Net Amount
As of December 31, 2020
Interest Rate Swap Agreements:
Institutional counterparties						$	(164,543)					$	97,740					$	(66,803)					$	37,815					$	75,070					$	46,082
Commercial counterparties						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						$	(164,543)					$	97,740					$	(66,803)					$	37,815					$	75,070					$	46,082

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Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets

						Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets						Gross Amounts Offset in the Statements of Condition						Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statements of Condition						Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statements of Condition
																								Financial Instruments						Cash Collateral Received
(in thousands)																																				Net Amount
As of December 31, 2019
Interest Rate Swap Agreements:
Institutional counterparties						$	640					$	(54)					$	586					$	—					$	—					$	586
Commercial counterparties						76,428						(22)						76,406						—						—						76,406
Total						$	77,068					$	(76)					$	76,992					$	—					$	—					$	76,992

Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities

						Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities						Gross Amounts Offset in the Statements of Condition						Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Condition						Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statements of Condition
																								Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received
(in thousands)																																	Net Amount
As of December 31, 2019
Interest Rate Swap Agreements:
Institutional counterparties						$	(80,024)					$	1,219					$	(78,805)					$	25,828		$	96,310					$	43,333
Commercial counterparties						(1,080)						—						(1,080)						—			—						(1,080)
Total						$	(81,104)					$	1,219					$	(79,885)					$	25,828		$	96,310					$	42,253

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 16.    LEASES

Substantially all of the leases in which the Company is the lessee are comprised of real estate property for branches, ATM locations, and office space. Most of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. At December 31, 2020 lease expiration dates ranged from 1 month to 19 years.

The following table represents the Consolidated Balance Sheets classification of the Company’s right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities:

(In thousands)												December 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
Lease Right-of-Use Assets						Classification
Operating lease right-of-use assets (1)						Other assets						$	60,018					$	76,332
Finance lease right-of-use assets						Premises and equipment, net						7,197						7,720
Total Lease Right-of-Use Assets												$	67,215					$	84,052
Lease Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities (2)						Other liabilities						$	63,894					$	80,734
Finance lease liabilities						Other liabilities						10,383						10,883
Total Lease Liabilities												$	74,277					$	91,617

(1)     There are no operating lease right-of-use assets classified as discontinued operations as of December 31, 2020. There are operating lease right-of-use assets classified as discontinued operations of $3.5 million as of December 31, 2019.

(2)    There are no operating lease liabilities classified as discontinued operations as of December 31, 2020. There are operating lease liabilities classified as discontinued operations of $3.5 million as of December 31, 2019.

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

			December 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
Weighted-Average Remaining Lease Term (in years)
Operating leases			9.8						10.3
Finance leases			13.8						14.8
Weighted-Average Discount Rate
Operating leases			2.81		%				3.36		%
Finance leases			5.00		%				5.00		%

The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For real estate leases, non-lease components and other non-components, such as common area maintenance charges, real estate taxes, and insurance are not included in the measurement of the lease liability since they are generally able to be segregated.

The Company does not have any material sub-lease agreements.

Lease expense for operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $13.5 million, of which $1.2 million was related to FCLS and is reported as discontinued operations. Variable lease components, such as consumer price index adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities.

Lease expense for operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $14.4 million, of which $2.8 million was related to FCLS and is reported as discontinued operations. Variable lease components, such as consumer price index adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

(In thousands)						December 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases (1)						$	13,750					$	14,731
Operating cash flows from finance leases						530						553
Financing cash flows from finance leases						500						435
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases (1)						7,083						88,079
Finance leases						—						—

(1)    Includes operating cash flows from operating leases related to discontinued operations of $1.2 million and $2.8 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

The following table presents a maturity analysis of the Company’s lease liability by lease classification at December 31, 2020:

(In thousands)						Operating Leases						Finance Leases
2021						$	10,875					$	1,023
2022						9,990						1,031
2023						8,752						1,037
2024						7,508						1,037
2025						5,668						1,037
Thereafter						31,215						9,223
Total undiscounted lease payments						74,008						14,388
Less amounts representing interest						(10,114)						(4,005)
Lease liability						$	63,894					$	10,383

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 17. OTHER COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES, AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ACTIVITIES

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was reported to have surfaced in China and has since spread to a number of other countries, including the United States. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic and the United States declared a National Public Health Emergency. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is fluid and continues to evolve, which is adversely affecting some of the Company’s clients. The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated impacts on trade (including supply chains and export levels), travel, employee productivity, unemployment, consumer spending, and other economic activities has resulted in less economic activity, lower equity market valuations and significant volatility and disruption in financial markets and has had an adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. The ultimate extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations is currently uncertain and will depend on various developments and other factors, including, among others, the duration and scope of the pandemic, as well as governmental, regulatory and private sector responses to the pandemic, and the associated impacts on the economy, financial markets, and our clients, employees, and vendors.

The Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations generally rely upon the ability of the Company’s borrowers to repay their loans, the value of collateral underlying the Company’s secured loans, and demand for loans and other products and services the Company offers, which are highly dependent on the business environment in the Company’s primary markets where it operates and in the United States as a whole.

During the current year, the Company’s results of operations were negatively impacted by full impairment of the Company's goodwill, an increase in its provision for credit losses and related allowance for credit losses, a decline in the fair value of its equity portfolio, and a decline in valuation of assets. These circumstances could cause the Company to experience a material adverse effect on our business operations, asset valuations, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Material adverse impacts may include all or a combination of valuation impairments on the Company’s intangible assets, investments, loans, loan servicing rights, deferred tax assets, lease right-of-use assets, or counter-party risk derivatives.

Beginning in March 2020, the Company has offered three-month payment deferrals for customers with a current payment status who were negatively impacted by economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Through December 31, 2020, the Company had modified 5,701 loans with a carrying value of $1.5 billion. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had 746 active modified loans outstanding with a carrying value of $316.1 million, which excluded loans returning to payment or awaiting evaluation for further deferral. The Company continues to accrue interest on these loans during the deferral period. In accordance with interagency guidance issued in March 2020 and Section 4013 (Temporary Relief from Troubled Debt Restructurings) of the CARES Act, these short-term deferrals are not considered troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) unless the borrower was previously experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the risk-ratings on COVID-19 modified loans did not automatically change as a result of payment deferrals, and these loans will not be considered past due until after the deferral period is over and scheduled payments resume.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Credit Related Financial Instruments. The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Such commitments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit, and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the other party to the financial instrument is represented by the contractual amount of these commitments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. A summary of financial instruments outstanding whose contract amounts represent credit risk is as follows at year-end:

(In thousands)						2020						2019
Commitments to originate new loans (1)						$	211,485					$	143,812
Unused funds on commercial and other lines of credit						944,678						850,761
Unadvanced funds on home equity lines of credit						371,080						384,723
Unadvanced funds on construction and real estate loans						226,736						440,599
Standby letters of credit						24,501						15,527
Total						$	1,778,480					$	1,835,422

(1)    As of December 31, 2020, there were no commitments to originate new loans related to discontinued operations. As of December 31, 2019, commitments to originate new loans include $132.7 million related to discontinued operations.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The commitments for lines of credit may expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These letters of credit are primarily issued to support borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company considers standby letters of credit to be guarantees and the amount of the recorded liability related to such guarantees was not material at year-end 2020 and 2019.

Employment and Change in Control Agreements. The Company and the Bank have change in control agreements with several officers which provide a severance payment in the event employment is terminated in conjunction with a defined change in control.

Legal Claims. Various legal claims arise from time to time in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2020, neither the Company nor the Bank was involved in any pending legal proceedings believed by management to be material, that are not accrued for, to the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had litigation accrual of $110 thousand. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had litigation accrual of $2.0 million.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 18.    SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Minimum Regulatory Capital Requirements

The Company and Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal and state banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if imposed, could have a direct material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the following table) of total and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined) and of Tier 1 capital to average assets (as defined). As of year-end 2020 and 2019, the Bank and the Company met the capital adequacy requirements. Regulators may set higher expected capital requirements in some cases based on their examinations.

At December 31, 2020, the capital levels of both the Company and the Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements and their regulatory capital ratios were above the minimum levels. The capital levels of both the Company and the Bank at December 31, 2020 also exceeded the minimum capital requirements including the currently applicable BASEL III capital conservation buffer of 1.875%.

As of year-end 2020 and 2019, the Bank met the conditions to be classified as “well capitalized” under the relevant regulatory framework. To be categorized as well capitalized, an institution must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following tables.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Company and Bank’s actual and required capital amounts were as follows:

																		Minimum Capital Requirement												Minimum to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
						Actual
(Dollars in thousands)						Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio
December 31, 2020
Company (Consolidated)
Total capital to risk-weighted assets						$	1,337,008					16.10		%				$	664,239					8.00		%				N/A						N/A
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk weighted assets						1,145,329						13.79						373,634						4.50						N/A						N/A
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets						1,167,512						14.06						498,179						6.00						N/A						N/A
Tier 1 capital to average assets						1,167,512						9.38						332,119						4.00						N/A						N/A
Bank
Total capital to risk-weighted assets						$	1,243,287					14.99		%				$	663,429					8.00		%				$	961,659					10.00		%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk weighted assets						1,148,205						13.85						373,179						4.50						625,079						6.50
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets						1,148,205						13.85						497,572						6.00						769,327						8.00
Tier 1 capital to average assets						1,148,205						9.23						331,715						4.00						480,830						5.00
December 31, 2019
Company (Consolidated)
Total capital to risk-weighted assets						$	1,321,910					13.73		%				$	770,294					8.00		%				N/A						N/A
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk weighted assets						1,161,800						12.07						433,290						4.50						N/A						N/A
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets						1,183,932						12.30						577,720						6.00						N/A						N/A
Tier 1 capital to average assets						1,183,932						9.33						385,147						4.00						N/A						N/A
Bank
Total capital to risk-weighted assets						$	1,233,278					12.82		%				$	769,327					8.00		%				$	961,659					10.00		%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk weighted assets						1,169,535						12.16						432,747						4.50						625,079						6.50
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets						1,169,535						12.16						576,996						6.00						769,327						8.00
Tier 1 capital to average assets						1,169,535						9.14						384,664						4.00						480,830						5.00

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Common stock

The Bank is subject to dividend restrictions imposed by various regulators, including a limitation on the total of all dividends that the Bank may pay to the Company in any calendar year. The total of all dividends shall not exceed the Bank’s net income for the current year (as defined by statute), plus the Bank’s net income retained for the two previous years, without regulatory approval. Dividends from the Bank are an important source of funds to the Company to make dividend payments on its common and preferred stock, to make payments on its borrowings, and for its other cash needs. The ability of the Company and the Bank to pay dividends is dependent on regulatory policies and regulatory capital requirements. The ability to pay such dividends in the future may be adversely affected by new legislation or regulations, or by changes in regulatory policies relating to capital, safety and soundness, and other regulatory concerns.

The payment of dividends by the Company is subject to Delaware law, which generally limits dividends to an amount equal to an excess of the net assets of a company (the amount by which total assets exceed total liabilities) over statutory capital, or if there is no excess, to the Company’s net profits for the current and/or immediately preceding fiscal year.

Preferred stock

The Company previously issued Series B Non-Voting Preferred Stock. Each preferred share is convertible into two shares of the Company's common stock under specified conditions. The shares are considered participating, but do not maintain preferential treatment over common shares. Proportional dividends on the preferred shares are not payable unless also declared for common shares. The preferred shares were converted to common stock during 2020 and therefore there were no preferred shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020.

Accumulated other comprehensive income

Year-end components of accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows:

(In thousands)						2020						2019
Other accumulated comprehensive income/(loss), before tax:
Net unrealized holding gain/(loss) on AFS securities						$	44,988					$	19,262
Net unrealized holding (loss) on pension plans						(3,511)						(3,022)
Income taxes related to items of accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income:
Net unrealized holding (gain)/loss on AFS securities						(11,530)						(5,059)
Net unrealized holding loss on pension plans						924						812
Accumulated other comprehensive income						$	30,871					$	11,993

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents the components of other comprehensive (loss)/income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018:

(In thousands)						Before Tax						Tax Effect						Net of Tax
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Net unrealized holding gain on AFS securities:
Net unrealized gain arising during the period						$	25,721					$	(6,470)					$	19,251
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income						(5)						1						(4)
Net unrealized holding gain on AFS securities						25,726						(6,471)						19,255
Net unrealized holding (loss) on pension plans
Net unrealized (loss) arising during the period						(489)						112						(377)
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income						—						—						—
Net unrealized holding (loss) on pension plans						(489)						112						(377)
Other comprehensive gain						$	25,237					$	(6,359)					$	18,878

(In thousands)						Before Tax						Tax Effect						Net of Tax
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Net unrealized holding gain on AFS securities:
Net unrealized gain arising during the period						$	34,591					$	(8,890)					$	25,701
Less: reclassification adjustment for gains realized in net income						61						(17)						44
Net unrealized holding gain on AFS securities						34,530						(8,873)						25,657
Net unrealized holding (loss) on pension plans
Net unrealized (loss) arising during the period						(270)						76						(194)
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income						—						—						—
Net unrealized holding (loss) on pension plans						(270)						76						(194)
Other comprehensive gain						$	34,260					$	(8,797)					$	25,463
Less: reclassification related to adoption of ASU 2016-01						—						—						—
Less: reclassification related to adoption of ASU 2018-02						—						—						—
Total change to accumulated other comprehensive (loss)						$	34,260					$	(8,797)					$	25,463

(In thousands)						Before Tax						Tax Effect						Net of Tax
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Net unrealized holding (loss) on AFS securities:
Net unrealized (loss) arising during the period						$	(16,917)					$	4,419					$	(12,498)
Less: reclassification adjustment for gains realized in net income						6						(2)						4
Net unrealized holding (loss) on AFS securities						(16,923)						4,421						(12,502)
Net unrealized holding (loss) on pension plans
Net unrealized gain arising during the period						135						(54)						81
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income						(201)						54						(147)
Net unrealized holding loss on pension plans						336						(108)						228
Other comprehensive (loss)						$	(16,587)					$	4,313					$	(12,274)
Less: reclassification related to adoption of ASU 2016-01						8,379						(2,126)						6,253
Less: reclassification related to adoption of ASU 2018-02						—						(896)						(896)
Total change to accumulated other comprehensive (loss)						$	(24,966)					$	7,335					$	(17,631)

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The following table presents the changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018:

(in thousands)						Net unrealized holding gain (loss) on AFS Securities																		Net unrealized holding gain (loss) on pension plans						Total
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Balance at Beginning of Year						$	14,204																	$	(2,211)					$	11,993
Other comprehensive gain/(loss) before reclassifications						19,251																		(377)						18,874
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income						(4)																		—						(4)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)						19,255																		(377)						18,878
Balance at End of Period						$	33,459																	$	(2,588)					$	30,871
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Balance at Beginning of Year						$	(11,453)																	$	(2,017)					$	(13,470)
Other comprehensive gain/(loss) before reclassifications						25,701																		(194)						25,507
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income						44																		—						44
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)						25,657																		(194)						25,463
Balance at End of Period						$	14,204																	$	(2,211)					$	11,993
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Balance at Beginning of Year						$	6,008																	$	(1,847)					$	4,161
Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications						(12,498)																		81						(12,417)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income						4																		(147)						(143)
Total other comprehensive (loss)/income						(12,502)																		228						(12,274)
Less: amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to adoption of ASU 2016-01 and ASU 2018-02						4,959																		398						5,357
Balance at End of Period						$	(11,453)																	$	(2,017)					$	(13,470)

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The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018:

																								Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income Is Presented
						Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Realized (losses)/gains on AFS securities:
						$	(5)					$	61					$	6					Non-interest income
						1						(17)						(2)						Tax expense
						(4)						44						4
Realized (losses) on pension plans
						—						—						(201)						Non-interest expense
						—						—						54						Tax expense
						—						—						(147)
Total reclassifications for the period						$	(4)					$	44					$	(143)

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(Loss)/Earnings Per Common Share

Basic (loss)/earnings per common share (“EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock (such as stock options) were exercised or converted into additional common shares that would then share in the earnings of the entity. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year, plus an incremental number of common-equivalent shares computed using the treasury stock method.

(Loss)/earnings per common share has been computed based on the following (average diluted shares outstanding is calculated using the treasury stock method):

						Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data)						2020						2019						2018
Net (loss)/income from continuing operations						$	(513,175)					$	101,521					$	109,219
Net (loss) from discontinued operations						(19,842)						(4,071)						(3,454)
Net (loss)/income						$	(533,017)					$	97,450					$	105,765
Average number of common shares issued						51,903						49,782						46,212
Less: average number of treasury shares						1,569						1,142						810
Less: average number of unvested stock award shares						505						420						421
Plus: average participating preferred shares						441						1,043						1,043
Average number of basic common shares outstanding						50,270						49,263						46,024
Plus: dilutive effect of unvested stock award shares						—						122						180
Plus: dilutive effect of stock options outstanding						—						36						27
Average number of diluted common shares outstanding						50,270						49,421						46,231
Basic (loss)/earnings per share:
Continuing Operations						$	(10.21)					$	2.06					$	2.38
Discontinued operations						(0.39)						(0.08)						(0.08)
Basic (loss)/earnings per common share						$	(10.60)					$	1.98					$	2.30
Diluted (loss)/earnings per share:
Continuing Operations						$	(10.21)					$	2.05					$	2.36
Discontinued operations						(0.39)						(0.08)						(0.07)
Diluted (loss)/earnings per common share						$	(10.60)					$	1.97					$	2.29

 

Due to the net loss in 2020, all unvested restricted stock and options were considered anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculations. For the year ended 2019, 61 thousand options were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculations. For the year ended 2018, 38 thousand options were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculations.

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NOTE 19.    STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) permits the granting of a combination of Restricted Stock awards and incentive and non-qualified stock options (“Stock Options”) to employees and directors. A total of 1.0 million shares was authorized under the Plan. Awards may be granted as either Restricted Stock or Stock Options provided that any shares that are granted as Restricted Stock are counted against the share limit set forth as (1) three for every one share of Restricted Stock granted and (2) one for every one share of Stock Option granted. As of the 2018 Plan's effective date, all expired, canceled, and forfeited shares under the 2013 Plan are included in the 2018 Plan's available shares. As of year-end 2020, the Company had the ability to grant approximately 0.9 million shares under this plan.

A summary of activity in the Company’s stock compensation plans is shown below:

						Non-vested Stock Awards Outstanding												Stock Options Outstanding
(Shares in thousands)						Number of Shares						Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value						Number of Shares						Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Balance, December 31, 2019						450						$	32.47					153						$	22.00
Granted						314						16.69						—						—
Acquired						—						—						—						—
Stock options exercised						—						—						(37)						17.85
Stock awards vested						(156)						33.18						—						—
Forfeited						(91)						29.86						—						—
Expired						—						—						(4)						11.99
Balance, December 31, 2020						517						$	28.35					112						$	22.95

Stock Awards

The total compensation cost for stock awards recognized as expense was $4.7 million, $4.8 million, and $4.8 million, in the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The total recognized tax benefit associated with this compensation cost was $1.2 million, $1.3 million, and $1.3 million, respectively.

The weighted average fair value of stock awards granted was $16.69, $29.47, and $37.87 in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Stock awards vest over periods up to five years and are valued at the closing price of the stock on the grant date. Certain awards vest based on the Company's performance over established measurement periods. The total fair value of stock awards vested during 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $5.2 million, $4.8 million, and $4.8 million respectively. The unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock awards was $6.2 million as of year-end 2020. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of two years.

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Option Awards

Option awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant, and vest over periods up to five years. The options grant the holder the right to acquire a share of the Company’s common stock for each option held, and have a contractual life of ten years. As of year-end 2020, the weighted average remaining contractual term for options outstanding is three years.

The Company generally issues shares from treasury stock as options are exercised. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The expected dividend yield and expected term are based on management estimates. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility. The risk-free interest rates for the expected term are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. The Company did not grant options during 2020. The Company acquired options in the SI Financial Group transaction in 2019, but did not grant additional options during 2019. The Company did not grant options during 2018.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $246 thousand, $149 thousand, and $855 thousand for the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. During 2020, the expense pertaining to options vesting was $96 thousand. During 2019, the expense pertaining to options vesting was $93 thousand. There was no expense pertaining to options vesting in 2018. The tax benefit associated with stock option expense for both 2020 and 2019 was $25 thousand. There was no tax benefit associated with stock option expense in 2018. The unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options as of year-end 2020 and 2019 was $27 thousand and $124 thousand, respectively. There was no unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options as of year-end 2018.

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NOTE 20.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. These valuation methodologies were applied to all of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are carried at fair value, including assets classified as discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 2 - Discontinued Operations for more information on assets and liabilities classified as discontinued operations.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements of Financial Instruments

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of year-end 2020 and 2019 segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:

						December 31, 2020
(In thousands)						Level 1 Inputs						Level 2 Inputs						Level 3 Inputs						Total Fair Value
Trading security						$	—					$	—					$	9,708					$	9,708
Available-for-sale securities:
Municipal bonds and obligations						—						97,803						—						97,803
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations						—						756,826						—						756,826
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities						—						438,132						—						438,132
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities						—						288,650						—						288,650
Corporate bonds						—						45,030						15,000						60,030
Other bonds and obligations						—						53,791						—						53,791
Marketable equity securities						17,841						672						—						18,513
Loans held for investment						—						—						2,265						2,265
Loans held for sale						—						12,992						4,756						17,748
Derivative assets						—						159,016						1,055						160,071
Capitalized servicing rights						—						—						3,033						3,033
Derivative liabilities						—						65,758						—						65,758

						December 31, 2019
(In thousands)						Level 1 Inputs						Level 2 Inputs						Level 3 Inputs						Total Fair Value
Trading security						$	—					$	—					$	10,769					$	10,769
Available-for-sale securities:
Municipal bonds and obligations						—						110,138						—						110,138
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations						—						748,812						—						748,812
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities						—						147,744						—						147,744
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities						—						147,096						—						147,096
Corporate bonds						—						73,610						42,966						116,576
Other bonds and obligations						—						41,189						—						41,189
Marketable equity securities						40,499						1,057						—						41,556
Loans held for sale (1)						—						140,280						—						140,280
Derivative assets (1)						—						77,562						2,628						80,190
Capitalized servicing rights (1)						—						—						12,299						12,299
Derivative liabilities (1)						227						80,454						—						80,681

(1) Includes assets and liabilities classified as discontinued operations.

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During the year ended December 31, 2020, there were no transfers between Level 1, 2 and 3. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company had four transfers totaling $44.0 million in corporate bonds from Level 2 to Level 3 based on recent inactivity in the market related to pricing information for similar bonds. There were no transfers between Level 1, 2, and 3 during the years ended December 31, 2018.

Trading Security at Fair Value. The Company holds one security designated as a trading security. It is a tax advantaged economic development bond issued to the Company by a local nonprofit which provides wellness and health programs. The determination of the fair value for this security is determined based on a discounted cash flow methodology. Certain inputs to the fair value calculation are unobservable and there is little to no market activity in the security; therefore, the security meets the definition of a Level 3 security. The discount rate used in the valuation of the security is sensitive to movements in the 3-month LIBOR rate.

 

Securities Available for Sale and Marketable Equity Securities. Marketable equity securities classified as Level 1 consist of publicly-traded equity securities for which the fair values can be obtained through quoted market prices in active exchange markets. Marketable equity securities classified as Level 2 consist of securities with infrequent trades in active exchange markets, and pricing is primarily sourced from third party pricing services. AFS securities classified as Level 2 include most of the Company’s debt securities. The pricing on Level 2 and Level 3 was primarily sourced from third party pricing services, overseen by management, and is based on models that consider standard input factors such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and condition, among other things. Level 3 pricing includes inputs unobservable to market participants.

Loans Held for Investment. The Company’s held for investment loan portfolio includes loans originated by Company and loans acquired through business combinations. The Company intends to hold these assets until maturity as a part of its business operations. For one acquired portfolio subset, the Company previously accounted for these purchased-credit impaired loans as a pool under ASC 310, as they were determined to have common risk characteristics. These loans were recorded at fair value on acquisition date and subsequently evaluated for impairment collectively. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company elected the fair value option on this portfolio, recognizing a $11.2 million fair value write-down charged to Retained Earnings, net of deferred tax impact, as of January 1, 2020. The fair value of this loan portfolio is determined based on a discounted cash flow methodology. Certain inputs to the fair value calculation are unobservable; therefore, the loans meet the definition of Level 3 assets. The discount rate used in the valuation is consistent with assets that have significant credit deterioration. The cash flow assumptions include payment schedules for loans with current payment histories and estimated collateral value for delinquent loans. All of these loans were nonperforming as of December 31, 2020.

Aggregate Fair Value

December 31, 2020

Aggregate

Aggregate

Less Aggregate

(In thousands)

Fair Value

Unpaid Principal

Unpaid Principal

Loans held for investment at fair value

$

2,265

$

53,945

$

(51,680)

Loans held for sale. The Company elected the fair value option for all mortgage loans originated for sale (HFS) that were originated for sale on or after May 1, 2012. Loans HFS are classified as Level 2 as the fair value is based on input factors such as quoted prices for similar loans in active markets.

						Aggregate Fair Value						Aggregate Unpaid Principal						Aggregate Fair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal
December 31, 2020 (In thousands)
Loans held for sale - continuing operations						$	12,992					$	12,639					$	353
Loans held for sale - discontinued operations						—						—						—
Loans held for sale						$	12,992					$	12,639					$	353

						Aggregate Fair Value						Aggregate Unpaid Principal						Aggregate Fair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal
December 31, 2019 (In thousands)
Loans held for sale - continuing operations						$	7,625					$	7,485					$	140
Loans held for sale - discontinued operations						132,655						129,622						3,033
Loans held for sale						$	140,280					$	137,107					$	3,173

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The changes in fair value of loans held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2020 were gains of $212 thousand from continuing operations and gains of $3.0 million from discontinued operations. The changes in fair value of loans held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2019 were gains of $97 thousand from continuing operations and losses of $138 thousand from discontinued operations. During 2020, originations of loans held for sale from continuing operations totaled $150 million and sales of loans originated for sale from continuing operations totaled $141 million. During 2020, originations of loans held for sale from discontinued operations totaled $624 billion and sales of loans originated for sale from discontinued operations totaled $755 billion. During 2019, originations of loans held for sale from continuing operations totaled $67 million and sales of loans originated for sale from continuing operations totaled $62 million. During 2019, originations of loans held for sale from discontinued operations totaled $2.9 billion and sales of loans originated for sale from discontinued operations totaled $2.8 billion.

Interest Rate Swaps. The valuation of the Company’s interest rate swaps is obtained from a third-party pricing service and is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. The pricing analysis is based on observable inputs for the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity and interest rate curves.

The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings.

Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. However, as of year-end 2020, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Commitments to Lend. The Company enters into commitments to lend for residential mortgage loans intended for sale, which commit the Company to lend funds to a potential borrower at a certain interest rate and within a specified period of time. The estimated fair value of commitments to originate residential mortgage loans for sale is based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets. However, this value is adjusted by a factor which considers the likelihood that the loan commitment will ultimately close, and by the non-refundable costs of originating the loan. The closing ratio is derived from the Bank’s internal data and is adjusted using significant management judgment. The costs to originate are primarily based on the Company’s internal commission rates that are not observable. As such, these commitments to lend are classified as Level 3 measurements. Commitments to lend are included in discontinued operations. See Note 2 - Discontinued Operations for more information on assets and liabilities classified as discontinued operations.

Forward Sale Commitments. The Company utilizes forward sale commitments as economic hedges against potential changes in the values of the commitments to lend and loans originated for sale. To be announced (TBA) mortgage-backed securities forward commitment sales are used as hedging instruments, are classified as Level 1, and consist of publicly-traded debt securities for which identical fair values can be obtained through quoted market prices in active exchange markets. The fair values of the Company’s best efforts and mandatory delivery loan sale commitments are determined similarly to the commitments to lend using quoted prices in the market place that are observable. However, costs to originate and closing ratios included in the calculation are internally generated and are based on management’s judgment and prior experience, which are considered factors that are not observable. As such, best efforts and mandatory forward sale commitments are classified as Level 3 measurements. Forward sale commitments are included in discontinued operations. See Note 2 - Discontinued Operations for more information on assets and liabilities classified as discontinued operations.

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Capitalized Servicing Rights. The Company accounts for certain capitalized servicing rights at fair value in its Consolidated Financial Statements, as the Company is permitted to elect the fair value option for each specific instrument. A loan servicing right asset represents the amount by which the present value of the estimated future net cash flows to be received from servicing loans exceed adequate compensation for performing the servicing. The fair value of servicing rights is estimated using a present value cash flow model. The most important assumptions used in the valuation model are the anticipated rate of the loan prepayments and discount rates. Although some assumptions in determining fair value are based on standards used by market participants, some are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

 

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The table below presents the changes in Level 3 assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis at year-end 2020 and 2019:

						Assets (Liabilities)
(In thousands)						Trading Security						Securities Available for Sale						Loans Held for Investment						Commitments to Lend (1)						Forward Commitments (1)						Capitalized Servicing Rights (1)
Balance as of December 31, 2018						$	11,212					$	—					$	—					$	3,927					$	—					$	11,485
Unrealized (loss), net recognized in other non-interest income						258						—						—						—						—						—
Unrealized gain/(loss), net recognized in discontinued operations						—						—						—						55,771						—						(10,322)
Unrealized gain included in accumulated other comprehensive loss						—						(162)						—						—						—						—
Transfers to Level 3						—						43,128						—						—						—						—
Paydown of trading security						(701)						—						—						—						—						—
Transfers to loans held for sale						—						—						—						(57,070)						—						—
Additions to servicing rights						—						—						—						—						—						11,136
Balance as of December 31, 2019						$	10,769					$	42,966					$	—					$	2,628					$	—					$	12,299
Adoption of ASC 326						—						—						7,660						—						—						—
Maturities, calls, and prepayments of AFS Security						—						(30,000)						—						—						—
Unrealized (loss) gain, net recognized in other non-interest income						(327)						—						(1,283)						—						—						(822)
Unrealized gain/(loss), net recognized in discontinued operations						—						—						—						16,565						320						(8,444)
Unrealized (loss) included in accumulated other comprehensive loss						—						2,034						—						—						—						—
Transfers to Level 3						—						—						—						—						—						—
Paydown of asset						(734)						—						(4,112)						—						—						—
Transfers to loans held for sale						—						—												(18,458)						—						—
Additions to servicing rights						—						—												—						—						—
Balance as of December 31, 2020						$	9,708					$	15,000					$	2,265					$	735					$	320					$	3,033
Unrealized gains/(losses) relating to instruments still held at December 31, 2020						$	1,053					$	287					$	—					$	735					$	320					$	—
Unrealized gains/(losses) relating to instruments still held at December 31, 2019						$	1,379					$	(162)					$	—					$	2,628					$	—					$	—

(1) For 2019, these assets were classified as assets from discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs within Level 3 recurring assets/(liabilities) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

						Fair Value																		Significant Unobservable Input Value
(In thousands)						December 31, 2020						Valuation Techniques						Unobservable Inputs
Assets
Trading Security						$	9,708					Discounted Cash Flow						Discount Rate						2.72		%
Securities Available for Sale						15,000						Indication from Market Maker						Price						102.00		%
Loans held for investment						2,265						Discounted Cash Flow						Discount Rate						30.00		%
																		Collateral Value						$8.1 - $21.9
Commitments to Lend						735						Historical Trend						Closing Ratio						74.54		%
												Pricing Model						Origination Costs, per loan						$	3
Forward Commitments						320						Historical Trend						Closing Ratio						74.54		%
												Pricing Model						Origination Costs, per loan						$	3
Capitalized Servicing Rights						3,033						Discounted cash flow						Constant prepayment rate (CPR)						26.52		%
																		Discount rate						10.00		%
Total						$	31,061

						Fair Value																		Significant Unobservable Input Value
(In thousands)						December 31, 2019						Valuation Techniques						Unobservable Inputs
Assets
Trading Security						$	10,769					Discounted Cash Flow						Discount Rate						2.21		%
Securities Available for Sale						42,966						Indication from Market Maker						Price						97.00% - 100.00%
Commitments to Lend (1)						2,628						Historical Trend						Closing Ratio						77.81		%
												Pricing Model						Origination Costs, per loan						$	3
Capitalized Servicing Rights (1)						12,299						Discounted cash flow						Constant prepayment rate (CPR)						11.50		%
																		Discount rate						10.00		%
Total						$	68,662

(1) Classified as assets from discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheets.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company is required, on a non-recurring basis, to adjust the carrying value or provide valuation allowances for certain assets using fair value measurements in accordance with GAAP. The following is a summary of applicable non-recurring fair value measurements. There are no liabilities measured on a non-recurring basis.

December 31, 2020

Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018

(In thousands)

Level 3 Inputs

Level 3 Inputs

Assets

Individually evaluated loans

$

28,028

December 2020

Capitalized servicing rights

13,315

December 2020

Other real estate owned

149

December 2020

Total

$

41,492

December 31, 2019

Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2017

(In thousands)

Level 3 Inputs

Level 3 Inputs

Assets

Individually evaluated loans

$

8,831

December 2019

Capitalized servicing rights

14,152

December 2019

Total

$

22,983

Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs within Level 3 non-recurring assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

(in thousands)

December 31, 2020

Valuation Techniques

Unobservable Inputs

Range (Weighted Average) (a)

Assets

Individually evaluated loans

$

28,028

Fair value of collateral

Loss severity

0.07% to 100.00% (46.36%)

Appraised value

$0 to $11,432 ($9,800)

Capitalized servicing rights

13,315

Discounted cash flow

Constant prepayment rate (CPR)

14.49% to 23.29% (16.98%)

Discount rate

10.00% to 11.00% (10.56%)

Other real estate owned

149

Fair value of collateral

Appraised value

$94 - $182

Total Assets

$

41,492

(a) Where dollar amounts are disclosed, the amounts represent the lowest and highest fair value of the respective assets in the population except for adjustments for market/property conditions, which represents the range of adjustments to individual properties.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in thousands)

December 31, 2019

Valuation Techniques

Unobservable Inputs

Range (Weighted Average) (a)

Assets

Individually evaluated loans

$

8,831

Fair value of collateral

Loss severity

15.72% to 0.12% (4.50%)

Appraised value

$8 to $1,548 ($736)

Capitalized servicing rights

14,152

Discounted cash flow

Constant prepayment rate (CPR)

9.44% to 14.12% (12.25%)

Discount rate

10.00% to 13.50% (11.78%)

Total Assets

$

22,983

(a) Where dollar amounts are disclosed, the amounts represent the lowest and highest fair value of the respective assets in the population except for adjustments for market/property conditions, which represents the range of adjustments to individual properties.

There were no Level 1 or Level 2 nonrecurring fair value measurements for year-end 2020 and 2019.

 

Individually evaluated loans. Loans are generally not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, the Company records non-recurring adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements for partial charge-offs of the uncollectible portions of those loans. Non-recurring adjustments can also include certain impairment amounts for collateral-dependent loans calculated when establishing the allowance for credit losses. Such amounts are generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and, as a result, the carrying value of the loan less the calculated valuation does not necessarily represent the fair value of the loan. Real estate collateral is typically valued using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace. However, the choice of observable data is subject to significant judgment, and there are often adjustments based on judgment in order to make observable data comparable and to consider the impact of time, the condition of properties, interest rates, and other market factors on current values. Additionally, commercial real estate appraisals frequently involve discounting of projected cash flows, which relies inherently on unobservable data. Therefore, real estate collateral related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have generally been classified as Level 3. Estimates of fair value for other collateral that supports commercial loans are generally based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace and therefore such valuations have been classified as Level 3.

Capitalized loan servicing rights. A loan servicing right asset represents the amount by which the present value of the estimated future net cash flows to be received from servicing loans exceed adequate compensation for performing the servicing. The fair value of servicing rights is estimated using a present value cash flow model. The most important assumptions used in the valuation model are the anticipated rate of the loan prepayments and discount rates. Adjustments are only recorded when the discounted cash flows derived from the valuation model are less than the carrying value of the asset. Although some assumptions in determining fair value are based on standards used by market participants, some are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Summary of Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments

The following tables summarize the estimated fair values, which represent exit price, and related carrying amounts, of the Company’s financial instruments. Certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments are excluded from disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented herein may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company. Certain assets and liabilities in the following disclosures include balances classified as discontinued operations. See Note 2 - Discontinued Operations for more information on assets and liabilities classified as discontinued operations.

						December 31, 2020
						Carrying Amount						Fair Value
(In thousands)																		Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents						$	1,557,875					$	1,557,875					$	1,557,875					$	—					$	—
Trading security						9,708						9,708						—						—						9,708
Marketable equity securities						18,513						18,513						17,841						672						—
Securities available for sale						1,695,232						1,695,232						—						1,680,232						15,000
Securities held to maturity						465,091						491,855						—						488,393						3,462
FHLB stock and restricted equity securities						34,873						N/A						N/A						N/A						N/A
Net loans						7,954,217						8,243,437						—						—						8,243,437
Loans held for sale						17,748						17,748						—						12,992						4,756
Accrued interest receivable						46,919						46,919						—						46,919						—
Derivative assets						160,071						160,071						—						159,016						1,055
Assets held for sale						317,304						317,304						—						16,705						300,599
Financial Liabilities
Total deposits						10,215,808						10,230,822						—						10,230,822						—
Short-term debt						40,000						40,025						—						40,025						—
Long-term FHLB advances						434,357						438,064						—						438,064						—
Subordinated notes						97,280						95,178						—						95,178						—
Derivative liabilities						65,758						65,758						—						65,758						—
Liabilities held for sale						630,065						631,268						—						631,268						—

						December 31, 2019
						Carrying Amount						Fair Value
(In thousands)																		Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents						$	579,829					$	579,829					$	579,829					$	—					$	—
Trading security						10,769						10,769						—						—						10,769
Marketable equity securities						41,556						41,556						40,500						1,056						—
Securities available for sale						1,311,555						1,311,555						—						1,267,573						43,982
Securities held to maturity						357,979						373,277						—						355,513						17,764
FHLB stock and restricted equity securities						48,019						N/A						N/A						N/A						N/A
Net loans						9,438,853						9,653,550						—						—						9,653,550
Loans held for sale (1)						169,319						169,319						—						140,280						29,039
Accrued interest receivable						36,462						36,462						—						36,462						—
Derivative assets (1)						80,190						80,190						—						77,562						2,628
Financial Liabilities
Total deposits						10,335,977						10,338,993						—						10,338,993						—
Short-term debt						125,000						125,081						—						125,081						—
Long-term FHLB advances						605,501						606,381						—						606,381						—
Subordinated notes						97,049						101,055						—						101,055						—
Derivative liabilities (1)						80,681						80,681						227						80,454						—

(1) Includes assets and liabilities classified as discontinued operations.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 21.    CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF PARENT COMPANY

 

Condensed financial information pertaining only to the Parent, Berkshire Hills Bancorp, is as follows.

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

						December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019
Assets
Cash due from Berkshire Bank						$	83,510					$	74,153
Investment in subsidiaries						1,202,755						1,777,717
Marketable equity securities, at fair value						158						4,840
Other assets						188						438
Total assets						$	1,286,611					$	1,857,148
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Subordinated notes						$	97,280					$	97,049
Accrued expenses						1,558						1,535
Shareholders’ equity						1,187,773						1,758,564
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity						$	1,286,611					$	1,857,148

 

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

						Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Income:
Dividends from subsidiaries						$	46,300					$	104,700					$	48,500
Other						(2,185)						1,258						506
Total income						44,115						105,958						49,006
Interest expense						5,335						5,335						5,335
Non-interest expenses						2,866						4,129						3,034
Total expense						8,201						9,464						8,369
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries						35,914						96,494						40,637
Income tax (benefit)						(2,719)						(2,054)						(1,068)
Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries						38,633						98,548						41,705
Equity in undistributed results of operations of subsidiaries						(571,650)						(1,098)						64,060
Net (loss)/income						(533,017)						97,450						105,765
Preferred stock dividend						313						960						918
(Loss)/income available to common shareholders						$	(533,330)					$	96,490					$	104,847
Comprehensive (loss)/income						$	(514,139)					$	122,912					$	88,133

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

						Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss)/income						$	(533,017)					$	97,450					$	105,765
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used) provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed results of operations of subsidiaries						571,650						1,098						(64,060)
Other, net						2,603						(4,457)						20,916
Net cash provided by operating activities						41,236						94,091						62,621
Cash flows from investing activities:
Advances to subsidiaries						—						—						(85,000)
Purchase of securities						(489)						—						(128)
Sale of securities						4,658						6,989						13,550
Other, net						—						987						—
Net cash provided/(used) by investing activities						4,169						7,976						(71,578)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceed from issuance of short term debt						231						431						178
Proceed from repayment of long term debt						—						—						35,000
Net proceeds from common stock						—						—						325
Payment to repurchase common stock						(473)						(52,746)						—
Common stock cash dividends paid						(36,251)						(44,147)						(39,966)
Preferred stock cash dividends paid						(313)						(960)						(918)
Other, net						758						188						278
Net cash (used) in financing activities						(36,048)						(97,234)						(5,103)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents						9,357						4,833						(14,060)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year						74,153						69,320						83,380
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year						$	83,510					$	74,153					$	69,320

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 22.    QUARTERLY DATA (UNAUDITED)

 

Quarterly results of operations were as follows:

						2020																								2019
(In thousands, except per share data)						Fourth Quarter						Third Quarter						Second Quarter						First Quarter						Fourth Quarter						Third Quarter						Second Quarter						First Quarter
Interest and dividend income						$	92,131					$	97,768					$	103,688					$	116,195					$	125,441					$	133,725					$	129,238					$	121,109
Interest expense						16,422						20,713						26,098						29,767						34,108						36,854						37,643						35,650
Net interest income						75,709						77,055						77,590						86,428						91,333						96,871						91,595						85,459
Non-interest income						23,327						19,963						17,381						5,636						23,362						21,406						17,512						21,722
Total revenue						99,036						97,018						94,971						92,064						114,695						118,277						109,107						107,181
Provision for loan losses						10,000						1,200						29,871						34,807						5,351						22,600						3,467						4,001
Non-interest expense						71,796						72,843						624,275						71,325						70,287						71,011						76,568						71,991
Income/(loss) from continuing operations before income taxes						17,240						22,975						(559,175)						(14,068)						39,057						24,666						29,072						31,189
Income tax (benefit)/expense						(1,659)						(68)						(16,130)						(1,996)						6,421						4,007						5,118						6,917
Net income/(loss) from continuing operations						18,899						23,043						(543,045)						(12,072)						32,636						20,659						23,954						24,272
(Loss)/income from discontinued operations, net of tax						(3,890)						(1,818)						(6,336)						(7,798)						(6,885)						1,957						1,494						(637)
Net income/(loss)						$	15,009					$	21,225					$	(549,381)					$	(19,870)					$	25,751					$	22,616					$	25,448					$	23,635
Basic earnings/(loss) per share:
Continuing operations						$	0.38					$	0.46					$	(10.80)					$	(0.24)					$	0.65					$	0.40					$	0.49					$	0.52
Discontinued operations						(0.08)						(0.04)						(0.13)						(0.16)						(0.14)						0.04						0.03						(0.01)
Basic earnings/(loss) per common share						$	0.30					$	0.42					$	(10.93)					$	(0.40)					$	0.51					$	0.44					$	0.52					$	0.51
Diluted earnings/(loss) per share:
Continuing operations						$	0.38					$	0.46					$	(10.80)					$	(0.24)					$	0.65					$	0.40					$	0.49					$	0.52
Discontinued operations						(0.08)						(0.04)						(0.13)						(0.16)						(0.14)						0.04						0.03						(0.01)
Diluted earnings/(loss) per share						$	0.30					$	0.42					$	(10.93)					$	(0.40)					$	0.51					$	0.44					$	0.52					$	0.51
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic						50,308						50,329						50,246						50,204						50,494						51,422						48,961						46,113
Diluted						50,355						50,329						50,246						50,204						50,702						51,545						49,114						46,261

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 23.    NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES

 

Presented below is net interest income after provision for credit losses for the three years ended 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively:

						Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Net interest income						$	316,782					$	365,258					$	356,200
Provision for credit losses						75,878						35,419						25,451
Net interest income after provision for credit losses						240,904						329,839						330,749
Total non-interest income						66,307						84,002						74,324
Total non-interest expense						840,239						289,857						266,893
(Loss)/income from continuing operations before income taxes						(533,028)						123,984						138,180
Income tax (benefit)/expense						(19,853)						22,463						28,961
Net (loss)/income from continuing operations						(513,175)						101,521						109,219
(Loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes						(26,855)						(5,539)						(4,767)
Income tax (benefit)						(7,013)						(1,468)						(1,313)
Net (loss) from discontinued operations						(19,842)						(4,071)						(3,454)
Net (loss)/income						$	(533,017)					$	97,450					$	105,765

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 24.    REVENUE

Revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of Topic 606 is recognized within noninterest income. The Company does not have any material significant payment terms as payment is received at or shortly after the satisfaction of the performance obligation. The value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less are not disclosed. The Company recognizes incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred for contracts with a term of one year or less.

Topic 606 does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, including revenue from loans and securities. In addition, certain non-interest income streams such as fees associated with mortgage servicing rights, financial guarantees, derivatives, and certain credit card fees are also not in scope of Topic 606. Topic 606 is applicable to non-interest revenue streams such as wealth management fees, insurance commissions and fees, administrative services for customer deposit accounts, interchange fees, and sale of owned real estate properties.

The following presents non-interest income, segregated by revenue streams in-scope and out-of-scope of Topic 606, for the years ended 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

						Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)						2020						2019						2018
Non-interest income
In-scope of Topic 606:
Service charges on deposit accounts						$	19,239					$	23,122					$	21,046
Insurance commissions and fees						10,770						10,957						10,983
Wealth management fees						9,285						9,353						9,447
Interchange income						7,559						6,266						7,177
Non-interest income (in-scope of Topic 606)						$	46,853					$	49,698					$	48,653
Non-interest income (out-of-scope of Topic 606)						19,454						34,304						25,671
Total non-interest income from continuing operations						$	66,307					$	84,002					$	74,324

Non-interest income streams in-scope of Topic 606 are discussed below.

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts. Service charges on deposit accounts consist of monthly service fees (i.e. business analysis fees and consumer service charges) and other deposit account related fees. The Company's performance obligation for monthly service fees is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. Other deposit account related fees are largely transactional based, and therefore, the Company's performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers’ accounts. The Company may, from time to time, waive certain fees (e.g., NSF fee) for customers but generally do not reduce the transaction price to reflect variability for future reversals due to the insignificance of the amounts. Waiver of fees reduces the revenue in the period the waiver is granted to the customer.

Insurance Commissions and Fees. Commission revenue is recognized as of the effective date of the insurance policy or the date the customer is billed, whichever is later, net of return commissions related to policy cancellations. Policy cancellation is a variable consideration that is not deemed significant and thus, does not impact the amount of revenue recognized.

In addition, the Company may receive additional performance commissions based on achieving certain sales and loss experience measures. Such commissions are recognized when determinable, which is generally when such commissions are received or when the Company receives data from the insurance companies that allows the reasonable estimation of these amounts.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Wealth Management Fees. Wealth management fees are primarily comprised of fees earned from consultative investment management, trust administration, tax return preparation, and financial planning. The Company’s performance obligation is generally satisfied over time and the resulting fees are recognized monthly, based on the daily accrual of the market value of the investment accounts and the applicable fee rate.

Interchange Fees. Interchange fees are transaction fees paid to the card-issuing bank to cover handling costs, fraud and bad debt costs, and the risk involved in approving the payment. Due to the day-to-day nature of these fees they are settled on a daily basis and are accounted for as they are received.

Gains/Losses on Sales of OREO. The sale of OREO and other nonfinancial assets are accounted for with the derecognition of the asset in question once a contract exists and control of the asset has been transferred to the buyer. The gain or loss on the sale is calculated as the difference between the carrying value of the asset and the transaction price.

F-104